Anti-Hungarian sentiment

Anti-Hungarian sentiment (also known as Hungarophobia,[1][2] Anti-Hungarianism, Magyarophobia[3] or Antimagyarism[4])

is dislike, distrust, racism, orxenophobia directed against the Hungarians. It can involve hatred, grievance, distrust, intimidation, fear
,
and hostility towards the Hungarianpeople, language and culture.

Contents
History
Modern
Czechoslovakia
Slovakia
Romania
Derogatory terms
In English
In Romanian
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography

History
During the era of the Austro-Hungarian monarchs, the court in Vienna was influenced by Hungarophobia, but the Hungarian
landowner nobles also showed signs ofGermanophobia.[5] In the 18th century, after the end of Rákóczi's War of Independence, many
immigrants came to the underpopulated southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary: for instance, 800 new German villages were
established.[6] The authorities preferred non-Hungarian settlers. The Habsburgs regarded Hungarians as "politically unreliable" and
so were not allowed to settle in the southern territories until the 1740s.[7] The organized resettlement was planned by the Habsburgs.
[8][9] as the Habsburgs feared an uprising of ProtestantHungarians.[10]
The resettlement policy was characterized as anti-Hungarian,

The Habsburgs and their advisers skilfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers
firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, and they induced them to rebel against the Hungarian government. The Austrians had encouraged the
Galician uprising to decimate Polish insurgent nobles.

Thousands of Hungarians were massacred in Transylvania in 1848-49 (now part of Romania) in nine separate incidents during the
Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

Modern

Czechoslovakia
Minorities in Czechoslovakia in 1918 to 1939 enjoyed personal freedoms and were properly recognized by the state. There were three
Hungarian and/or Hungarian-centric political parties:

Hungarian-German Social Democratic Party

Hungarian National Party
 Provincial Christian-Socialist Party
After World War II, Czechoslovakia became a communist state; during the transition to a communist one-party state, decrees
permitting the forced[11] expulsion of German and Hungarian minorities from ethnic enclaves in Czechoslovakia came into effect,
and Hungarians were forcibly relocated to Sudetenland, on the borders of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government deported
more than 44,129 Hungarians from Slovakia to the Sudetenland for forced labor[12][13] between 1945 and 1948,[13] and the Beneš
decrees remain legally in effect in the Czech Republic.[14]

Slovakia
In Slovakia, Hungarian and pro-Hungarian political parties are a stable part of the political
system. Anti-Hungarian sentiment had been criticized particularly during the third government of
Vladimír Mečiar. In the past, so-called "Hungarian card" had been used mainly by the Slovak
National Party (SNS)[18] against the granting of a special status to the Hungarian minority; it
argued for the complete assimilation of the Hungarian minority into Slovak society. It considers
that Hungarians in Slovakia are actually overprivileged.[18][19] After personnel changes in the
presidium, SNS abandoned similar rhetoric and formed a common government with pro-
Hungarian Most-Híd in 2016.

Anti-Hungarian rhetoric of some far-right organizations in Slovakia is based on historical

Ján Slota, the ex-
stereotypes and conflicts in the common history as interpreted from nationalistic positions and chairman of Slovak
recent events. In such interpretations, the arrival of old Hungarian tribes is described as the National Party SNS,
occupation by barbarian tribes and contributed to the destruction ofGreat Moravia. Other negative claimed that the
sentiments are related to the period of Magyarization, the policy of interwar Hungary, the Hungarian minority of
collaboration of Hungarian-minority parties with the Hungarian government against Slovakia "is a tumour in
the body of the Slovak
Czechoslovakia, the First Vienna Award and the Slovak–Hungarian War.[20] Hungary is accused
nation".[15][16][17]
of still trying to undermine the territorial integrity of Slovakia, and local minority politicians are
accused of irredentism.[20] However, anti-Hungarian sentiment is not typical even for all far-right
organisations, and the leader of theSlovak Brotherhood emphasized the need for collaboration with Hungarian far-right organisations
against materialism and multiculturalism.[20]

Women, Slovak or not, used to be required to affix the Slovak feminine marker -ová (used for declension of feminine names) at the
end of their surname.[21]

One incident of ethnically-motivated violence against Hungarians in Slovakia is the Hedvig Malina case. The 23-year-old Hungarian
student from Horné Mýto was allegedly beaten and robbed inNitra after speaking Hungarian in public.[22][23][24] A football match in
Dunajská Streda also caused tensions between Slovakia and Hungary when Hungarian fans were badly beaten by the Slovak
police.[25]

The majority and the Hungarian minority describe their coexistence mostly as good. For example, in a public survey in 2015, 85.2%
of respondents characterized their coexistence as good (63.6% rather good, 21.6% very good) and only 7.6% as bad (6.3% rather bad,
1.3% very bad).[26]

Romania
In Romania, the Ceaușescu régime was obsessed with the ancient history of Transylvania and suffered from Magyarophobia.[27] The
National Communism in Romania made[28] the historical personalities of Hungary (such as John Hunyadi or György Dózsa)[28][29]
.[27]
go through Romanianization and become more central figures in Romanian history

Derogatory terms
In English
.[30][31]
Bohunk – combination of "Bohemian" and "Hungarian". An immigrant of Central European origin. A Laborer
Hunky – derived from "Bohunk"

In Romanian
Bozgor (m), Bozgoroaică (f), Bozgori (pl.) – pseudo-Magyar term of possible Romanian/Slav origin. An ethnic slur
describing Hungarians.[32] A view is that it means "homeless","stateless"".
[33] N. Sándor Szilágyi speculated that the
word is a combination of the Hungarian slurba(s)zd meg ("fuck you") and the Romanian word forHungarian, namely
ungur[34]

See also
Edvard Beneš Matica slovenská
Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș Nicolae Ceaușescu
Gheorghe Funar Noua Dreaptă
Iron Guard Romanian Hearth Union
Ján Slota Romanophobia
Magyarization Slovakisation
Serbianization

Notes

References
1. Viktor Karády, The Jews of Europe in the Modern Era: A Socio-Historical Outline(https://books.google.com/books?id
=4hGg9rMQpEEC&pg=PA223), Central European University Press, 2004, p. 223
2. András Bán, Hungarian-British Diplomacy, 1938-1941: The Attempt to Maintain Relations(https://books.google.com/
books?id=V9jPImXVMYYC&pg=PA128), Routledge, 2004, p. 128
3. Boyer, John W. (2009). Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897-1918. University of
Chicago Press, 1995. p. 116.ISBN 9780226069609.
4. Verdery, Katherine. National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceauşescu's Romania
.
University of California Press, 1995. p. 317.ISBN 9780932088352.
5. Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683-1797
(https://books.google.com/books?id=U-L Tw-cylfoC&pg=PA25), Pearson Education, 2003, p. 25
6. Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919-1936
(https://b
ooks.google.com/books?ei=aPGmTpDlLIS38gPi7KGsDw&ct=result&id=mMhnAAAAMAAJ&dq=800+german+village
s+1780+Hungary&q=800+#search_anchor), East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2
7. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi,Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minority on the Carpathian Basin(http
s://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=P A13), Simon Publications LLC, 1998, pp 140 -141
8. Hídfő könyvtár, Volume 8 (https://books.google.com/books?id=jZvuAAAAMAAJ&q=habsburgok+magyarellenes+bete
lepitesek&dq=habsburgok+magyarellenes+betelepitesek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BpLNUfKYCoiN7Qb864DQAQ&ved=0CE
AQ6AEwAg), Issue 1, p. 48
9. Istvàn Sisa, Magyarságtükör: nemzet határok nélkül(https://books.google.com/books?ei=BpLNUfKYCoiN7Qb864D
QAQ&id=UgQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=habsburgok+magyarellenes+betelepitesek&q=politika#search_anchor) , Püski, 2001,
p. 99 Cited: "Magyarellenes betelepítési politika. A felszabadulást követően a Habsburgok olyan betelepítési politikát
alkalmaztak, mely még tovább gyengítette a magyarok helyzetét." ranslation:
T "(Section name) Anti-Hungarian
resettlement policy. After the liberation, the policy employed by the Habsburgs weakened the situation of Hungarians
more."
10. Tibor Iván Berend, Éva Ring,Helyünk Európában: nézetek és koncepciók a 20. századi Magyarországon, olume V 1
(https://books.google.com/books?ei=BpLNUfKYCoiN7Qb864DQAQ&id=GM0hAAAAMAAJ&dq=habsburgok+magyar
ellenes+betelepitesek&q=+f%C3%A9lelm%C3%A9ben#search_anchor) , Magvető, 1986, p. 144 Cited: "A Habsburg-
család azonban a kálvinista magyarok lázadásától való félelmében az évszázados török háborúk által elpusztított
területen magyarellenes telepítési politikát kezdeményezett" ranslation:
T "The Habsburg family initiated an anti-
Hungarian resettlement policy in the destroyed territories (caused by hundreds of years ofurkish
T wars) because of
their fear of an uprising of Calvinist Hungarians"
11. Thum, Gregor (2006–2007). "Ethnic Cleansing in Eastern Europe after 1945".
Contemporary European History. 19
(1): 75–81. doi:10.1017/S0960777309990257(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777309990257) .
12. Eleonore C. M. Breuning, Dr. Jill Lewis, Gareth Pritchard, Power and the people: a social history of Central European
politics, 1945-56 (https://books.google.com/books?id=GiLyV2xjGEoC&pg=PA140), Manchester University Press,
2005, p. 140
13. Anna Fenyvesi, Hungarian language contact outside Hungary: studies on Hungarian as a minority language
(https://
books.google.com/books?id=y3JYwHGYn7MC&pg=P A50), John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005, p. 50
14. "Radio Prague - The "Benes decrees" - a historian's point of view"(http://www.radio.cz/en/section/talking/the-benes-
decrees-a-historians-point-of-view). Retrieved 25 September 2015.
15. "Separatist Movements Seek Inspiration in Kosovo"(http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,537008-2,00.
html). Der Spiegel. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
16. Jan Cienski. "Slovakia and Hungary just won't get along"(http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/europe/090814/slovaki
a-hungary). GlobalPost. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
17. SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (25 August 2009)."The World from Berlin: Slovakia and Hungary
'Dangerously Close to Playing with Fire'" (http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,644853,00.html).
SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
18. Cohen, Shari J. (2009).Politics Without a Past: The Absence of History in Postcommunist Nationalism
. Duke
University Press, Nov 22, 1999. p. 140.ISBN 0822323990.
19. Hungarian Human Rights Foundation(http://www.hhrf.org/hhrf/index_en.php?oldal=182) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20110105110629/http://www.hhrf.org/hhrf/index_en.php?oldal=182)2011-01-05 at the Wayback Machine.
New Slovak Government Embraces Ultra-Nationalists, Excludes Hungarian Coalition Party
20. Danilov, Sergej; Nociar, Tomáš, eds. (2012). Milovaní a nenávidení: Podobnosti a rozdiely medzi slovenskou a
maďarskou krajnou pravicou[Loved and hated: Similarities and differences between Slovak and Hungarian far -right].
Bratislava: Inštitút pre medzikultúrny dialóg. pp. 12–13.ISBN 978-80-970915-0-7.
21. Bernd, Rechel (2009).Minority rights in Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415590310.
22. "Malina case bungled: Prosecutor"(http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63
5&Itemid=27). The Budapest Times. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
23. "Maligned Hungarian seeks higher justice"(http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view
&id=3070&Itemid=26). The Budapest Times. 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
24. "Une étudiante met le feu aux poudres ("A student sets fire to the powder")"
(http://www.lepetitjournal.com/content/vi
ew/8350/956/) (in French). lepetitjournal.com. 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
25. "Football riot stokes tension"(http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/33498/2/football_riot_stokes_tension.html).
spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
26. "Prieskum: Vzťahy Slovenska a Maďarska sa za posledných 10 rokov zlepšili"(http://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clano
k/368125-prieskum-vztahy-slovenska-a-madarska-sa-za-poslednych-10-rokov-zlepsili/) [Survey: Relationships
between Slovakia and Hungary has improved over the last 10 years] (in Slovak). Pravda.sk. 2015-09-20. Retrieved
2016-08-23.
27. Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness(https://books.google.com/books?id=RM6MRPWXxQYC
&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+and+Myth+in+Romanian+Consciousness&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hwC3UcrCLMmoO47
HgLAG&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=History%20and%20Myth%20in%20Romanian%20Consciousness&f=
false), Central European University Press, 2001, p. 222 Citation:"....Thanks to the trios of Gelu, Glad and
Menumorut, and Horea, Cloşca and Crişan, the T ransylvanian heroes are actually more numerous than those of
Wallachia or Moldavia, illustrating the obsession with Transylvania and the Hungarophobia that became accentuated
towards the end of the Ceauşescu era."
28. "Rethinking National Identity after National-Communism? The case of Romania (by Cristina Petrescu, University of
Bucharest)" (http://www.eurhistxx.de/spip.php%3Farticle78&lang=en.html). www.eurhistxx.de. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
29. The Hungarian national component of the movement led by Dózsa was de-emphasized, while its strong antifeudal
character was highlighted:(in Romanian) Emanuel Copilaş, "Confiscarea lui Dumnezeu şi mecanismul inevitabilităţii
istorice" (http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/139/art09-copilas.html), Sfera Politicii 139, September 2009
30. "Bohunk - Definition of bohunk by Merriam-W
ebster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bohunk). Retrieved
25 September 2015.
31. "bohunk" in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary
, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.
32. "The Racial Slur Database"(http://www.rsdb.org/race/hungarians). Retrieved 25 September 2015.
33. Vilmos Tánczos, Language Use, Attitudes, Strategies. Linguistic Identity and Ethnicity in the Moldavian Csángó
Villages (https://books.google.com/books?id=QjSNrRCYFpUC&pg=P A130), Editura ISPMN, 2012, p. 130
34. http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf457.pdf

Bibliography
Gerő, András; Patterson, James (1995). Modern Hungarian society in the making: the unfinished experience. Central European
University Press.

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