ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

A. Universe and Solar System(1. the formation of the universe and the solar system )

1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe

 What composes the universe

 Big bang theory and evidences
 Steady state
 Pulsating
 Big crunch

B. Earth and Earth Systems (the subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere) that make up
the Earth and the Earth’s internal structure )

2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system.

3. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to
support life.

4. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow

5. Explain the current advancements/information on the solar system

6. Show the contributions of personalities/people on the understanding of the earth systems

7. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core).

8. Differentiate the layers of the Earth

 Composition of the solar system

 The 7 theories of solar system

 Comparing characteristic of earth to mars and venus

 Advancements updates in solar system (pluto reclassified as dwarf planet , mars may have prolife,
expanding of universe is accelerating , spacecrafts –interstellar travel voyager 1 , dwarf planets,
meteors, comets, asteroid)

 4 subsystems including layer of atmosphere and interaction of subsystems

 Earths layer including compositions, of each layer

 Hutton,Darwin.lehman,oparin,mohorovic,millerandurey

EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

A. Minerals and Rocks (1. the three main categories of rocks, the origin and environment of formation of common
minerals and rocks)
9. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
10. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
  what is a rock
 igneous rock
-texture , composition, types of igneous rock(igneous intrusive or plutonic ig eg.
Granite/gabbro , igneous extrusive or volcanic igneous eg. Basalt , obsidian,pumice,scoria,
 sedimentary rocks
- compaction,cementation, stages in the formation of sedimentary rock. Main types of
sedimentary rocks (clastic sed ro,chemical sed r, organic sed r), eg of sed rock
conglomerate,sandstones , shale,limestone
 metamorphic rocks (non foliated eg. Marble quartzite … foliated eg. Slate
,serpentine,gneiss) , types of metamorphism (contact , regional)
 rock cycle
 minerals that make up rocks
 physical properties of minerals to identify them
 minerals ( now I an define minerals)
- color
- luster
- streak
- hardness
- specific gravity ( was not discussed)
- cleavage or fracture
 chemical properties( was not discussed)
B. Exogenic Processes(geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth such as weathering, erosion, mass
wasting, and sedimentation (include the role of ocean basins in the formation of sedimentary rocks
11. describe how rocks undergo weathering
12. explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and deposited elsewhere
13. make a report on how rocks and soil move downslope due to the direct action of gravity
 weathering
 2 kinds of weathering (physical, chemical)
 Process that cause physical weathering
- Thermal and pressure change
- Wind and waves
- Freeze and thaw
- Organic activity
 Process that cause chemical weathering
- Hydration/ hydrolysis
- Carbonation
- oxidation
 Erosion (transport by water or wind)
 Mass movement (mass wasting)

C. Endogenic Processes (geologic processes that occur within the Earth , the folding and faulting of rocks)
14. describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from
15. describe how magma is formed (magmatism)
16. describe what happens after the magma is formed (plutonism and volcanism)
17. describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature (metamorphism)
18. compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks
19. describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart, and shearing

 D. Deformation of the Crust (plate tectonics)
20. explain how the continents drift
21. cite evidence that support continental drift
22. explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults
23. explain how the seafloor spreads
24. describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins

E. History of the Earth (how the planet Earth evolved in the last 4.6 billion years (including the age of the Earth,
major geologic time subdivisions, and marker fossils).)
25. describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed
26. describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks
27. explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time
28. explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time
29. describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic time scale


NATURAL HAZARDS, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

A. Geologic Processes and Hazards (the different hazards caused by geological processes (earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides)
30. describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
landslides
31. using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
landslides
32. give practical ways of coping with geological hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
landslides
33. identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides
34. suggest ways to help lessen the occurrence of landslides in your community

B. Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards (the different hazards caused by hydrometeorological
phenomena (tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes or ipo - ipo )
35. describe the various hazards that may happen in the wake of tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo
36. using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or
ipo-ipo
37. give practical ways of coping with hydrometeorological hazards caused by tropical cyclones, monsoons,
floods, or ipo-ipo

C. Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effects(the different hazards caused by coastal processes (waves, tides,
sea-level changes, crustal movement, and storm surges)
38. describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion
39. identify areas in your community prone to coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion
40. give practical ways of coping with coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion
41. cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal, and construction of
structures on control coastal processes

WRITTEN – LONG QUIZZES , ASSIGNMENTS, NOTES
PERFORMANCE TASK - PROJECT , ACTIVITY , GRADED RECITATION
QUARTERLY EXAM - MIDTERM FINALS

FINALS ( LIFE SCIENCE)

I. INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE

 the historical development of the concept of life
 . the origin of the first life forms
 . unifying themes in the study of life
(value life by taking good care of all beings, humans, plants, and animals)

1. explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence

2. describe classic experiments that model conditions which may have enabled the first forms to evolve
3. describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function, evolution, and ecosystems) in the study of life show the
connections among living things and how they interact with each other and with their environment

II. BIOENERGETICS
o the cell as the basic unit of life

o how photosynthetic organisms capture light energy to form sugar molecules

o how organisms obtain and utilize energy
(make a poster that shows the complementary relationship of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration)
4. explain how cells carry out functions required for life
5. explain how photosynthetic organisms use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to form energy-rich
compounds
6. trace the energy flow from the environment to the cells.
7. describe how organisms obtain and utilize energy
8. recognize that organisms require energy to carry out functions required for life

III. PERPETUATION OF LIFE

 plant and animal reproduction
 2. how genes work
 how genetic engineering is used to produce novel products
(conduct a survey of products containing substances that can trigger genetic disorders such as
phenylketonuria)
9. describe the different ways of how plants reproduce
10. illustrate the relationships among structures of flowers, fruits, and seeds
11. describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce
12. explain how the information in the DNA allows the transfer of genetic information and synthesis of proteins
13. describe the process of genetic engineering
14. conduct a survey of the current uses of genetically modified organisms
15. evaluate the benefits and risks of using GMOs

IV. HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE

I. Comparing a Cell to a Factory:
Answer Key

Photo credit: Clipart.com

1. INTRODUCTION
Use this answer key to help you assess students' work on their Compare a Cell to a Factory student sheet.

In the second column of the chart, students should write the name of the organelle that functions most like the factory
worker described in the first column. In the third column, they should write a brief description of the function of the
organelle in the cell.

Job in the Factory Cell Organelle Function of the organelle

Shipping/Receiving Plasma membrane Regulates what enters and

Department leaves the cell; where cell
makes contact with the
external environment

Chief Executive Officer Nucleus Controls all cell activity;

(CEO) determines what proteins will
be made

Factory floor Cytoplasm Contains the organelles; site

of most cell activity
Assembly line (where Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Where ribosomes do their
workers do their work) work

Workers in the assembly line Ribosomes Build the proteins

Finishing/packaging Golgi apparatus Prepares proteins for use or

department export

Maintenance crew Lysosomes Responsible for breaking

down and absorbing
materials taken in by the cell

Support beams (walls, Cytoskeleton Maintains cell shape

ceilings, floors)

Power plant Mitochondria/chloroplasts Transforms one form of

energy into another