4.1 Supportive and Assimilative Capacities: Chapter - 4 Methodology

Chapter – 4 Methodology
CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY
Planning for development within the limits of carrying capacity recognizes that mankind is
dependent on the productive capacity of ecosystem. Thus the Carrying Capacity-based
Developmental Planning (CCDP) provides an operational framework for the sustainable
development. The CCDP process involves the integration of societal expectations and ecological
capabilities.
4.1 Supportive and assimilative capacities
The economic progress and quality of life are determined by the developmental activities which in
turn are dependent on the resources of that region. In other words, the supportive capacity will
determine the developmental potential of a region and economic progress and quality of life.
It is quite well known that any developmental activity will generate
wastes/residuals/pollutants affecting the environment (land, water, air, biological and socio-
economic) often resulting in irretrievable damages. This has to be analyzed in terms of the complex
inter linkages of the supportive capacity of a region. In other words, there is resilience or
assimilative capacity that limits that the quality of life deteriorates beyond redemption.
4.2 Physical carrying capacity
As mentioned in section 3.2., the average individual standard is represented as capacity standards.
They are expressed in number of individuals per surface unit of the resource of recreation, e.g. per
hectare of forest, forest extent, park, coast, agricultural land (Trakolis, 2003).
Carrying capacity is ‘the maximum level of visitor use an area can accommodate with high
levels of satisfaction for visitors and few negative impacts on resources’ (McNeely and Thorsell,
1987). To calculate this figure it is necessary to establish maximum use estimates. In practice many
planners rely on defining what constitutes a ‘tolerable level’ of visitation which can be sustained
over time. Estimating the carrying capacity of a park or protected area simply in terms of visitor
days is insufficient. The maximum sustainable capacity of an area requires the careful planning of
geographically separated access points and placement of tourist’s facilities to avoid excessive
contacts between different groups visiting the park at the same time. Issues of seasonality need to
be incorporated, within both animal and human communities. Much attention to the problems of
estimating carrying capacity has been given by the WTO (WTO/UNEP, 1992) who recommends a
formula (Boullon, 1985) for estimating tourist carrying capacity as:
Assessment of Carrying Capacity of selected Tourism Destinations in Kerala: A Strategy for Sustainable Development 60
carrying capacity = area used by tourists

average individual standard
(the denominator is usually expressed as persons/metre2) which is carefully defined for each case
by evaluating psychological and ecological capacity. According to Shackley (1996), in order to
determine environmental factors it is necessary to know the following:
 size of area and usable space
 fragility of environment
 wildlife resources
 topography and vegetation cover
4.2.1 Boat carrying capacity assessment
Recreational boating capacity concept implies that specific areas have certain use capacities that
are sustainable, and these capacities can be identified and managed for specific number of
watercraft for an entire body of water. Such calculations can only provide a crude estimate of
capacity. Therefore, the concept of recreational boating capacity on rivers, lakes, and reservoirs is
complex. To obtain an accurate picture, estimation of boating capacity must include information
about current boating conditions, and identify a desired future condition that is agreed upon by
managers and visitors alike. Once this is accomplished, appropriate strategies can be developed to
address objectives for short and long-term planning.
4.2.2 Calculation of the usable surface area of the lake and recreational carrying
capacity
The usable surface area is the area that can be used for boating. This area should exclude the area
within the shore line, which is designated as the idle zone, sensitive habitat, swimming area and
shallows less than 1.5 m depth; which should be subtracted from lake’s total surface area.
Optimal number of boats in the lake = usable lake area /Optimum boating density
Where, usable lake area = adjusted lake area (shoreline safety environmental protection zone)
Percentage at peak use carrying capacity = Estimated no. of boats at peak use
Optimal no. boats
4.2.3 Determination of the minimum space required for each use
This is determined by multiplying the minimum special requirement for a use type by the
proportion of boats engaged in this activity; adding up the special requirements for each use to
estimate the optimum boating density or the average space required in the different types of boat
use. High-speed watercraft requires more space, so this density estimate was then adjusted for each
of the lakes, depending on the watercraft. The boating density adjustment equation is calculated as
follows:
Boating density (in acres) = 10 + 5*(proportion of high-speed watercraft)

Hence, if there were no high-speed watercraft on a particular lake (i.e., proportion of high-
speed watercraft = 0.00), then its optimum boating density would be 0.04 km2 per boat.
Conversely, if all boats on a lake were high-speed watercraft (i.e., proportion of high-speed
watercraft = 1.00), then the boating density would be 0.06 km2 per boat.
4.2.4 Lake use rate
Lake use rate is defined as the proportion of the total number of boats on the lake at any given time.
4.2.5 Lake physical characteristics
A lake’s size, shape and depth strongly influence recreational carrying capacity. According to
Progressive Architecture Engineering (PAE, 2001), a size independent measure of lake shape,
known as shoreline development factor (SDF), is a measure of the degree of irregularity in the
shape of the SDF and compares the actual length of the shoreline around a lake to the minimum
shoreline length of a lake with the same area (i.e. if the lake was a perfect circle).
SDF = Length of shoreline around lake

Circumference of circle with area equal to that of lake
A higher ratio indicates a more irregular shoreline. Irregular shorelines, with their coves
and inlets, ‘may serve to isolate impacts [but] also imply greater safety risks as well as ecological
consequences’ (Wagner, 1991).
4.2.6 Environmental impacts
The common impacts of recreational boating activity are fuel emissions and waste disposal from
motor boats, suspension of bottom sediments, decreased water transparency, shoreline erosion,
destruction of fish spawning areas such as mangrove vegetation, life of migratory birds and other
aquatic birds and the loss of other vulnerable flora and fauna and their habitat.
PAE introduced a ratio, called the shallowness ratio, which is calculated as follows:
Shallowness Ratio (SR) = Area of lake less than 1.5 m. deep
Total area of lake
The shallowness ratio represents the proportion of the lake bottom likely to be affected by
motorized watercraft. A ratio less than 0.1 shall be considered low, while a ratio greater than 0.5 is
considered high.
4.3 Social carrying capacity
This refers to the negative socio-cultural activities related to tourism development. The indicators
of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded are a reduced local tolerance for tourism
(Shaw & Williams, 1997). Reduced visitor enjoyment and increased crime are also indicators of
when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded. Social carrying capacities are possible to
make a similar list of variables which determine social carrying capacities, which include: viewing
pattern, tourist’s viewing choices, visitor’s opinions, and available facilities. Questionnaire survey
was conducted among the residents and tourists to document social carrying capacity.
4.4 Economic carrying capacity
This refers to a level of unacceptable change within the local economy of a tourist
destination; it is the extent to which a tourist destination is able to accommodate tourist functions
without the loss of local activates, take for example a souvenir store taking the place of a shop
selling essential items to the local community. Economic carrying capacity can also be used to
describe the point at which the increased revenue brought by tourism development is overtaken by
the inflation caused by tourism. Questionnaire survey was conducted among the shopkeepers,
resort owners and vehicle drivers to document economic carrying capacity. Lot of information
exists on the biophysical resources and on the socio economic factors of the respective study areas.
Secondary data was collected from panchayats and various departments.
4.5 Assessment of land environment
4.5.1 Land use/land cover mapping
A reconnaissance survey was carried out to collect the ground information. The GIS database
generated from the topographic sheets was further updated with the latest changes in the study
areas. Ground truth was collected during the field visit with the help of satellite image, SOI
toposheets, GPS and magnetic compass. The image elements were correlated with the ground
truthing and the interpretation key was developed. The tonal variation representing the different
classes was marked on the hard copy image. The entries were made in the field description form at
each of the sample point. Base maps including drainage, roads, settlement and study area boundary
was extracted from the SOI topographical sheet (1969) no. 58C/14, 58 C/6, 58 D/14 and 58 D/9.
Different thematic maps were prepared using map info version 5 and 7. The Landuse/Land
Cover (LULC) changes in the extent of different land use categories during the period from 1969-
2010 have been carried out.
4.6 Assessment of water environment
4.6.1 Water quality
Sampling Technique
The quality of water is an important criterion for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural
practices. Water samples for physical and chemical analysis were collected from the study areas in
one litre polyethylene cans. To avoid possible contamination, the cans were first rinsed with dilute
HCl, then cleaned using soap solution and finally washed thoroughly using tap water. At the
sampling location, the cans were again rinsed with the water to be sampled and labelled before
analysis. Details of the sampling locations and their codes are given in Table 4.1.
Physico- Chemical Analysis
a. Temperature: Temperature was recorded by using a digital thermometer.
b. pH: It was measured by using a digital pH meter. (Model 361, Systronics, India)
c. Total Dissolved Solids: Total dissolved solids were measured using a digital TDS meter.
The instrument was calibrated using 0.01 M KCl.
d. Total Alkalinity: Alkalinity was estimated by titrating the sample with a strong acid such
as HCl, using phenolphthalein or methyl orange as indicator.
e. Hardness: Hardness was determined by means of EDTA titrimetry method.
f. Silicate: Silicate was determined by means of silicomolybdate method.
g. Phosphate: It was determined using a double beam spectrophotometer (Model 2203,
Systronics, India) as per the methods described in APHA (1998).
h. Nitrate: Nitrite was determined by means of Brucine method.
i. Sodium and Potassium: It was measured using Flame Photometer (Model 126,
Systronics, India).
j. Salinity: Chloride is estimated using Argentometric method.
k. Dissolved Oxygen: DO was measured by the Winkler method with azide modification.
l. Biochemical Oxygen Demand: BOD was analyzed by incubation of water sample for 5
days in a BOD bottle. Incubation is done in a BOD incubator at 20±5 0C. On the fifth day,
the DO of the sample was analyzed. The difference of the initial and the final DO was
calculated as BOD5.
Details are shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.1 Sampling stations and their codes

Varkala Kumarakom Vagamon
No. Code Location No. Code Location No. Code Location
1 SP1 Enikkal 22 L1 Near Kumarakom 43 VJ (Bw) Vagamon Junc.
2 SP2 Helipad cliff 23 L2 Near Illickal 44 VU (ST) Vazhikadavu
3 ST1 Chilakkur 24 L3 Near Rani chithra 45 CD (ST) Check dam
4 ST2 Papanasam 25 L4 Near Marthandam Kayal 46 CH (ST) Chottupara
5 S1 Chilakkur 26 L5 Southeast part of lake 47 KO (W) Kolahelamedu
6 S2 Enikkal 27 L6 Southern part of lake 48 EL (ST) Elappara
7 S3 Thiruvambadi 28 L7 Southern part of lake 49 ME (L) Meadows
8 S4 Vettakuda 29 L8 Middle of lake
9 S5 Kappil 30 L9 Southwest of lake
10 BW1 Paravur Kayal 31 L10 Middle of lake
11 BW2 Northern part of Kilimukkam Kayal 32 L11 South of Pathiramanal
12 BW3 Middle of Kilimukkam Kayal 33 L12 North of Pathiramanal
13 BW4 Western region of Edava Nadayara Kayal 34 L13 Near Kaipuzha
14 BW5 Middle of Nadayara Kayal 35 L14 Near Thaneermukkam bund
15 BW6 Southeast of Nadayara Kayal 36 L15 Near Kavanar
16 BW7 Pozhi (opening of Kayal into sea) 37 IL (R) Illickal
17 W1 Papanasam 38 KA (R) Kaipuzha
18 W2 Helipad cliff 39 KR (R) Kavanar
19 W3 Thiruvambadi 40 CM (R) Changalam
20 W4 Vettakuda 41 KS (R) Near Kumarakom
21 W5 Kappil 42 KM (R) Kumarakom
SP – spring, ST – stream, S – sea, BW – backwater, W – well, L – lake, R – River, Bw – Bore well
Statistical Analysis
Parametric statistical methods were used to calculate the normal statistical parameters (arithmetic
mean and standard deviation) for water quality parameters. SPSS version 11.0 was employed to
study the ANOVA and Correlation of the various parameters. Box plot was used to express the
seasonal variation of water quality in different systems of the study areas.
Table 4.2 Details regarding the physico-chemical analysis of water

Sl. No. Parameters Analysed Unit Methods/Instruments References
A. Physico-Chemical Parameters
o
1. Air temperature C Thermometer -
o
2. Water temperature C Thermometer -
3. TDS ppm TDS meter -
4. Conductivity mS Conductivity meter -
5. pH pH meter -
6. Chloride mg/l Argentometry APHA
7. Salinity ppt Argentometric Method APHA
8. Alkalinity Titrimetry APHA
9. Hardness mg/l EDTA titrimetry APHA
10. DO mgO2/l Winkler method APHA
11. BOD mgO2/l 5 day BOD test APHA
12. Nitrate mg/l Brucine method APHA
13. Silicate mg/l Silicomolybdate method APHA
14. Phosphate mg/l Stannous chloride method APHA
15. Sodium mg/l Flame photometry APHA
16. Potassium mg/l Flame photometry APHA
B. Bacteriological Parameters
17. Faecal coliforms MPN/100 ml Multiple Tube Fermentation APHA
18. Faecal streptococci MPN/100 ml Multiple Tube Fermentation APHA
Bacteriological Parameters
For bacteriological analysis, water samples were collected in sterile plastic bottles of 500 ml
capacity. Water samples were transported to the laboratory in an icebox and subjected to
bacteriological examination within four hours of collection.
a. Analysis of Faecal Coliforms (FC): Faecal coliform load of water sample was determined
by three-tube dilution method (Multiple tube fermentation method) using lactose broth
(LB). The Procedural Flow chart shows the enumeration of faecal coliform from water
samples;
Water sample
3x10 ml 3x1 ml 3x0.1 ml
Inoculate in to Inoculate in to Inoculate in to

3x10 ml DSLB 3x10 ml SSLB 3x10 ml SSLB
Incubate at 44.50C for 24 to 48 hours
Check for gas production in the inverted

Durham’s tubes in the lactose broth
Note down the tubes with gas production in

10 ml, 1ml, and 0.1 ml samples
Refer to three tube MPN table to find out

the MPN index of FC/100 ml
b. Analysis of Faecal Streptococci (FS): Faecal streptococci load of the water sample was
determined by three-tube dilution method (Multiple tube fermentation method) using Azide
dextrose broth (ADB). The procedural Flow chart shows the enumeration of faecal
streptococci from water samples;
Water sample
3x10 ml 3x1 ml 3x0.1 ml
Inoculate in to Inoculate in to Inoculate in to

3x10 ml DSADB 3x10 ml SSADB 3x10 ml SSADB
Incubate at 370C for 24 to 48 hours
Check for growth (will be indicated as turbidity of the medium)
Note down the tubes with growth in

10 ml, 1ml, and 0.1 ml samples
Refer to the three tube’s MPN table to find out the MPN index
Calculation of FC/FS ratio

FC/FS ratios are required to identify the source of faecal contamination. This has been carried out
as per the table given below:
Table 4.3 Identification of the source of faecal pollution using FC/FS ratio
Sl. No. Source FC/FS ratio
1 Man 4.4
2 Duck 0.6
3 Sheep 0.4
4 Chicken 0.4
5 Pig 0.4
6 Cow 0.2
7 Turkey 0.1
(After USEPA, 1978; Geldreich, E. E., 1974)
Estimation of bacterial species

In order to confirm the presence of E. coli, positive FC tubes in the presumptive MPN tests
were streaked on to Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar, and incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours. After
incubation, colonies with green metallic sheen colouration were confirmed as typical E. coli cells.
In order to confirm the presence of Enterococcus, positive FS tubes in the presumptive MPN tests
were streaked onto Pfizer Selective Enterococcus (PSEA) Agar, and incubated at 37oC for 24
hours. After incubation, colonies with black colouration were confirmed as typical Enterococcus
cells.
1 ml of the collected sample was inoculated into alkaline peptone water and Brain Heart
infusion (BHI). The inoculant from alkaline peptone water was streaked on to Thiosulphate Citrate
Bile Sucros (TCBS) agar medium (HI MEDIA) for selective isolation and cultivation of Vibrio
cholera and other enteropathogenic Vibrios in water samples. Colonies with yellow colour were
counted as Vibrio cholera like organisms (VCLO) and colonies with green colour were counted as
Vibrio parahaemolyticus like organisms (VPLO) from the plate. Pseudomonas species were
isolated by adopting spread plate method on pseudomonas agar (HI MEDIA) plate and incubated at
37oC for 24 hours. The inoculant from Brain Heart infusion broth was streaked onto MacConkey
agar. Streptococcus species were observed by using blood agar swarming test.
4.7 Assessment of biological environment

4.7.1 Vegetation studies
Extensive biodiversity studies were conducted in Vagamon area because the area comes under
biodiversity rich Western Ghats hotspots. In Varkala coastal area there is no scope of such
extensive studies, thus enumeration of flora and fauna is carried out as part of the study. But there
are a lot of studies carried out in Kumarakom as it comes under Ramsar wetlands. Thus secondary
data were collected to represent the biodiversity in Kumarakom tourism area.
The field work was done during 2008-2010. Field visits were done at different intervals for
the selected sites. Plant components were collected for herbarium preparation during the field
visits. Immediate photographic documentation was also done for the species. After collection the
plants were identified by referring to Flora of British India (Hooker, 1872-1897), Flora of
Presidency of Madras (Gamble & Fischer, 1915-1936), Indian Medicinal Plants (Basu, 1975),
Flora of Palghat (Vajravelu, 1990), Flora of Thiruvananthapuram (Mohanan & Henry, 1994),
Flowering Plants of Thrissur Forest (Sasidharan and Sivarajan, 1996), 100 Red Listed Medicinal
Plants of Conservation Concern in Southern India (Ravikumar & Ved, 2000) and other regional
floras. Sampling strata was selected based on the differences in growth form, physiognomy and
structure of the vegetation, and variation in dominant species (Brawn-Blanquet, 1932). Vegetation
analysis was carried out by laying quadrates of 10 x 10 m size for tree layers which were
determined by the species area curve method (Odum, 1971) and the running means method (Misra,
1968). Each quadrate was further subdivided into 5 m x 5 m and 1 m x 1 m sample plots to
examine the shrubs and herbs respectively. Girth at breast height (gbh) at 1.37 m above ground
level of all trees and tree saplings in each quadrate was measured for each species. The
nomenclature of each species has been brought uptodate as per rules given in the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1988) and classification based on APG-III
(www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/). The scientific names were cross checked following
THE PLANT LIST (www.theplantlist.org) and the international plant name index (www.ipni.org).
Data Analysis
The vegetation data were quantitatively analyzed for abundance, density and frequency (Curtis and
McIntosh, 1950). Importance value was used to rank each species and the plant species with the
highest importance value was considered the dominant species. The importance value index (IVI)
for the tree species was determined as the sum of the relative frequency, relative density and
relative dominance (Curtis, 1959; Muller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1978). Relative frequency,
relative density and relative dominance were determined (Philips, 1959). Similarity between two
vegetation types was determined (Sorenson’s index of similarity) (Sorenson, 1948). Data were
analyzed for species richness (SR) (Kershaw, 1973), density (D) (Odum, 1971; Whittaker, 1965),
species diversity index (H) (Philips, 1959; Shannon and Wiener, 1963), concentration of
dominance (Cd) (Shannon and Wiener, 1963), Hill diversity (Hill, 1973), evenness (J) (Simpson,
1949) and abundance/frequency (A/F) ratio (Pielou, 1966; Curtis and McIntosh, 1950a). Here
abundance is taken as the total number of individuals of a species while frequency as number of
quadrates in which that species occurred. A/F ratio for different species was determined for
eliciting the distribution patterns (Curtis and Cottom, 1956; Whitford, 1949). A/F ratio was
interpreted as: if <0.025 and 0.050 random distribution, and >0.050 indicates contiguous
distribution (Curtis and McIntosh, 1950a, 1950b). Species heterogeneity, defined as the reciprocal
of Simpson’s index or inverse root of concentration of dominance (Cd), was also determined as
1/pi or 1/Cd.
After establishing the list of species, species were preliminarily examined to identify and
count endemics. Endemism is an important criterion to characterize the state of conservation in a
given area. The presence of numerous endemic species and endangered (particular status species) is
broadly a sign of a great biodiversity and a good level of conservation (Adou Yao et al., 2007). The
identification of endemic plants of the study area was done with standard books such as Endemic
Plants of the Indian Region (Ahmedulla & Nayar, 1987), Red Data Book of Indian Plants (Nayar &
Sastry, 1987, 1988, 1990), Hot Spots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan (Nayar, 1996)
and Flowering Plants of Kerala (Sasidharan, 2004). The list of threatened and endangered species
was complied according to the IUCN checklist 2006.
Alpha () biodiversity (or phytodiversity) of the site was then calculated following the
formula, -diversity = species richness (S) = number of species per area (Silvica, 1997). Similarly,
Beta diversity (), a measure of species turnover with change in habitat, was computed using the
formula  = / where,  (gamma) = number of species in all the sites, and  (alpha) is the
number of species per site or plot (Magrurran, 1988). The Berger-Parker diversity index is simply
d = Nmax or max1≤i≤S Pi.
N
This is an example of an index which uses only partial information about the relative
abundances of the various species in its definition. Gini coefficients are used to measure diversity.
The Species richness, the Shannon index, Simpson's index, and the Berger-Parker index can all be
identified as particular examples of quantities bearing a simple relation to the Renyi entropy, for α
approaching 0, 1, 2, ∞ respectively.
1 S α
Hα = log ∑ Pi
i=1
1-α
4.7.2 Identification of butterflies, birds, fishes, mammals

Checklist of fishes and mammals were prepared by means of secondary data. The present study
was undertaken during the period 2008-2010. Birds were identified with the aid of Bushnell 7x35
binoculars. Bird survey was carried out once a month by walking throughout the day. All the birds
opportunistically sighted/heard were recorded. This information was mainly for the preparation of
the checklist. The birds were identified using field guides of Ali (1979), Ali and Ripley (1987),
Grimmett et al. (1998), Grewal (1993) and Kazmierczak (2000). Different habitats selected for the
purpose of study include shola forest, plantations, grasslands and paddy fields.
Initially, a preliminary survey was conducted to identify spots with reasonably viable
population of butterflies. To ensure correct identity, specimens were collected with sweeping nets
and released after identification. The collected specimens were narcotized adding menthol crystals
in the bottle and then air dried for identification. The collected specimens were identified with the
help of Winter-Blyth (1957), Varshney (1997), Talbot (1939, 1947), Thomas (1966), Lewis (1973),
Stanek (1977), Mani (1986), Mathew (1987), Ford (1990), Mathew (1990), Smart (1991), Haribal
(1992), Mathew and Rahamathulla (1993), Mathew et al. (1998), Daccordi et al. (1988), Vane-
Wright and Ackery (1988), Whalley (1988), Allaby (1989), Carter (1992), Feltwell (1998),
Gunathilagaraj (1998) and Gay et al. (1992). All the scientific names follow Varshney (1979, 1985,
1990) and classification and common English names are after Winter-Blyth (1957).
4.8 SWOT analysis
A qualitative analysis is carried out under the SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities and
threats) analysis section.
 Strengths: attributes of the person or company that is helpful in achieving the objective.
 Weaknesses: attributes of the person or company that is harmful to achieving the

objective.
 Opportunities: external conditions that is helpful in achieving the objective.
 Threats: external conditions which could do damage to the objective.

4.9 Forecasting and modelling
Tourism forecasting and modelling is also carried out to analyse the trends of tourism
developments in the area under study. Data for the analysis in this study was collected from various
sources such as Panchayath and Municipal development reports, data collected from interviews and
questionnaire surveys among different age groups of resident population and local government
authorities. The study consists of a time series models involve a statistical analysis which uses only
the historical data of the variable to be forecast.
4.10 Summary
The framework for assessing carrying capacity was developed from the guidelines of WTO and
Lim (1998). The methodology was formulated considering the type of tourism existing or being
planned from contexts such as infrastructure, physical, social, cultural, economic benefits, tourism
images, indigenous environment, etc. Carrying capacity assessment includes bed capacity, boat
carrying capacity, boating density, shoreline development factor, shallowness ratio and usable
recreational area. Impact of tourism was categorized into environmental, socio-cultural and
economic. Environmental impact of tourism was studied through water quality monitoring,
landuse/land cover change detection and biodiversity assessment. Socio-cultural and economic
impact of tourism was assessed by means of questionnaire survey among different groups.
Present
Developmental
Scenario
Impacts of tourism
Environmental Socio-cultural Economic
CARRYING
CAPACITY
Supportive Assimilative
capacity capacity
Resource
requirement for Socio-
Environmental Economic
present tourism cultural
activities
Income
Land Education
generation
Natural
Infrastructure Water Health Price levels
attraction
Arts and
Biodiversity Employment
culture
Social status
Property &
of
Rental value
population
SUSTAINABLE
UTILIZATION
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENAL

STRATEGY
Fig 4.1 Methodology for the Assessment of Carrying Capacity of Selected Tourism
Destinations in order to suggest strategies for Sustainable Development

4.1 Supportive and Assimilative Capacities: Chapter - 4 Methodology

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Chapter – 4 Methodology

carrying capacity = area used by tourists

Boating density (in acres) = 10 + 5*(proportion of high-speed watercraft)

SDF = Length of shoreline around lake

Table 4.1 Sampling stations and their codes

Table 4.2 Details regarding the physico-chemical analysis of water

3x10 ml 3x1 ml 3x0.1 ml

Inoculate in to Inoculate in to Inoculate in to

Incubate at 44.50C for 24 to 48 hours

Check for gas production in the inverted

Note down the tubes with gas production in

Refer to three tube MPN table to find out

3x10 ml 3x1 ml 3x0.1 ml

Inoculate in to Inoculate in to Inoculate in to

Incubate at 370C for 24 to 48 hours

Check for growth (will be indicated as turbidity of the medium)

Note down the tubes with growth in

Calculation of FC/FS ratio

Estimation of bacterial species

4.7 Assessment of biological environment

4.7.2 Identification of butterflies, birds, fishes, mammals

 Weaknesses: attributes of the person or company that is harmful to achieving the

 Opportunities: external conditions that is helpful in achieving the objective.

 Threats: external conditions which could do damage to the objective.

Environmental Socio-cultural Economic

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENAL

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