Exergy Analysis: Topics Reviewed

Chapter 7
Exergy Analysis
Topics Reviewed The topic menu above allows you to move directly to
any of the four sections for each topic. The sections
1. Exergy are:
2. Exergy Transfer and Exergy
Change Case Intro: To help introduce and understand the
3. Exergy Balance (1): Closed basic principles, a case study is presented.
System
4. Exergy Balance (2): Control Theory: This section will review the basic principles
Volume and equations that you should know to answer the
exam questions. It does not give detailed derivations
of the theory.
Case Solution: The case study is solved in detail in

this section. Graphics, narrations, animations, and
equations are used to help you understand how the
problem was solved.
Simulation: You can adjust several parameters of a

given problem and learn how they affect the results.
THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY
Introduction
Since wind power is a renewable energy source, a

small town considering using windmills to meet the
extra power needs at peak periods.
What is known:
 Windmills will be installed at a location where

the wind blows steadily at an average velocity
of 15 m/s.
 The windmills will have 5-m-radius rotors.
 The extra power needs is 1,000 kW.
Windmill Capturing the
Work Potential in Wind
Click to View Movie (32 kB)
Question
Determine the minimum number of windmills that
need to be installed.
Approach
A perfect windmill will bring the air to a complete stop

(dead state) and capture all the work potential the air
processes.
THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Exergy
Work done during a process depends on its initial
state, final state, and the process itself. That is,
work = f(initial state, process, final state)
If the initial state has been specified, then work is

only a function of process and the final state.
Previously, it was shown that reversible
process between two selected states gives the
maximum work output. What kind of final state can
help the process reach its maximum work output?
System exchanges work, heat, and mass with its

surroundings during a process. If the system reaches
a state which is in equilibrium with its surroundings,
then the system can not exchanges work, heat, and
mass with its surroundings. This state is called a
dead state and its properties are denoted by
subscript 0, such as pressure P0 and temperature T0.
At the dead state:
Work = f(initial state, process, final state)
 A system is at the same temperature and
pressure of its surroundings.
 It has no kinetic or potential energy relative
to its surroundings.
 It does not react with the surroundings.
 There are no unbalanced magnetic,
electrical and surface tension effects
between the system and its surroundings.
For example, gas expands in a cylinder to do work
on its surroundings. If the pressure in the cylinder
reaches the pressure in its surroundings, no more
work can be done by the cylinder. That means the
cylinder reaches its dead state, and the work done
by this cylinder reaches its maximum value.
Therefore, a system will deliver the maximum

possible work if it undergoes a reversible process
from the specified initial state to its dead state. This
work represents the useful work potential of the
Gas Expanding in a Cylinder system at the specified initial state and is called
Click to View Movie (40 kB) exergy of the specified initial state.
Irreversibility
Irreversibility is defined as the difference between the

reversible work and the useful work. It is expressed
as
I = W rev,out - W u, out or I = W u, in - W rev,in
where W rev is the reversible work and W u is the

useful work. The definitions of reversible work and
the usefully work are given below.
When gas expands in a cylinder to do work, it needs

to expend some work on pushing the atmospheric air
out of the way. This part of work can not be
recovered and utilized, and is called surrounding
work, which is the work done by or against the
surroundings during a process. For the gas
expansion process, the surrounding work equals,
W surr = P0(V2 - V1)
where
P0 = pressure of the surroundings
Useful Work, and Surrounding Work for Gas V2 - V1 = volume change of the system
expanding
The difference between the actual work and the

surrounding work is called useful work. It is
expressed as
W u= W - W surr
Reversible work is defined as the maximum amount

of useful work that can be produced (or the minimum
work consumed) as a system undergoes a process
between the specified initial and final states.
Exergy Associated with

ke, pe, u, Pv, and h
A system can contain energy in numerous forms
such as kinetic energy, potential energy, internal
energy, flow work and enthalpy. Exergy is the useful
work potential of energy, and the exergy of a system
is the sum of the exergies of different forms of
energy it contains. The relations between the Exergy
associated with different energy forms are developed
below.
Exergy Associated with Kinetic Energy (ke)
Kinetic energy is a form of mechanical energy and it

can be converted to work entirely regardless of the
situation of its surroundings. Thus, exergy of kinetic
energy equals the kinetic energy itself,
xke = ke = V2/2
where V is the velocity relative to its surroundings.

Windmills are equipments to capture the exergy in air
blowing through them and use it to do work, like
Windmill Capturing the Work Potential in Wind generating electric power.
Exergy Associated with Potential Energy (pe)
Potential energy is a form of mechanical energy and

it can be converted to work entirely regardless of the
situation of its surroundings. Thus, exergy of
potential energy equals the kinetic energy itself,
xpe = pe = gz
where g is the gravitational acceleration and z is the

elevation of the system relative to a reference level in
the surroundings.
Hydroelectric Turbine Capturing the Work
Potential in Elevated Water A hydroelectric turbine is a good example of using
Click to View Movie (40 kB) exergy of elevated water to generate electric power.
Exergy Associated with Internal Energy (u)
Internal energy is the energy associated with the

random, disordered motion of molecules. Normally,
for most substances with no phase change involved,
internal energy is only a function of temperature, and
it can be transferred to or from a system as heat
whenever there is a temperature difference between
the system and its surroundings. The second law
states that heat cannot be fully converted to work.
This means that exergy associated with internal
energy is less than the internal energy itself.
A stationary, simple compressible closed system

only possesses internal energy. In order to figure out
the work potential of internal energy, consider a
stationary simple compressible closed system which
is initially at a specified state(P, T) that undergoes a
reversible process to a dead state(P0, T0). The useful
work delivered during this process is the exergy of
the system at its initial state, which equals the exergy
of the internal energy of the system.
A piston-cylinder device with a fluid of mass m is a

simple compressible closed system. The initial and
final states of this system are:
Properties Initial State Final State

Pressure P P0
Temperature T T0
Volume V V0
Internal Energy U U0
Entropy S S0
A reversible heat engine absorbs heat δQ from the

piston-cylinder device when the fluid expands to do
work δW b. The reversible heat engine produces work
Piston-cylinder Device W HE and rejects the waste heat to the surroundings.
The total useful work (δW t,u) is the sum of the useful
work produced by the piston-cylinder device (δW b,u)
and the work produced by the heat engine (W HE).
δW t,u = δW b,u + W HE
The energy balance of this piston-cylinder device is
-δQ = δW b + dU
The surroundings work is
δW b,surr = P0dV
Hence,
δW b,u = δW b - δW b,surr = -δQ - dU - P0dV
The thermal efficiency of a reversible heat engine

working between a source at temperature T and a
sink at temperature T0 is
ηth= 1- T0/T
The work produced by this heat engine is
W HE = δQηth = δQ(1- T0/T)
Substitute δW b,u and W HE to the relation of the total

useful work yields
δW t,u = δW b,u + W HE
= (-δQ - dU - P0dV) + δQ(1- T0/T)
= -dU - P0dV + δQ T0/T
Since the piston-cylinder device undergoes a

reversible process, the differential heat transfer δQ
Exergy of Internal Energy can be expressed as
δQ = TdS
The total useful work becomes
δW t,u = -dU - P0dV + T0dS
Integrate the differential total useful work from the

initial state to the final state gives,
W t,u = (U - U0) +P0(V - V0) - T0(S - S0)
The exergy of the system at its initial state equals the

total useful work. On a unit mass basis, it is
xu = (u - u0) +P0(v - v0) - T0(s - s0)
This is the exergy associated with internal energy.

Exergy Associated with Flow Work (Pv)
Flow work was defined as the energy needed to

push a unit mass of fluid into or out a control volume.
it was determined as
wflow = Pv
where
P = pressure of the fluid
v = specific volume of the fluid
The flow work is essentially a boundary work done

on its downstream, and the exergy of flow work
Exergy of Flow Work equals the exergy of boundary work, which is the
Click to View Movie (40 kB) difference between the boundary work Pv and the
surroundings work P0v.
xPv = Pv - P0v
Exergy Associated with Enthalpy (h)
Enthalpy is defined as the sum of internal energy and

the flow work, which is,
h =u + Pv
Therefore, the exergy associated with enthalpy is

simply the sum of the exergies of internal energy and
flow work. That is,
xh = xu + xPv
= (u - u0) +P0(v - v0) - T0(s - s0) +(Pv - P0v)
= (u + Pv) - (u0 + P0v) - T0(s - s0)
= (h - h0) - T0(s - s0)
THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY SOLUTION
A town plans to use windmills to meet the power

demand at peak periods. The number of windmills
needs to be determined.
Assumptions:
Air is at 1 atm and 25oC with a density of 1.18 kg/m 3.

The exergy of the blowing air is the kinetic energy the
air possesses. When the windmills work at their
perfect condition, they will capture the exergy in the
air totally and transfer it completely to electric power.
Therefore, the maximum power available from a
windmill is the kinetic energy of the the blowing air.
For per unit mass of air, the kinetic energy of air is,
x = ke = v2/2 = 152/2 = 112.5 J/kg
Windmill Capturing the Kinetic Energy The amount of air passing through the rotor of the
in the Wind windmill per unit time is
The maximum power available to one windmill is the

multiplication of the exergy of air per unit mass, and
the amount of air passing through the rotor of the
windmill per unit time. That is,
To meet the 1,000 kW power gap, the number of

windmills needed is
n = 1,000/156.3 = 8
Introduction
A parallel-shaft gearbox is planned to be installed on
a new exercise machine. This gearbox receives work
through a high-speed shaft and then delivers work
through a low-speed shaft. The gearbox is cooled on
its outer surface by convection with the surrounding
air. A test is needed to exam the performance of this
gearbox.
What is known:
 The gearbox receives 60 kW through a high-

Problem Description speed shaft.
Click to View Movie (36 kB)  The outer surface of the gearbox is 0.8 m 2.
 Heat transfer coefficient between the gearbox
and its surrounding air is 1.8 kW/m 2-K
 Temperature of the outer surface of the
gearbox is 40oC.
 The ambient pressure is 1 bar, and the
ambient temperature is 25oC.
Question
 Determine the work delivered by this gearbox.

 Explore the exergy transfer of the gearbox
and the exergy destruction.
Approach
 Take the gear box as a closed system.

 Use the energy balance of the gear box to
determine the work output through the low-
speed shaft.
 The exergy is transferred by heat and work.
 Exergy destruction is given as
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen
 The entropy balance for the gearbox is:
Sin - Sout + Sgen = ΔSsystem
Exergy Change of a System

Exergy is a property, which depends on the state of the
environment as well as the state of the system. Only
thermo-mechanical exergy, which disregards any
mixing and chemical reaction, will be discussed in this
section.
Exergy of a Closed System
A closed system has a fixed mass. The total energy of

a simple, compressible closed system is the sum of its
internal, kinetic, and potential energies. Therefore, the
exergy of such a system is the sum of the exergies of
its internal, kinetic, and potential energies. The unit-
mass form is,
Φ = (u - u0) + P(v - v0) - T0(s - s0) + V2/2 + gz

= (e - e0) + P(v - v0) - T0(s - s0)
The exergy change of a closed system during a

process from state 1 to state 2 is
Exergy of a Closed System
Exergy of an Open System
The total energy of a flowing fluid in a control volume is

the sum of the enthalpy, kinetic energy, and potential
energy. Therefore, the exergy of such a system is the
sum of the exergies of its enthalpy, kinetic energy, and
potential energy. The unit-mass form is,
Ψ = (h - h0) - T0(s - s0) + V2/2 + gz
The exergy change of a control volume during a

process from state 1 to state 2 is
Exergy of an Open System
Exergy Transfer
Exergy can be transferred to or from a system byheat,
work, and mass.
Exergy Transferred by Heat (Q)
Work can be obtained from a heat source at

temperature (T), which is above the environment
temperature (T0), by transferring heat (Q) to a heat
engine and rejecting the waste heat to the
environment. Hence, heat transfer is always
accompanied by exergy transfer.
The maximum work that can be obtained from a heat

source at temperature T is the work output from
aCarnot heat engine which works between this heat
source and the environment. The Carnot efficiency of
Exergy Transferred by Heat Carnot heat engine is,
ηth = 1-T0/T
Therefore, the exergy of heat Q is,
Xheat = W net,out = (1-T0/T)Q
When the temperature at the location where heat

transfer occurs is not a constant, the exergy transfer
accompanying heat transfer is determined by
integration.
Exergy Transferred by work (W)
Exergy is the useful work potential. For boundary work,

such as the expansion work of a piston-cylinder device,
a portion of work is used to push the atmosphere air
away and it cannot be utilized. Thus, the exergy
transfer by the expansion work equals the difference
between the expansion work and the surroundings
work, that is,
Xb = W - W surr
Exergy Transferred by Work
where
W surr = P0 (V2 - V1), P0 is the atmospheric

pressure
Other type of work, such as shaft work and electric

work, can be completely utilized. Therefore, the exergy
transfer by shaft work or electric work is equal to the
work itself.
XW = W
Exergy Transferred by Mass (m)
Mass contains exergy as well as energy and entropy.

The rate of exergy transfers to or from a system is
proportional to the flow rate. When a mass (m) enters
or leaves a system, exergy(mΨ) enters or leaves a
system as well, where Ψ is the flow exergy.
Xmass = mψ = m[(h - h0) -T0(s - s0) + v2/2 + gz]
Exergy Transferred by Mass

The Decrease of Exergy Principle
Consider an isolated system shown on the left. No

energy or entropy transfer occurs at the boundary since
no heat, work and mass transfer between the isolated
system and its surroundings. The energy balance and
entropy balance for the isolated system is:
Energy balance: E2 - E1 = 0 (1)

Entropy Balance: S2 - S1 = Sgen (2)
The Isolated System
Multiplying (2) by T0 and subtracting it from (1) yields,
(E2 - E1) -T0(S2 - S1) = -T0Sgen (3)
An Isolated system is also a closed system. Exergy

change of a closed system is
ΔX = X2 - X1
= (E2 - E1) + P0(V2 - V2) - T0(S2 - S1)
Since no volume changes of the isolated system, the

above equation becomes,
ΔX = (E2 - E1) - T0(S2 - S1) (4)
Compare (3) and (4) gives,
-T0Sgen = X2 - X1 0
or
Xisolated = -T0Sgen = X2 - X1 0
This equation shows that the exergy change of an

isolated system during a process is always smaller
than zero or equal to zero while the process is
reversible. This is known as the decrease of exergy
principle.
Exergy Destruction
When a system undergoes an irreversible process, the
entropy always increases and anything that generates
entropy always destroys exergy.
X2 - X1 = -T0Sgen
Exergy Destruction
or
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen 0
To complete the test on the gear box, the work output

from the gear box, the exergy transfer, and the exergy
destruction need to be determined.
Assumptions:
 The temperature on the outer surface is

uniform.
 The test process is steady.
(1) Determine the work delivered by the gearbox
Take the gear box as a closed system. The gearbox

satisfies the energy balance, which is
Ein - Eout = ΔU
where
Ein = total energy transferred into the system
Eout = total energy transferred out of the system
System
ΔU = Internal change of the gearbox
Since the test process is steady, properties inside the

gearbox do not change. Work W in is received through
the high-speed shaft, work W out is delivered through
the low-speed shaft, and heat is transferred from the
outer surface of the gearbox to the ambient air.
Therefore, the energy balance becomes,
W in - W out - Q = 0
where W in, W out, and Q are positive numbers. In order

to determine W out, heat transferred from the gearbox
(Q) needs to be determined first.
For convection heat transfer, Q equals,
Q = Ah(Tb - T0) = 0.8(1,800)(40 - 25) = 21.6 kW
W in is given as 60 kW. Substitute Q and W in into the

energy balance gives,
60 - W out - 21.6 = 0
W out = 38.4 kW
(2) Explore the exergy transfer of the gearbox and the

exergy destruction
Exergy can be transferred by heat, work, and mass.

Since this system is a closed system, exergy of this
gearbox is only transferred by heat and work.
Exergy transferred by heat is given as
XQ = (1 - T0/T)Q
Heat is transferred from the system to the

surroundings, hence, Q is negative in the above
equation.
Heat transferred from the system results in exergy

transferred from the system.
Exergy transfer by the shaft work is equal to the work

itself. Hence,
Xw,in = 60.0 kW
Xw,out = 38.4 kW
Exergy destruction is given as
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen
where
Sgen = entropy generation during the test process
Tb = ambient temperature, is given as 25oC
The entropy generation during the test process can

be determined by the entropy balance of the gearbox.
That is,
Sin - Sout + Sgen = ΔSsystem
Since the test process is steady, no entropy change

occurs inside the system.
ΔSsystem = 0
Then the entropy balance for the gearbox is simplified

to:
Sgen = Sout - Sin
Note that entropy can not be transferred by work. It

can only be transferred by heat and mass. Since the
gearbox is a closed system, entropy is only
transferred by heat.
Sgen = Sout - 0 = Q/Tb
where
Q = heat transfer from the gearbox, Q = 21.6 kW
Tb = temperature at the outer surface, is given
as 40oC
Substitute Q and Tb to the entropy balance yields,
Sgen = 21.6/(40+273)
Since Xdestroyed = T0Sgen, Exergy destruction can be

determined as
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen = (25 + 273)(21.6/(40 + 273))

= 20.6 kW
Another way to determine the exergy destruction is:

exergy destruction equals the difference between the
exergy in and exergy out, which is
Xdestroyed = Xin - Xout = 60.0 - 38.4 - 1.0 = 20.6 kW
The exergy analysis is summarized in the following

table.
Rate of Exergy in:

high-speed shaft 60 kW (100%)
Rate of Exergy out:
low-speed shaft 38.4 kW (64%)
heat transfer 1.0 kW (1.7%)
Rate of Exergy Destruction:
20.6 kW (34.3%)
Introduction
Problem Description
Pat is taking a thermodynamics course this semester and he tries to connect his daily life with
what he learned in class. Recently, he has calculated how much entropy is generated when
boiling eggs. Now, he wanders how much exergy is destroyed when the eggs are boiled.
What is known:
 The 6-cm-diameter spherical egg at 10oC is dropped into boiling water.

 The boiling water is at 100oC.
 The egg has a density of 1,000 kg/m3 and a specific heat of 3.4 kJ/(kg-K).
 The ambient pressure is 1 bar and the ambient temperature is 25oC.
Consider the Egg as a Closed System
Question
How much exergy is destroyed by boiling one egg to 100oC?
Approach
 Take the egg as a closed system.

 Use the exergy balance of closed system to determine the exergy destroyed during
cooking eggs. The exergy balance of closed system is
Exergy Balance for a Closed System

Exergy balance for a closed system can be developed
by combining the energy and entropy balances for a
closed system. When a closed system undergoes a
process from state 1 to state 2, its energy and entropy
balances are
Energy Balance:
Entropy Balance:
Multiplying the second equation by T 0 and subtracting it

from the first one yields,
(1)
A closed system contains internal, kinetic, and potential

energies. At state 1 and state 2, the total energy in a
closed system is,
A Closed System
The exergy of the mass in the closed system at state 1

and state 2 are:
Subtracting X1 from X2 gives,

Replacing (E2 - E1) in equation (1) with the above
equation, and rearranging it gives,
The above expression is the exergy balance of a
closed system undergoing a process from state 1 to
state 2. The terms on the right hand are:
 The first term is the exergy transfer by heat.

 The second term is the exergy transfer by
work.
 The third term is the exergy destruction.
There is a third term in the exergy balance because

exergy can not be created, but only can be destroyed.
Therefore, the exergy change of a system equals the
difference between the net exergy transfer through the
Exergy Balance for Closed System system boundary and the exergy destroyed in the
Click to View Movie (37 kB) system. For a closed system, exergy transfer through
the system boundary is due to exergy transfers by heat
and work.
Introduction
When a train in a subway approaches the station, it

releases heat to its surrounding air when it brakes to
stop. The heated air is exhausted through the vents
under the station island. An ideal to reuse this waste
heat is to design a waste heat recovery system. In
this system, cold water is heated by the exhausted
air. To evaluate the recovery system, exergy analysis
of this system should be done.
What is known:
Problem Description  200 kg/s air at 60oC enters the heat recovery
Click to View Movie (51 kB) system.
 Air leaves the heat recovery system at 35oC.
 Cold water at 25oC is sent to the heat
recovery system and leaves at 50oC.
 Ambient temperature is 25oC.
Schematic of the Heat Recovery System
Question
 Determine the mass flow rate of the cold
water.
 How much exergy is destroyed during the
heat exchange process in the heat recovery
system?
 Determine the second-law efficiency of the
heat recovery system.
Approach
 Take heat recovery system as a control

Take the Recover System as a volume. The heat recovery system is a heat
Control Volume
exchanger with two unmixed fluid stream.
 Use energy balance of the control volume to
determine the cold water mass flow rate.
 Use the exergy balance to determine the
exergy destruction.
 The second-law efficiency can be determined
from the definition of the second-law
efficiency of heat exchanger with two unmixed
fluid stream.
Exergy Balance for Control Volume

The exergy balance for control volumes differ from
those for closed systems in that they involve one more
mechanism of exergy transfer: exergy transfer by mass
transfer. Hence, the exergy balance for control volume
can be developed by adding the net exergy transfer by
mass on the right side of the relation of exergy balance
for closed system.
Recall, the exergy balance for closed system is:
Exergy Balance for Control Volume Net exergy transfer by mass is:
Therefore, the exergy balance for a control volume is:

where
i = inlet
e = exit
1 = initial state
2 = final state
ψ = flow exergy
In rate form, the exergy balance for control volume is:
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

Most devices encountered in practice are steady-flow
devices, such as turbines and nozzles. Their mass,
energy, entropy and volume remain constants during
a steady-flow process. Thus, its exergy does not
change with time.
dXCV/dt = 0
Then the rate form of exergy balance for a control

volume undergoing a steady-flow process becomes
If it is an one-inlet-one-exit steady-flow device, the

relation above further reduces to
Exergy Balance for Steady-flow Device
where the change in flow exergy is given by

Second-law Efficiency
Thermal efficiency and coefficient of performance for

devices defined in previous sections are a measure of
their performance. They are based on the first law of
thermodynamics and referred to as the first-law
efficiencies. The following gives the definition of the
second-law efficiency.
The second-law efficiency is defined as the ratio of the

actual thermal efficiency to the maximum possible
(reversible) thermal efficiency under the same
condition (for heat engine). It can be expressed as the
ratio of the useful work output and the maximum
possible work output (for work-producing device, such
as turbine), or the ratio of the minimum work input to
the actual useful work input (for work-consuming
device, such as compressor). For refrigerators or heat
Pumps, it is defined in terms of the coefficient of
performance as the ratio of the actual COP to the COP
at reversible process. For devices that involves no
work, such as mixing chambers, the second-law
efficiency is defined as the ratio of the exergy
recovered to the exergy supplied. They are
summarized in the below table.
devices second-law efficiency

Heat Engine ε = ηth/ηth,rev
ε = W u/W rev
Work-producing Device
ε = W rev/W u
Work-consuming Device
Refrigerators/Heat Pumps ε = COP/COPrev
Mixing chambers ε = Exergy recovered/exergy supplied
The second-law efficiencies for steady-flow devices
like turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, and
mixing chambers can be determined from their
definitions. For a work-producing device such as
turbine, the second-law efficiency is defined as
where W u is the actual useful work and W rev is the

reversible work.
W u can be obtained from the energy balance of the

turbine. Usually the kinetic and potential energies
associated with a fluid flowing through a turbine is
neglectable compared with the enthalpy change of the
fluid. In this case, the energy balance of the turbine is
reduced to
The reversible work can be determined by setting the

exergy destruction to zero in the exergy balance
relation. For one-inlet-one-exit steady-flow devices,
such as turbines, it is,
h-s Diagram of Adiabatic Turbine If the turbine is a adiabatic turbine, the reversible work
equals the difference of the flow exergy at the inlet and
the exit.
Therefore, the second-law efficiency of an adiabatic

turbine can be determined as
The second-law efficiency of a compressor can be
determined using the similar method. It is
h-s Diagram of Adiabatic Compressor
Since no work is involved in heat exchangers and

mixing chambers, their second-law efficiencies are
defined as the ratio of exergy recovered to exergy
supplied. A heat exchanger with two unmixed fluid
streams is shown on the left. Hot stream enters at
state 1 and leaves ad state 2, cold stream enters at
state 3 and leaves at state 4. During the heat
exchange process, exergy supplied equals the exergy
lost in the hot stream and exergy recovered equals the
exergy gained in the cold stream. Thus, the second-
law efficiency of a heat exchanger is
Heat Exchanger with two Unmixed Fluid
Stream
The second-law efficiency of a mixing chamber can be

obtained using the similar method.
The second-law efficiencies of these steady-flow

devices are summarized in the following table.
Adiabatic Mixing Chamber
Devices Second-law Efficiency

Adiabatic Turbine
Adiabatic Compressor
Heat Exchanger
(non-mixing)
Adiabatic Mixing
Chamber
A heat recovery system is designed to heat cold water

using the exhausted hot air from a subway station.
Mass flow rate of the cold water, exergy destruction,
and the second-law efficiency of the heat recovery
system needs to be determined.
Assumptions:
 Model the water as incompressible substance

with a density ρ = 1,000 kg/m3 and a specific
heat cw= 4.18 kJ/kg-K.
 The exhausted air is modeled as an ideal gas
with a density ρ = 1.8 kg/m3 and a specific
heat cPa = 1.005 kJ/kg-K.
 The heat recovery system is well insulated
that the heat exchange process is adiabatic.
 No work interaction is involved.
 Neglect the kinetic and potential energy
changes.
 The heat exchange process is an isobaric
steady process.
Consider the heat recovery system as a control
volume and denote the hot air inlet as 1, hot air exit as
2, cold water inlet as 3, and hot water exit as 4, shown
on the left.
(1) Determine the mass flow rate of the cold water
The energy balance for a control volume is:
Take the Heat Recover System as a Control

Volume
According to the assumptions, the energy balance can

be simplified to
Water is modeled as an incompressible substance.

Thus, its enthalpy equals
h4 = cwT4 and h3 = cwT3
Exhausted air is modeled as an ideal gas, its enthalpy

equals
h2 = cPaT2 and h1 = cPaT1
where T1,T2, T3 , T4 and are given as
T1 = 60oC = 333 K
T2 = 35oC = 308 K
T3 = 25oC = 298 K
T4 = 50oC = 323 K
= 200 kg/s
Substituting all the data to the energy balance gives

the mass flow rate of cold water.
(2) Determine the exergy destruction of the heat
recovery system
The exergy balance of control volume undergoing a

steady-flow process is
Since the heat recovery system is an adiabatic heat

exchanger, it becomes
where ψ is the flow exergy. it is expressed as
ψ = h - T0s
Therefore, the exergy destruction can be rewritten as
Substitute all the data given to the above equation

gives
(3) Determine the second-law efficiency of the heat
recovery system
The definition of the second-law efficiency of a heat

exchanger is

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Chapter 7

Case Solution: The case study is solved in detail in

Simulation: You can adjust several parameters of a

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY

Since wind power is a renewable energy source, a

 Windmills will be installed at a location where

A perfect windmill will bring the air to a complete stop

work = f(initial state, process, final state)

If the initial state has been specified, then work is

System exchanges work, heat, and mass with its

Therefore, a system will deliver the maximum

Irreversibility is defined as the difference between the

I = W rev,out - W u, out or I = W u, in - W rev,in

where W rev is the reversible work and W u is the

When gas expands in a cylinder to do work, it needs

W surr = P0(V2 - V1)

The difference between the actual work and the

Reversible work is defined as the maximum amount

Exergy Associated with

Exergy Associated with Kinetic Energy (ke)

Kinetic energy is a form of mechanical energy and it

where V is the velocity relative to its surroundings.

Exergy Associated with Potential Energy (pe)

Potential energy is a form of mechanical energy and

where g is the gravitational acceleration and z is the

Internal energy is the energy associated with the

A stationary, simple compressible closed system

A piston-cylinder device with a fluid of mass m is a

Properties Initial State Final State

A reversible heat engine absorbs heat δQ from the

The energy balance of this piston-cylinder device is

δW b,u = δW b - δW b,surr = -δQ - dU - P0dV

The thermal efficiency of a reversible heat engine

The work produced by this heat engine is

W HE = δQηth = δQ(1- T0/T)

Substitute δW b,u and W HE to the relation of the total

Since the piston-cylinder device undergoes a

The total useful work becomes

δW t,u = -dU - P0dV + T0dS

Integrate the differential total useful work from the

W t,u = (U - U0) +P0(V - V0) - T0(S - S0)

The exergy of the system at its initial state equals the

xu = (u - u0) +P0(v - v0) - T0(s - s0)

This is the exergy associated with internal energy.

Flow work was defined as the energy needed to

The flow work is essentially a boundary work done

Exergy Associated with Enthalpy (h)

Enthalpy is defined as the sum of internal energy and

Therefore, the exergy associated with enthalpy is

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY SOLUTION

A town plans to use windmills to meet the power

Air is at 1 atm and 25oC with a density of 1.18 kg/m 3.

x = ke = v2/2 = 152/2 = 112.5 J/kg

The maximum power available to one windmill is the

To meet the 1,000 kW power gap, the number of

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY

 The gearbox receives 60 kW through a high-

 Determine the work delivered by this gearbox.

 Take the gear box as a closed system.

 The entropy balance for the gearbox is:

Sin - Sout + Sgen = ΔSsystem

Exergy Change of a System