Design and Development of a Solar-Powered Desalinating System

by Multiple-Effect Distillation

by

Capiral, Grachelle Andrea S.

Dela Cruz, Paolo R.

Manaog, Ayvan Djakob G.

Tuiroc, Shanleigh Nicole P.

Zaldua, Mark John V.

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering

Technological University of the Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Project Adviser

Dr. Melito A. Baccay

Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering

Technological University of the Philippines- Manila

March 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the Authors want to express their sincere Gratitude to the people

behind the success of this project study. In particular, the authors would like to thank Dr.

Melito A. Baccay, Director, Graduate Programs and External Studies, their Adviser, who

continuously supported the authors for this research, for his patience, motivation,

enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped the Authors chose on what

particular research topic would be perfect for them. From start until the completion of this

study.

The Authors also like to give their thanks to the mother of their Co-Author, Mrs.

Edith Manaog, who welcomed them to their humble home for the fabrication of the system.

Her support not only for his Son but also for the Co-Authors is unmeasurable.

Besides the Author’s Adviser, they would also like to give words of appreciation

to the rest of their thesis committee. Engr. Benedicto N. Fortaleza, Dean of the College of

Engineering, Engr. Marjun B. Macasilhig, Engr. Teodinis Petalcorin – Garcia, Director,

Integrated Research and Technology Center, Technological University of the Philippines,

Engr. Arnolfo Arcibal, Engr. Rommel Arapo, Engr. John Paulo Bersamina for their

important questions and suggestions for the improvement of this research.

In a similar manner, the Authors would like to give thanks to specific persons and

groups who helped and contributed huge in the development and execution of this research.

To the research group of Ms. Leanor Anne S. Olivar, and Allen Paolo M. Estor who helped

physically during the Appreciate program conducted by the University, to the entire BSCE-
5B who always ask for the progress of the Authors research and constantly gave their

opinions for the improvement of this project study.

This Research is not possible without the support of the Author’s respective parents

and family, specifically to Mr. and Mrs. Esteban D. Dela Cruz JR., Mr. and Mrs Ronnie

Zaldua, Mr. and Mrs. Gary Capiral, Mrs. Edith Manaog, and Mr. and Mrs. Tuiroc. Their

overflowing love and support to the Authors will forever be treasured.

Above all, to our Heavenly God Father for all the support, blessings, love, wisdom,

and strength that he gave to the Authors.

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MED - Mmultiple-Effect Distillation

PNSDW- Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

PPR - Polypropylene Random

PU - Polyurethane
 Chapter 1

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter presents the introduction, background, objectives, its significance,

scope and delimitations, conceptual framework, and the definition of terms used.

1.1 Introduction

About 50 percent of the world’s population lives in the coastal areas. Little of them

have access to clean and safe drinking water. Even though a large percentage of water

makes up this planet, only a small part of it is potable and clean. Scientists have made a

solution regarding this dilemma and that is saline water can be made into freshwater. The

process is called desalination. Desalination, desalinization, or desalting is the process of

removing salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water to make it suitable for human

consumption and/or industrial use. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and

submarines. The desalination process on cruise is either flash evaporators or osmosis which

needs maintenance and is environmental risky(https://EurasiaReview.html).

The simplest desalinating method is the solar desalination and multiple-effect

distillation process. Multiple-effect distillation (MED) consists of multiple stages or

"effects". In each stage, the feed water will be heated by steam in tubes. Some of the water

evaporates, and this steam flows into the tubes of the next stage, heating and evaporating

more water. Each stage essentially reuses the energy from the previous stage.
1.2 Background of the Study

Water is one of the most important substances on earth and it provides sustenance

and life to all living creatures in this planet. Water covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface,

96.5% of all the Earth's water is contained within the oceans as salt water, while the

remaining 3.5% is freshwater lakes and frozen water locked up in glaciers and the polar ice

caps(https://water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html).

Human beings have the largest water consumption, they use it for drinking and

cooking, and then the rest is for watering lawns and gardens and most for flushing toilets,

and washing cars. They also use it for irrigation systems, industries and factories,

producing electricity, and transportation.

The population is directly proportional to its needs. Once the populace grows, the

demand for food, shelter, clothing and other necessities are all increasing too. The

consumption of water will also increase and the shortage for fresh water will be on trend.

The notion that water is a freely available resource will no longer be encountered anywhere

in the world in years’ time. It is for this reason the importance of looking at worldwide sea

water desalination, which has been a very effective and economical way of producing

potable water for drinking and industries.

As stated in the data gathered by the International Desalination Association, in June

30, 2015, there are 18, 426 desalination plants worldwide, which produces 86.8 million

cubic meters per day, providing water for 300 million people. It is also anticipated that this

number will still increase due to the continuously high demand of fresh water in the world.
The growth of the market for desalination reflects the fact that coastal communities are

increasingly turning to the sea to meet their drinking water needs.

The scarcity of freshwater resources and the demand for additional fresh water

supplies is already critical in many dry regions of the world and will be increasingly

important in the future. According to the group of B of A (2014), humans have already

reached "peak water." It means they are at the limit or approaching the limit, the limit of

environmental, physical and economic demands on the renewable freshwater supply.

Last January 2014, Christopher Gasson, publisher of Global Water Intelligence

said, “At the moment, around 1% of the world’s population is dependent on desalinated

water to meet their daily needs, but by 2025, the UN expects 14% of the world’s population

to be encountering water scarcity.” In order to prevent the water scarcity from happening,

people keeps on finding another fresh water resource that would supply the demand for

clean water.”

Historically, large-scale desalination has mainly been built in the Gulf region where

there is no alternative for public water supply. Nevertheless, desalination is now practiced

in 150 countries, from Australia to China and Japan, the United States, Spain and other

European countries, the Middle East and North Africa.

There is not much development on desalination plants in the Philippines even

though large bodies of water surround it. Those companies that are practicing desalination

are using the reverse osmosis (RO) water filtration process. But one of the major

disadvantages of RO systems is that they remove most of the minerals from the water

leaving it with an acidic pH which will affect the cellular system due to toxic wastes, and
this will result in death of cells. Also, during the purification process, up to 20 gal of water

is flushed down the drain for every gallon of filtered water produced (W&WD, 2012).

Unlike using a solar-powered desalination, the consumed energy is only from the sun.

Since people at coastal areas often suffer from the scarcity of fresh water and the demand

for this precious resource will significantly increase in the near future, providing another

source of potable water can satisfy the increasing demand for potable water.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is to design and develop the

technical and operational capability of a solar-powered desalinating system

by utilizing multiple-effect distillation process.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1. To design, fabricate, and develop a system that separates salt

from seawater.

2. To determine the technical and operational efficiency of the

fabricated desalinating system in terms of water yield.

3. To fabricate a system with low maintenance, low installation

cost and low energy consumption.

4. To characterize the physical, chemical and microbiological

properties of the water before and after desalination.

 5. To determine the economical aspect of the system to the amount

of water it will produce.

6. To measure the amount of salt concentration of the seawater

sample in the evaporator before and after desalination.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The study provided baseline information on the multiple-effect distillation

(MED) treatment process by designing and developing a solar-powered desalinating

system. By the use of sustainable energy and by integrating the concept of hydrologic

cycle as a basis of natural desalination process, production of fresh water was easier.

On using the system, people on coastal areas can have an access to alternative

clean water. Unlike other distillation methods, desalinated water by MED process does

not leave water with acidic pH which makes the water safe for human consumption.

This study also promoted deeper understanding and awareness on the use of

other sources of water like the treated seawater as an alternative source of clean water

that would help the community.

The system would be a reference material to other researchers on providing

information to design and develop a water system with low energy consumption

because each phase essentially reuses the energy from the preceding stage. In addition,

the system can be used with the help of solar power, by charging the batteries, which

makes the study environmental friendly.

1.5 Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This research study focuses on the design and development of the technical and

operational efficiency of a solar-powered desalinating system.

The materials that were used were locally available. The system was composed

of steel angle bars with screw holes’ element and stucco sheet metal for the system’s body,

24-cm induction pressure cooker with submersible 900 watts water heater as main

evaporator, hydraulic pump and plastic containers for the cooling system, 8 millimeter

Polyurethane (PU) tubes and Polypropylene Random (PPR) Copolymer as the primary

tubing. The stainless steel canister with clear acrylic clamped lids and coiled ¼ inch

diameter 0.22mm thick copper tubes will serve as the main condensing part of the system,

two 12 Volts 65 Ah rechargeable battery as the power receiver, and 30 watts solar panel as

power supply.

There were two saltwater samples and it was gathered in the following

locations: Anilao in Batangas and Ternate in Cavite. Anilao is connected to Balayan Bay

while in Ternate is linked to Manila Bay.

In this study, the test on the seawater before and after passing the system was

divided and limited into two. The first phase was focused on the microbiological quality

test. Microbiological parameters are indices of potential waterborne diseases and, in

general, are limited to bacteria, viruses and pathogenic protozoa. The parameters were

Fecal Coliform, Heterotrophic Plate Count, and Total Coliform. The second and last phase

was the physical and chemical quality test wherein the Chloride, Chromium, Color,

Copper, Fluoride, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Nitrate, Odor, pH Value, Sulfate, Taste, Total
Hardness, and Turbidity of the treated water were determined. The tests were based on the

parameters of Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017.

The stated tests above were conducted at the Mach Union Water

Laboratory, Inc., in 335 Zapote-Alabang Road, Talon, Las Piñas City.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

As illustrated in the flow chart below, the run of the study was divided into three

parts, which are the input, process, and output.

The first phase includes the problem, the scarcity of fresh water resource,

knowledge and concept about solar desalination and the breakdown of the materials that

was used in the system. The second phase covered the preparation of the said materials,

system design, fabrication of the system, preparation of the seawater samples treated on

the system, and testing of the product in terms of the water yield, physical, chemical and

microbiological properties of water. The last phase is the determination of the results and

the cost analysis.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

PROBLEM
Scarcity of fresh water SYSTEM METHOD
resources and the demand Desalination
for additional fresh water Multiple Effect
supplies. Distillation
Evaporation
KNOWLEDGE AND
CONCEPT Condensation
1. Solar energy as the
main source of
sustainable energy. WORKABILITY OF
SYSTEM DESIGN THE UNIT
2.Multiple-effect
distillation to amplify the Body of the System
collected yield. Evaporator RESULTS OF
3. Vapor filtration for Tubings
WATER QUALITY
better water quality. TEST
Condenser
Chemical and Physical
MATERIALS Cooling System Water Quality
1. Angle bars Power Supply Microbiological Water
2. Sheet metal Quality
3. Nuts and Bolts, Corner FABRICATION OF
Plates, and Steel Footer THE SYSTEM RESULTS OF
4. Roller typed wheels EFFICIENCY OF
5. Water Heater PREPARATION OF THE SYSTEM
6. Pressure Cooker SAMPLES Water Yield
7. PPR Pipe Salt water from Cavite
and Batangas COST ANALYSIS
8. PU Tubes
9. Canisters
TESTING OF THE
10. Copper Tubes SYSTEM
11. Hydraulic Pump Dry Run of the System
12. Plastic Pail Chemical and Physical
13. Lead Acid Batteries Water Quality
14. Inverter Microbiological Water
Quality
15. Solar Panel
Water Yield
16. Water Container

Fig 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study

1.7 Definition of Terms

For the study, the following definition of terms are used in the context and have

been adopted thereof,

Chemical Water Quality Test – water quality test where pH, hardness, presence of a

selected group of chemical parameters, biocides, highly toxic chemicals, and B.O.D are

estimated (http://www.fao.org)

Coliform – gram-negative rod shaped bacteria normally present in the intestine

(www.merriam-webster.com)

Condensation – water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in

contact with it. It is also a conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid. (www.google.com)

Desalination –refers to any of several processes that remove the excess salt and other

minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or

irrigation, and if almost all of the salt is removed, for human consumption, sometimes

producing table salt as a by-product (www.sciencedaily.com)

Distillation- the volatilization or evaporation and subsequent condensation of a liquid, as

when water is boiled in a retort and the steam is condensed in a cool receiver.

(www.dictionary.com)

Evaporation – the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.

(www.water.usgs.gov)

Fluorosis– a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It’s caused by overexposure to

fluoride during the first eight years of life. (www.webmd.com)

Hard Water – water high in dissolved materials, both calcium and magnesium.

(www.water.usgs.gov)

Hydrologic cycle – the sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor in

the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back into

the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration (www.merriam-webster.com)

Multiple-effect Distillation – a type of distillation that takes place in a series of effects

(stages), which are all equipped with heat exchanger pipe bundles. The raw water is

sprayed onto these bundles, which are heated on the inside by condensed steam

(www.wabag.com).

pH - is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. It is an indicator of relative acidity or

alkalinity of water (www.fao.org).

Saline Water - water that contains high concentrations of dissolved salts

(www.corrosionpedia.com)

Salt – a crystalline compound NaCl that consists of sodium chloride and is abundant in

nature (www.merriam-webster.com)

Sodium – a silver-white soft waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs

abundantly in nature in combined form and is very active chemically (www.merriam-

webster.com)

Solar Desalination - is a technique to desalinate water using solar energy

(www.sciencedirect.com)
Steam – the vapor into which water is converted when heated to the boiling

point(www.merriam-webster.com)

Turbidity – the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water

and is an expression of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when

a light is shined through the water sample. (www.water-usgs.gov).

Water Quality –describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and

biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose

(floridakeys.noaa.gov).

Yield –to supply or produce something positive such as a profit, an amount or information

(dictionary.cambridge.org).
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-

depth search done by the researchers regarding to solar powered desalinating system by

distillation. This will also present the insights and synthesis to fully understand the research

to be done.

2.1 Desalination

In ancient times, Aristotle a Greek philosopher, observed that the “salt water, when

it turns into vapor, becomes sweet and the vapor does not form salt water again when it

condenses” from his book Meteorology. From that time, there are numerous

experimentation about desalination performed by different scientists but it was not feasible

not until the modern era.

Fig. 2.1 Desalination ([Web Post]. Retrieved,January 7, 2018 from:

https://www.mewr.gov.sg/topic/desalination)

Over the years, a number of desalination methods have been developed, one of

which is distillation. One of the most commonly known and widespread

technologies.(S.Porada, et. al, 2013)

 Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision

of fresh water for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-

independent water sources.

The biggest plants are generally in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and

Israel. The single largest desalination project is Ras Al-Khair in Saudi Arabia, which

produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014, although this plant is expected to be

surpassed by a plant in California. Kuwait also produces a higher proportion of its water

than any other country, totaling 100% of its water use. (International Desalination

Association, June 2015)

Saudi Arabia has some the largest desalination facilities in the world including the

Shoaiba complex, producing over 880 million litres per day, and the Al Jubail complex

producing over 800 million litres per day. These plants use a variety of desalination

technologies. (Water Technology, 2017)

Australia, as one of the dry countries in Asia, they traditionally have relied on

collecting rainfall behind dams for water but as they improve and develop desalination as

their water source, there are about 270 desalination plants now and most of them are small-

scale plants to desalinate seawater or brackish water for a range of uses. This includes

drinking water supplies for communities or tourist destinations (e.g. Kangaroo and Rottnest

islands), industrial processes, irrigation of sports grounds, and agricultural uses. Australia's

experience with desalination includes wood-fired stills at the Coolgardie goldfields 100

years ago, solar ponds at Coober Pedy, and electro dialysis for the first plant at Yulara.

(Victoria State Government. (2017).

 Desalination plants have been constructed in major Australian coastal cities to

produce large amounts of drinking water for urban populations. (Victoria State

Government. (2017).

Australia's first major seawater desalination plant was commissioned in Perth in

2006 to produce 45 billion litres per year (130 million litres per day). A second plant has

been built adding a further 100 billion litres per year (274 million litres per day) to Perth's

supplies. The same size plant has been developed in Adelaide. (Victoria State Government.

(2017).

Sydney's plant can produce 91 billion litres year (250 million litres per day), and

the Gold Coast can produce 48 billion litres year (133 million litres per day). The Victorian

Desalination Plant is capable of producing 150 billion litres year (444 million litres per

day). (Victoria State Government. (2017).

2.2 Distillation

Distillation is used for many commercial processes, such as the production of

gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, kerosene, and many other liquids. Gas

may be liquefied and separate. For example: nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are distilled from

air.

In this paper, simple distillation is the process going to be used where the liquid

mixture is heated and the vapor rises through a tube and is collected and recondensed. The

recondensed liquid will have a higher concentration of the more volatile component than

the original mix. If the two liquids in the original mix have widely different boiling points,
a one-step evaporation and recondensation process is all that is necessary. This process is

called simple distillation.

In health studies of Brennan J. in 2017, it is said that distillation removes all

minerals from water, and the membrane methods of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration

remove most, or virtually all, minerals. This results in demineralized water, which has not

been proven to be healthier than drinking water. The World Health Organization

investigated the health effects of demineralized water in 1980, and its experiments in

humans found that demineralized water increased diuresis and the elimination of

electrolytes, with decreased serum potassium concentration. Magnesium, calcium, and

other nutrients in water can help to protect against nutritional deficiency.

Recommendations for magnesium have been put at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20–30

mg/L optimum; for calcium a 20 mg/L minimum and a 40–80 mg/L optimum, and a total

water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) of 2–4 mmol/L. At water hardness above

5 mmol/L, higher incidence of gallstones, kidney stones, urinary stones, arthrosis, and

arthropathies have been observed. For fluoride the concentration recommended for dental

health is 0.5–1.0 mg/L, with a maximum guideline value of 1.5 mg/L to avoid dental

fluorosis. (Brennan J., 2017)

2.2.1 Multiple Effect Distillation

In 2013, ARiahi, K W Yusof, N Sapari, B S Singh, A M Hashim constructed

a model of triangular double sloped solar still by using the materials of steel basin

has 34cm length and 20cm width, transparent plastic cover and PVC Pipe for

fabricating the frame. A 50 Watt solar panel and a 40 Watt Dc heater were
combined as the source of solar energy capture for converting it to electrical energy

and transferring to the thermal energy, respectively. Three types of experiments

were done by combining 50Watt solar photovoltaic panel and 12volt solar battery

as an auxiliary system of solar power energy system to the 40Watt Dc heater inside

the trough of solar triangular distillation still.

Fig. 2.2 (Hourly water production values versus ambient and water
temperatures:[Article]. Retrieved, January 7, 2018 from:
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012135/pdf)

According to their study, the value of 100 ml potable water was produced

during 7 hours in UTP, Perak, Malaysia by heating 1.5 Liter of brackish water and

exposing triangular solar still to only solar radiation on December 2, 2012The

second experiment was done by using 50Watt solar panel and 40 Watt Dc heater in

Perak, Malaysia. Solar radiation intensity, ambient and water temperatures

measured in second experiment as well as the linear relationship between solar

radiation and water temperature are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The value of 150 ml

distilled water was produced during 4 hours of heating 2 Liter of brackish water in
UTP, Perak, Malaysia on December 3, 2012 by using thermal energy of solar

radiation and Dc heater. By using 12Volt solar battery and 40Watt Dc heater in

UTP, Perak, Malaysia the last experiment was done on December 6,2012. The

values of hourly water production, solar radiation intensity, ambient and water

temperatures and battery voltage

Xiaohua Liu et.al., (2013) conducted an experiment on the solar

desalination system with evacuated tube collectors and use multi-effect distillation

system. They do the thermal and economic analysis of system and they found that,

With the increase of heating steam temperature as the first effect, the area of

evaporator and fresh water cost reduce the volume of storage tank increases, but

fresh water production and fresh water production per unit of collector area all

change slightly. By the increasing of the number of effects, the volume of storage

tank changes slightly, but the area of evaporator and fresh water production

increase, fresh water cost reduces greatly. Among the cost constitution of ETC solar

desalination system, the proportion of the cost of evacuated tube collector is the

largest (31%), then the cost of civil installation and auxiliary equipment and the

cost of manpower is second (15%)

2.2.2 Multi-Staged Flash Distillation

Mohammad Abutayehet.al., (2009) conducted an experiment on the solar

flash desalination under the condition of hydrostatically sustained vacuum. They

did the simulation work on this system and find the physical properties of the

system. The vacuum in the system was maintained by the internal hydrostatic
 pressure balanced by the atmospheric pressure. The simulation results showed that

running the system at higher flash temperatures with a fixed flash chamber size will

result in faster vacuum erosion, increased solar collection area, increased boiling

point elevation, faster equilibrium attainment, shorter run time, and less production,

which is leading to less overall evaporation, the changing of liquid into a gas under

the influence of heat

2.3 Humidification Dehumidification

Based on the Study conducted by Abu ElNasr M, Kamal M, Saad

H and Elhelaly M in September 2015, the Humidification Dehumidification (HDH)

system works when the humidified air flows in a circuit driven by natural or forced

convection between dehumidification chamber and the humidification chamber.

The air is distributed on a wetted media and then moves in either co-current or

counter-current flow to the hot feed (seawater) through the humidification chamber

and becomes saturated. In the dehumidification chamber, water vapor from the

humid air condenses on a heat exchanger. The distillate runs down the heat

exchanger and collected in a basin. The heat of condensation is mainly transferred

to the cold seawater feed flowing through the heat exchanger. Thus, the temperature

of the feed in the condenser rises. This feed can be discharged or further heated in

a solar collector or by waste heat

Fig. 2.3 Schematic diagram of the test rig/prototype: [Article]. Retrieved, January 7, 2018
from: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/water-desalination-using-solar-energy-
humidification-and-dehumidification-principle-ier-1000121.php?aid=63370)

Edward K. Summers et.al., (2011) performed the experiment on

humidification and dehumidification desalination system using air-heating solar

collector. In this experiment, they checked the performance of the system by using

different type of air heating solar collector such as use of highly transmissive

polymer film, low iron glass, very absorptive absorber etc. in the collector. A

collector with a double glazing, a highly roughened absorber, and a carbon black

coated absorber, results in a collector efficiency of 58% at a normalized gain of

0.06 K m2/W

Abu Elnashr M., et.al., (2015) conducted an experimental investigation in

designing a solared power desalinating system using the principle of humidification

and dehumidification. The effect of various factors such as temperature, rate of

water flow, and productivity where tested by fabricating a prototype with a

 controlled system in order to evaluate the variables and potentials of the system.

The said article was inspired based on an open-water closed air cycle that was

integrated with an approach of having a light-weight materials that made the system

lighter in weight.

2.4 Solar Power

It’s long been known that renewable energy is the way of the future. As the supply

of fossil fuels dwindles and faces increased scrutiny for pollution, climate change, and

health issues, the cost continues to rise. Many local utilities have already begun to use

alternative, renewable energy sources including wind, water, and solar power. (The

Benefits of Solar Power , 2017)

Solar power makes it possible for home owners to use the sun to power everyday

life: running your air conditioner, washing clothing, watching TV, cooking dinner. All

while reducing your carbon footprint, and without burning fossil fuels or putting a strain

on the electrical grid. And while the environmental benefits of solar power are significant,

it is found out that the convenience, unique features, and cost savings of using a solar power

system are even more enticing. (Velocity Solar,2016)

There are many advantages of using solar power energy such as it is renewable,

sustainable, it reduces cost operation of operation compare to the other source source of

energy, it produces neither wadte nor pollutants and economically benificial. Despite of its

advantages, there are still disadvantages in using this such as it is difficult to generate large

quantities of electricity and it relies on weather. (The Benefits of Solar Power, 2017)
2.4.1 Solar Powered Systems

2.4.1.1 Solar powered. Multi-stage Flash Distillation (MSF)

Based on the study of Mohammad Abutayeh et.al, (2009),they

conducted the experiment on the solar flash desalination under the condition

of hydrostatically sustained vacuum. They did the simulation work on this

system and find the physical properties of the system. The vacuum in the

system is maintained by the internal hydrostatic pressure balanced by the

atmospheric pressure. The simulation results show that running the system

at higher flash temperatures with a fixed flash chamber size will result in

faster vacuum erosion, increased solar collection area, increased boiling

point elevation, faster equilibrium attainment, shorter run time, and less

production, which is leading to less overall evaporation.

2.4.1.2 Solar powered Multiple-effect Distillation (MED)

According to the study of Ali M. El-Nashar, International Center for

Water & Energy Systems (2002). They investigate the technical and

economic feasibility of using solar desalination of seawater in providing

fresh water to remote communities in the Middle East and obtain long-term

performance and reliability data on the operation of the plant. The research

plant has proved its technical feasibility and proved to be reliable in

operation with few minor maintenance problems that required slight plant

modification. Maintenance routines were established to maintain high plant

performance.
 The economic feasibility of the plant was established by

comparing the cost of water from a solar MED plant with a conventional

MED plant using fossile fuel for plant capacity ranging from 100𝑚3 /day to

1000𝑚3 /day. It was found that the cost of water from solar MED plants is

competitive with that from a conventional MED plant if the cost fuel

continues to rise.

2.5 Cooling Systems

Based on the Study conducted by Megan Jobson, School of Chemical Engineering

and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, (2003). It is convenient to use

ambient air or cooling water as the cold utility. The process stream may be cooled using an

air-cooled heat exchanger to a temperature about 20 degrees Celsius hotter than the ambient

air temperature to achieve a smaller temperature difference than this would require

significantly more heat transfer area. Fans or blowers increase the effectiveness of the

coolers but consume power., cooling water is the most common cooling medium. The

cooling water system, uses cooling towers, in which evaporation of the water takes place,

causing the temperature of the remaining water to fall. The temperature of the cooling water

is in practice higher than the wet-bulb temperature of the ambient air. The process stream

can be cooled to around 10 degrees C warmer than the cold cooling water, therefore, a

lower temperature difference is achievable using cooling water, without requiring an

excessively large heat exchanger

 Fig. 2.4 Cooling Water System, Reprinted from Distillation: Fundamentals and
Principles, by the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, 2002, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

They indicated that the operating cost of cooling using cooling water depends

strongly on the operating context. The operating cost per unit of cooling is typically 1% of

the cost of power per unit of energy, or 3 – 5% of the unit cost of the unit cost of heating

using low pressure steam.

2.6 Heating Process

Megan Jobson, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The

University of Manchester, (2003) stated in the research that, Heat released by the steam on

condensing (dominated by the latent heat of condensation of the steam, rather than its

sensible heat), is transferred to the process stream being heated.On condensing, the steam

needs to be hotter than the stream being heated, by the second law of thermodynamics.

There is an upper limit to the temperature at which the steam can condense, since the

critical temperature of steam is 374 °C In practice, steam is used in the process industries

at pressures of up to about 4000 kPa, corresponding to a condensing temperature of 250 °C

 Fig. 2.5 Site Utility System, Reprinted from Distillation: Fundamentals and
Principles(p.10) by the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, 2002,
The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

According to their study, a site steam system can provide heat at several

temperatures. Given that the path or process by which the steam is generated depends on

the pressure at which it is provided to the process, its associated cost does too. A useful

way of evaluating the relative cost of different steam levels is to use marginal costing,

where the value of any power generated offsets the cost of generating the steam using a

given fuel. The unit cost of steam is case specific as it depends on the steam conditions and

flows at each level, the efficiency of the steam turbines, the type and price of fuel, the cost

of importing electricity rather than generating it, etc. Figure 2.6 provides an

illustration, Table 2.1 summarizes the energy flows and Table 2.2 shows that the higher

the temperature at which heat is required, the higher the cost, where conventional steam

tables have been used to determine steam properties such as enthalpies and entropy. (A

drawback of this method for costing steam is that in some cases the value of power
generated can be so high that the cost of the steam at the lowest pressure becomes negative,

which could perversely suggest that using more steam is more energy efficient

Fig. 2.6 Marginal Steam Costing: Illustrative Example. Reprinted from Distillation:
Fundamentals and Principles(p.10) by the School of Chemical Engineering and
Analytical Science, 2002, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Megan Jobson made assumptions that the Overall efficiency of boiler and steam

distribution system: 80%; isentropic efficiency of steam turbines: 80%; cost of fuel (natural

gas): £6.9𝐺𝐽−1 ; value of power generated: £22.2𝐺𝐽−1 ; steam condenses completely at

constant pressure.
 Table2.1Steam Properties for Illustrative Example of Figure 2.6. Reprinted from
Distillation: Fundamentals and Principles(p.10) by the School of Chemical Engineering
and Analytical Science, 2002, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

According to the research of Megan Jobson, the operating cost of heat delivered by

a heat transfer fluid is based on the cost of the heat from the furnace, taking into account

heat losses of the heat distribution system. The operating cost of electrical heating,

similarly, takes into account the cost or value of the electricity consumed and the efficiency

of the heating system.

Table2.2Summary of Energy Flows (per kg of Steam) and Costs (£ per GJ of Heating)

Steam for the Illustrative Example of Figure 2.6. Reprinted from Distillation:
Fundamentals and Principles(p.10) by the School of Chemical Engineering and
Analytical Science, 2002, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
2.7 Synthesis

Previously mentioned to the related studies, it is essential for the process get along

with the renewable source of energy in creating system that will provide boundless

availability of clean water.

The production rate of water by using solar powered desalination is more as

compared to the conventional water desalination process. The design development of the

system affects solar energy utilization for desalination process in a cost effective manner.

Solar powered desalination system have not only proven beneficial for its cost

efficiency in producing potable water for human consumption but also for environment as

it don’t produce waste product nor pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment.

2.8 Literature Review

Prior studies have identified benefits for both human and environment from solar

powered desalination. These benefits include cost efficiency of the system, fortify the use

of renewable energy as main source of power, and helps human to acquire within-reach

unlimited source of clean water.

In this study and related research, the different systems used for desalination

process unveil convincing results. With the use of solar energy, conducting of desalination

process is an easy matter by means of cost. The capability of the system to produce more

yield without sacrificing the water quality is the main goal to meet.

The insufficiencies that can be found in the prior studies are mainly concern with

the scaling factor, thatrequires vast amount of funds in order to make it possible to develop

and fabricate the system. Also, having an immense amount of yielding capacity and high-
productivity is another aspectthat these studies may considered for it they showed a less

assuring value of results. It only provides cost for the citizen specially those near the shore.

In this proposed study, the main goal is to design and fabricate new system to provide a

clean source of water for daily consumption for every household in affordable cost having

to be time efficient, modular, low maintenance, and production of water is within man’s

control.
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter involves the preparation of materials, preparation of samples, discussion

of process, method used, and system assembly. Preparation of materials is very essential

for the fabrication of the system device for it is one of the researcher’s main objective in

this research. Availability of material is important for the completion of the device, method

and process used is vital for the development of the system.

3.1 Desalinating System

3.1.1 System Method

Desalination is the process of removing the salt contained in salt water,

desalination by distillation is one of the world’s most popular way of treating water.

Distillation is the process of boiling water, and then capturing the steam or the water

vapor and then condensing it back into fresh water leaving any of the contained

solids of the water sample. This process is related to the natural phenomenon of the

production of rain also known as the hydrologic cycle.

The basic concept of hydrologic cycle sets as a basis for the process of

producing potable water. The sun supplies solar energy directly into lands and

bodies of water that causes evaporation. The vaporis then cooled when it meets

cooler air as it goes up the atmosphere forming dew or rain when it is too heavy,

and repeat the cycle again.

 The exclusivity of this study was its cooling system, wherein each effect

has a two cooling method to have a better yield. Inside each canister (effect) was a

coiled copper tube that helps the vapor to condense. Also, there’s water flowing on

the body of the container to keep the temperature relatively low on the outside

because the steam needs contact to a cold surface to condense.

3.1.2 Design of the System

In this system, multiple effect distillation (MED) was used to amplify the

amount of yield that was harvested.The energy that comes from the sun was

collected by the solar panel and was stored to a rechargeable battery. Two units of

batteries were used in this study, one was to supply the water heater, pump and the

cooler. Another one was used for the transfer of energy from the solar panel to

itself.

The stored energy in the batteries was consumed by the water heater to start

the heating process, which in return boils the feed water (salt water). As the water

boils, it destroys the bacteria and pathogens that could harm the body but it does

not act like a filter to remove the particulate matter. In the same process,

evaporation occurs and leaving the salt and any other heavy metals included in the

feed water behind.

The vapor travelled through the polypropylene random (PPR) copolymer

tubes to the three separate containing chambers or the effects. At the timevapor

inside the effect met the cooling surface, the vapor condensed and returned to its
original phase which in this case, distilled water. When the water was heavy

enough, it dripped down and passed through the polyurethane (PU) tubesthen the

water was collected into a separate water container. Multiple chambers were used

in this system to amplify the amount of yield that was collected.

On topmost part of the system, the supply of feed water was in a container.

It continuously supplies the water that was being heated in the pressure cooker since

the amount of water that was being evaporated per hour was assumed to be

consistent. The flow of water was controlled by the water flow controller valve, it

regulates the flow or the pressure of the salt water.

Fig. 3.1 Schematic Diagram

 3.1.3 System Assembly

Fig. 3.2 Front View

The figure 3.2 shows the front view of the system. It contains the feed water above, the

three condensers, the evaporator, water container shelf, and the battery and inverter. On

the figures 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 shows the zoomed and detailed part of the system.

Fig 3.3 Water Container and Power Source Fig. 3.4 Panel, Condenser and Evaporator
 Fig. 3.5 Front view of Panel, Condenser and Evaporator

3.1.4 Parts of the System

The figure 3.6 shows the labelled parts of the system. Also, on table 3.1

were the parts and the function of each element.

Feed Water

Tubing
Condenser
Solar Panel

Container Shelf
Evaporator
Battery

Fig. 3.6 Prototype (Main Parts)

 Table 3.1: Main Parts of the System

System Parts Functions

 To amplify yield

 Provides multi-effect process.

A Condenser
 Contains the copper coil and the tubes

of flowing water

 Collects solar power

B Solar Panel  Used as a receiver of energy to charge

the batteries

 Used to boil the seawater

C Evaporator
 Supplies the vapor

 Contains the storage place for the yield

D Container Shelf
 Have the container of flowing water

 2-65 Ah 12-Volts energy source.

 Power receiver from the solar panel.

E Battery
 Used to supply the power to the whole

system

 Used to transport the vapor to the

F Tubing
condenser and the yield to its container

 Used to continuously supply the water

G Feed Water
to be heated
 3.1.5 Performance of the System

The efficiency of the system depends on the yield produced. In order to

evaluate the effectiveness of the desalinating system and to investigate the

performance of the Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) process, a mathematical

approach of simple computations was established:

Efficiency

𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
Ƞ= 𝑥 100 (1)
𝑊𝑖𝑛

Where

Ƞ is the efficiency

Wout is the yield

Win is the feed water

3.2 Preparation of Materials

This part includes different material used to assemble the system device, brief

description of its purpose, specifications of the material and where the particular material

will be taken from.

3.2.1 Slotted Steel Angle Bars

On the framing of the system, the figure below shows a 14 gauge 1-1/2 and

1-1/2 slotted steel angle bars were used and were provided by Prestige Industrial

Supply, Inc. at Sta. Cruz, Manila. When the steel was used as horizontal members,
it was estimated to carry a load of 1100 pounds (lbs) or 4.89 kilonewtons (kN) on

a span of 24 inches (in) or 609 millimeters (mm). When acted as column, it has a

load capacity of 2280 lbs or 10.14 kN at a span of 36 inches or 914 mm.

Fig. 3.7 Slotted Angle Bars

3.2.2 Stucco Sheet Metal

The 0.50mm thick aluminum embossed stucco sheet metal served as

covering of the cabinet part of the system and was shown on the figure below. The

sheet metal was bought at Gab Stainless, Glass and Aluminum Supplies located at

Putatan, Muntinlupa City.

Fig 3.8 Stucco Sheet Metal

3.2.3 Nuts and Bolts, Corner Plates, and Steel Footer

There were varieties of sizes of bolts and nuts used in the system

and were shown on the figure below. They were all used to keep the system fixed

and able to carry the load applied. The bolts and nuts, corner plates, and steel footer

were also from Prestige Industrial Supply.

Fig. 3.9 Nuts and Bolts Fig. 3.10 Corner Plate

Fig. 3.11 Steel Footer

3.2.4 Roller-typed Wheels

The four 8-cm diameter roller-typed nylon wheels were used to support the

whole system and were and were recommended for its capacity to carry a load over

800 pounds. It was bought from Recto, Manila.

3.2.5 Water Heater

 The 900 watts submersible electric water heater, shown below, with a

voltage input of 220-240 volts was the main evaporator of the system. The heater

was from Unison Commercial Incorporated at Quiapo, Manila.

Fig.3.12 Submersible Water Heater

3.2.6 Pressure Cooker

The saltwater was boiled inside the aluminium 24-cm induction pressure

cooker, shown on the figure 3.13, with leak proof silicone rubber sealing ring that

prevented the vapour from getting out of its container. Aluminum has much better

thermal conductivity than other metals. The pressure cooker was purchased from

Alabang, Muntinlupa.

Fig. 3.13 Pressure Cooker

3.2.7 Polypropylene Random (PPR) Copolymer Pipe and Connections

Fig. 3.14 PPR Pipe

The figure above shows the actual ¾-inch polypropylene random (PPR)

copolymer pipe that was used as the primary tubing of the system. It was obtained

from 3M Industrial Supply at Sta. Cruz, Manila. The tube has a thermal stability of

110 °C at 1.90 MPa hoop stress by hydrostatic pressure testing and was tested by

the manufacturer. It has a melting point of 230 °C. For the connection, elbow, tee

and cap were used.

3.2.8 Polyurethane (PU) Tubes

The yield would drip into the flexible 8-mm diameter polyurethane (PU)

tubes. The tube was connected with the PU tee joint and was shown in the figure

below. The tube was also bought from 3M Industrial Supply at Sta. Cruz, Manila.

The figure 3.15 and 3.16 shows the PU tube and the Tee joints used.
 Fig. 3.15 PU Tubes Fig. 3.16 Tee Joints

3.2.9 Stainless Steel Canisters

The steam that has travelled through the PPR tubes would condense inside

the stainless steel canister with clear acrylic clamped lids with the help of the

cooling system. The canister was purchased from Handyman at Alabang Starmall,

Muntinlupa and the box was shown on figure 3.17. Stainless steels are most

commonly used for corrosion resistance. The selection of material was crucial since

vapour was the main element of this study.

Fig. 3.17 Box of the Canister Set

3.2.10 Copper Tubes

Copper tubes are most often used for supply of hot and cold water and as

refrigerant line in systems. Copper also offers a high level of corrosion resistance.

A ¼ inch diameter 0.22 mm thick copper tube was used in the system as a condenser

and was shown below. It was bought from Quiapo, Manila.

Fig. 18 Copper Tube

3.2.11 Aqua Pump

The cooled water was pump with the use of 18.5 watts Rio+ Aqua

Pump/Power head. It has a maximum head of 6.5 feet or 195 centimeters and is

powerful, efficient mag drive construction. was provided by Gerry’s Pet shop at

Caloocan, Metro Manila.

Fig. 3.19 Aqua Pump

3.2.12 Plastic Pail

The 9-liter white plastic pail was used as a component of the second cooling

system. It was bought at SM Center Muntinlupa.

3.2.13 Lead Acid Batteries

Fig. 3.20 Batteries

The figure above shows the two batteries that were used in the system. Each

battery has a capacity of 65Ah and a nominal voltage of 12 volts. The battery

supplies energy to the submersible water heater, thermoelectric cooler and the water

pump.

3.2.14 Inverter

Figure 21 shows a TBE pure sine wave power inverter with a maximum

capacity of 2000 watts sufficient to invert energy given by the lead acid batteries

shown on the figure 20. Pure sine wave inverters produces clean power unlike the

modified sine wave inverters.

 Fig. 3.21 Inverter

3.2.15 Solar Panel

Solar energy is a renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas

of the world and is available every day. The solar panel that was used in the system

was a 30 watts panel.

Fig. 3.22 Solar Panel

3.2.16 Water Container

The yield was collected at a one-gallon water container with faucet. The

feed water was also stored on another water container with the same capacity. The

containers were from DEECO at Quiapo, Manila.

 Fig. 3.23 Water Containers for yield and cooling water

Fig. 3.24 Water Container for Feed Water

3.3 Fabrication of the Desalinating System

3. 3. 1 System’s Body

One of the most abundant and readily available type of metal in the market

that is widely used in fabrication is the 1-1/2 and 1-1/2 slotted steel angle bars. It

was known for being a high strength steel. It was used as framing of the system and

the stucco sheet metal as the covering.

For the easy transport of the system, four 8-cm diameter roller-typed wheels

were used.
Fig. 3.25 Framing of the System Fig. 3.26 Covering of the Lower Part

3.3.2 Main Evaporator of the System

The 950 watts submersible water heater was placed in the 24-cm induction

pressure cooker. The water vapor was restricted to escape the container because of

the leak proof silicone rubber sealing ring of the pressure cooker.

Fig. 3.27 Heater inside the Pressure Cooker

3.3.3 Tubing

The water vapor travelled through the ¾-inch polypropylene random (PPR)

copolymer tubes and the condensed water dripped on the flexible 8-mm diameter

polyurethane (PU) tubes. The PPR has a maximum service temperature of 110 °C

which is a very important property of the tube to this study. PPR with the PU, which
is naturally flexible and has high tensile and elongation values, made up the primary

tubing of the system.

Fig. 3.28 Tubes on the condenser Fig. 3.29 Connections

3.3.4 Condenser

The stainless steel canister with clear acrylic clamped lids served as the

container of the vapor before it turned into condensed water. There were three steel

canisters, a 36 ounce (1.10 liter), one with 47 ounce (1.30 liter), and 62 ounce (1.80

liter) capacity.

There were coiled ¼ inch diameter 0.22mm thick copper tubes inside each

container. The water from the cooling chamber passes through the coil and helped

the condensation process.

 Fig. 3.30 Condenser Fig. 3.31 Details of Effect

3.3.5 Cooling System

The steam needs contact to a cold surface to condense. Other than the

copper coil, there was water flowing on the body of the canister to keep the

temperature relatively low on the outside for the steam to condense easily. It was

pushed by the 18.5 Watts Aqua pump and the container were inside the 9-liter

plastic pail that catches the cooling water. The water that circulates in the copper

coil and on the body of the canisters was supplied by the cold water.

3.3.6 Power Supply

The two YUASA SWL 1850 12 volts 65Ah valve regulated lead acid

batteries were the main power supply of the whole system. The 2000 watts TBE

power inverter receives its operating power through the DC plug and 12-volt power

outlets. The batteries pump DC through the inverter to produce AC.

The 30 watts solar panel acted as the source of energy to charge the

batteries.
 Fig. 3.32 Battery and Inverter installed in the System

3.4 Collection of Water Samples

Proper laboratory examinations were conducted on the samples of water

before and after desalination process. Also, the actual testing of the system with the

seawater feed was necessary to determine the efficiency of the fabricated desalinating

system. It was essential to run the system with different kinds of samples to determine the

capability of the system.

3.4.1 Gathering of Seawater

3.4.1.1 Water Procurement

There were two salt water samples, one from Anilao in Batangas, and the

other was from Ternate in Cavite. The samples differ from its appearance, in terms

of its turbidity, and also by considering its location. Ternate is connected to Manila

Bay which was known to be polluted due to the impacts of continued

industrialization, increase in population, and the human activities catering to

livelihood and habitation.

3.4.2 Collection of Distilled Water

3.4.2.1 Volume of Sample

The volume of sample should be adequate to carry-out all the tests required,

preferably not less than 1.5 liters.

3.4.2.2 Sample Container

Prior to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017,

sampling bottles should be provided with either ground glass stoppers or plastic

screw caps. The samples were collected on PET bottles that have been cleansed and

rinsed carefully, given a final rinse with distilled water and sterilized as directed in

the standard method of analysis for water and wastewater.

3.4.2.3 Sample Collection, Handling and Storage

The sample should be representative of the water that undergoes

desalination. Contamination during collection and before examination should be

avoided. The bottle sample was stored and kept unopened until it was ready for

filing.
 3.4.2.4 Identification of Samples

Sampling bottles was labelled with complete and definite identification and

description. The information about the samples can be recorded in a request form

for analysis of water quality.

3.5 Analysis and Testing of Samples

Physico-chemical analysis and Microbiological water quality test were

conducted at the Mach Union Water Laboratory, Inc., in 335 Zapote-Alabang Road, Talon,

Las Piñas City. The procedure and method for sampling were in accordance to the

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017.

3.5.1 Untreated Water Testing

3.5.1.1Sampling and Analysis of Physico – Chemical Tests

An amount of 1.5 liters of seawater was collected on the water source,

Anilao and Ternate, and was stored in a clean container for the water testing. It was

also cooled for preservation for more reliable results. The sample container was

labeled and was provided with the source and time and date of sampling. The

samples were immediately transported to the testing facility to lessen the growth of

organisms that could affect the results of the tests.

3.5.1.2 Sampling and Analysis of Microbiological Tests

For the analysis of microbiological tests, around 350 milliliters of water was

given to the personnel of the testing facility. The sample container was tagged with

accurate identification and description. The maximum elapsed time between

collection and processing should not exceed 24 hours to prevent microbial

contamination.

3.5.2 Treated Water Testing

3.5.2.1Sampling and Analysis of Physico – Chemical Tests

A yield of 1.5 Liters was gathered after several hours of running the system.

The first sample was stored in a clean container and was cooled to avoid

discrepancy to the next yield. After the second sample, it was immediately

transported to the testing laboratory to avoid unwanted contamination. The

container was properly labeled according to the time and date of procurement

3.5.1.2 Sampling and Analysis of Microbiological Tests

Another 350 milliliters of sample was distilled on the system for analysis of

microbiological water quality tests. The first sample was stored in a clean container

and was cooled to avoid discrepancy to the next yield. After the second sample, it

was immediately transported to the testing laboratory to prevent regrowth of

 unwanted microorganisms. The maximum elapsed time between collection and

processing should not exceed 24 hours.

3.6 Standard Parameters

3.6.1 Parameters for Physical and Chemical Quality

The table below shows the constituent, maximum level of characteristic,

remarks, and method of analysis in accordance to the Philippine National Standards

for Drinking Water of 2017.

Table 3.2 Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality for Acceptability

Aspect

Maximum Level Method of

Constituent (mg/L) Of Remarks Analysis

Characteristic

Sensory
No objectionable The cause of taste must be
Taste Evaluation
Taste determined.
Technique

Sensory
No objectionable The cause of odor must be
Odor Evaluation
odor determined.
Technique
 Decomposition of organic

materials such as leaves or

Apparent 10 color units woods usually yield

coloring substances to
Visual
water; Tannins, humic
Color Comparison
acid, and humates from the
Colorimetric
decomposition of lignin;

True 5 color units Insoluble form of iron and

manganese; colored

suspended matters

Turbidity increases with

Turbidimetry
Turbidity 5 NTU the quantity of suspended

matters in water.

Chloride in drinking water

originates from natural

sources, sewage and

250.0 Argentometric
Chloride industrial effluents, urban
Method, IC
runoff, and seawater

intrusion.

Copper in drinking water

FAAS, EAAS,
Copper 1.0 occurs primarily as
ICP,
corrosion of interior of
 copper plumbing Neocuproine

especially with acid Ph or Method,

high-carbonate waters with Bathocuproine

alkaline Ph. Method

Hardness is due to the

presence of naturally

occurring divalent cations,

such as calcium,

magnesium, and strontium

resulting from contact of FAAS, EAAS,

Hardness 300 as CaCO3 acidic groundwater with ICP, Colorimetry

rocks such as limestone Method

and dolomites. Hardness

beyond the standard value

maybe acceptable for

drinking by the consumers

in certain areas.

Applicable for existing

and new water supply Phenanthroline,

systems. Iron is found in AAS, ICP,

Iron 1.0
natural fresh waters. It Colorimetric

may be present in drinking Method

water as a result of the use

 of iron coagulants or the

corrosion of steel and cast

iron pipes during water

distribution.

Applicable for existing

and new water supply

systems. Manganese is

naturally occurring in Persulfate

Manganese 0.4 many surface and Method, AAS<

groundwater sources. ICP, ICP/MS

Particularly in anaerobic

or low oxidation

conditions.

6.5-8.5

The Ph range is based on

aesthetic consideration

5-7 only. The acceptable range

For product may be broader in the Electrometric

Ph
water that absence of a distribution Method

undergone system. Ph is important as

reverse osmosis operational water quality

or distillation parameter.

process
 Turbidimetric

High levels of sulfate Method, Ion

Sulfate 250 occur naturally in Chromatogaphy,

groundwater. Gravimetric

Method.

Table 3.3 Standard Values for inorganic chemical constituents with health

significance

Maximum

Constituent Level Remarks (Sources/Occurrence) Method of Analysis

(mg/L)

Chromium is widely distributed in

the earth’s crust. Occurs in

Chromium FAAS; EAAS , ICP,
0.05 wastewater in certain industries
(Total) ICP/MS
such as chromium plating of

bumpers, grills and ornaments.

In areas where high natural Ion chromatography,

fluoride levels occur, the Ion-selective

Fluoride 1.0 maximum level may be difficult to electrodes; SPADNS

achieve due to limited access to colorimetric;

treatment technology. Complexone Method

 Lead may be present in water

primarily from plumbing systems

containing lead pipes, solder, FAAS; EAAS;

fitting or the service connections ICP/MS ; Anodic

Lead 0.01 to the homes. Although it may be Stripping

found naturally occurring in Voltammetry ;

certain areas, rarely is it present in Dithizone

water supply as a result of its

dissolution from natural sources.

Nitrate concentration in
Nitrate Cd Reduction
50 groundwater and surface water can
method; IC;
reach high levels as a result of
Capillary Ion
leaching or run-off from
electrophoresis
agricultural land or contamination
Colorimetric
from human or animal wastes.
(diazotization); IC;
Anaerobic conditions may result
Flow injection
Nitrite 3 in the formation and persistence of
Analysis
nitrite.
 3.6.2 Parameters for Microbiological Quality

The table below shows the parameters, method of determination, value or

limit, units of measurement, and point of compliance of microbiological water

quality in accordance to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of

2017.

Table 3.4 Standard Methods of Detection and Values for Microbiological Quality

Method of Units of Point of

Parameters Value*
Determination Measurement Compliance

 Service

reservoirs

 Water

treatment

works
Multiple Tube
 Consumer’s
Fermentation < 1.1 MPN/ 100 mL
Total coliform Taps
Technique (MTFT)
 Refilling

Stations

 Water Haulers

 Water Vending

Machines
  Service

reservoirs

 Water

treatment

works

Heterotrophic  Consumer’s
Pour Plate < 500 CFU/mL
Plate Count Taps nearest

the meters

 Refilling

Stations

 Water Vending

Machines

 Service

reservoirs

 Water

treatment

Multiple Tube works

Fecal coliform Fermentation < 1.1 MPN/ 100 mL  Consumer’s

Technique (MTFT) Taps

 Refilling

Stations

 Point Sources

(Level I)
  Water Haulers

 Water Vending

Machines

3.7 Energy Consumption

Consumption of energy is an important matter to be considered. Battery life should

be known in order to maintain the production. Also, knowing the correct wattage of the

solar panel to be used is a variable to consider in order to charge the batteries faster.

3.7.1 Charging of Batteries

When the battery ran out of charge, the solar panel was the source of power.

To determine the number of hours to charge the battery, the equation is shown

below:

Charge Time

∆𝐸(𝐶)(%𝐶)
T= (2)
𝐴

Where:

T is the charge time in hours

∆E is the difference between the final and the initial charge of the battery

in percent (%)

C is the capacity of the battery in amp-hours (Ah)

 %C is the percent of capacity which is equals to 1.15

A is the ampere

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
A= (3)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

3.7.2 Sizing of the Battery Bank

Knowing how long the batteries will last is a very important factor in this study.

The operation of the system depends on the life of the battery. To compute the time

a battery could last, it was estimated using this formula,

Running time

𝐶
t=𝐴 (4)

Where

t is the running time of the system

C is the capacity of the battery

A is the ampere, formula shown on eq. (3)

3.8 Brine Disposal

Upon testing of the system unit, brine material will be one of the variables needed

to be considered by the researchers. Disposal of the brine will not be a problem for it may

probably use as a primary component of the newly invented solar powered lamp developed
by the Filipina Engineer AisaMijeno. The Invention uses salt brine as a primary constituent

in the Saltlamp that produces light. Currently, the Inventor is producing more units to be

given away to people who live in remote areas where there is not enough supply of

electricity, which means more brine will be needed for the production of units. In that way,

there is no waste material neither created nor disposed for this system.

There are also several ways on how to properly dispose Brine output of the system.

It may require permits or any other regulatory compliance. Surface water discharge, where

brine can be disposed to some surface water such as ponds, lakes, rivers and reservoirs but

this requires strict compliance with the local government national pollutant elimination

system. Brine can also be a good dust control agent for dryer climates for summer season

and can be applied by spraying to roads and fields.

3.9 System Maintenance

When saltwater is heated, the water vaporizes and most of the salts remains which

increases the concentration of salt on the feed water. If not taken care of, less and less water

evaporates and would affect the efficiency of the system.

The estimated running time of the system was 12 hours. The present brine should

be disposed and the water heater should be cleaned. It was expected to have scale deposits

for the seawater is hard water. Hard water is a common quality of water which contains

dissolved minerals and those mineral deposits does not evaporate but remains in the brine

that often lead to scaling. It could affect the performance of the system and also deteriorate

the quality of the vapor.

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

This chapter presents physical and chemical analysis of water samples before and

after run in the system and interpretation of results of the water flow rate based on

calculations.

4.1 Efficiency

4.1.1 Performance of the System

The system can run in thirteen hours using a full charged 65aH battery. The

30 watts solar panel that is used in the system can recharge the battery life in about

23.92 hours from equation (1). Therefore, the system can use while charging it since

the battery is high capacity and the system used 65aH two batteries.

4.1.2 Yield

The average yield produced by the Desalination system is about 600-700mL

per hour exclusive of the preheat time of about thirty minutes. During the process,

the feed water evaporated 1L per hour constantly. All the variables used in the

system was able to contribute for a better yield such us the condenser and cooling

system.

4.2 Physical and Chemical Analysis

The parameters used in the experiment are Chloride, Chromium, color, Copper,

Fluoride, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Nitrate, odor, Sulfate, Taste, Total Hardness and
Turbidity. There are two samples that were collected to run in the system having a different

quality, the first one is clear water and collected far from the shore line which is the Anilao,

Batangas water sample and the second one is brackish water collected from the shore line

which is in Ternate, Cavite.

After both samples were run in the desalination system and produce required yield,

the initial water and the final sample run in the system undergone laboratory testing to

know if the system is effective in the aspect of leasing or cleaning all the samples through

the system itself and if it can satisfy the criteria of Philippine National Standards for

Drinking Water.

4.2.1 Chloride

Table 4. 1 shows the amount of Chloride present in the water samples. It is

shown that Ternate has higher amount of Chloride than Anilao sample. According

to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of Chloride is 250 mg/L. From the

result after it was tested in the laboratory, water samples from both Anilao and

Ternate met the standards of PNSDW and both have acceptable values after it was

run in the system.

Table 4.1 Chloride Result

CHLORIDE (mg/L)
Sample
Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 24600 24900

Final 2.11 0.411

 CHLORIDE CHLORIDE
25000 24600 25000 24900

15000 15000

5000 5000
250 2.11 250 0.411
-5000 INITIAL LIMIT FINAL -5000 INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

ANILAO TERNATE

Fig. 4.1 Chloride Content of Anilao Fig. 4.2 Chloride Content of Batangas

According to studies, excess amount of Chloride in water can increase the

risk of cancer and also it is reported to produce hypertension in a human body. High

amount of Chloride also makes the water salty.

4.2.2 Chromium

Table 4.2 shows the amount of Chromium present in the water samples. It

is shown that the Chromium present in both samples was almost at same count.

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of Chromium is 0.05 mg/L.

From the result after it was tested in the laboratory, water samples from both Anilao

and Ternate met the standards of PNSDW and both have acceptable values after it

was run in the system.

Table 4.2 Chromium Result

CHROMIUM (mg/L)
Sample
Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 0.2 0.115

Final <0.03 <0.03

 CHROMIUM
0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05 0.05
0 < 0.03
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.3 Chromium Content of Anilao

CHROMIUM
0.15

0.115
0.1

0.05 0.05

0 < 0.03
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.4 Chromium Content of Batangas

According to number of researches, maximum amount of Chromium in

water may result to health problems such as irritation, pulmonary congestion and

upper abdominal pain.

4.2.3 Color

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of color is 5CU.

From the final result that was run in the system as shown in Table 4.3, water sample

from both Ternate and Batangas are both clear.

 Table 4.3 Chloride Result
Sample COLOR (CU)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial <5 5

Final <5 <5

COLOR COLOR
6 6
5 5 5
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 <5 <5 0 <5
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.5 Color Result of Anilao Fig. 4.6 Color Result of Batangas

The color of water represents the chemical presented in it. For example, if

it is blue or green in color, it may contain high amount of Copper.

4.2.4 Copper

Table 4.4 shows the amount of Copper present in the water samples.

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of Copper is 0.05 mg/L.

From the result after it was tested in the laboratory, water samples from both Anilao

and Ternate met the standards of PNSDW and both have acceptable values after it

was run in the system.

 Table 4. 4 Copper Result
COPPER (mg/L)
Sample
Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 0.11 0.122

Final 0.0106 0.0119

COPPER COPPER
0.12 0.15
0.11
0.1 0.122
0.08 0.1
0.06
0.05 0.05
0.04 0.05
0.02 0.016 0.0119
0 0
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.7 Copper Content of Anilao Fig. 4.8 Copper Content of Batangas

If too much copper is presented in water, it can cause adverse health effect

such as stomach cramps, nausea and diarrhea. Copper’s presence in water can also

produce a bitter metallic taste on it.

4.2.5 Fluoride

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of Fluoride is 1mg/L.

From the laboratory test result shown in Table 4.5, the value doesn’t change or

remains less than one hence it is acceptable.

 Table 4.5 Fluoride Result
FLUORIDE (mg/L)
Sample
Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial <0.04 <0.04

Final <0.04 <0.04

FLUORIDE FLUORIDE
1.2 1.2
1 1 1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0.04 0.04 0 0.04 0.04
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.9 Fluoride Content of Anilao Fig. 4.10 Fluoride Content of Batangas

Excessive amount of Fluoride in water can have long term effects in a body

such as dental and skeletal fluorosis and weakened bones.

4.2.6 Iron

Table 4.6 shows that the initial sample from Ternate has high amount of

Iron than in Anilao but after running it in the system, it meets the standard and also

didn’t reach maximum acceptable value of PNSDW which is 1mg/L, thus both

samples met the standards.

 Table 4.6 Iron Result
Sample IRON (mg/L)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 0.445 3.23

Final 0.036 0.019

IRON IRON
1.2 4
1 1 3.23
3
0.8
0.6 2
0.4 0.445
1 1
0.2
0 0.036 0 0.019
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.11 Iron Content of Anilao Fig. 4.12 Iron Content of Batangas

According to studies, Iron in water is a secondary contaminant, hence, it can

result to heart and pancreatic damage as well as diabetes. It may also affect the

quality of water because it can produce orange to brownish slime in water.

4.2.7 Lead

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of Lead is

0.0.1mg/L. From the laboratory result in Table 4.7, both water sample from Anilao

and Ternate met the standards and has a very acceptable value.
 Table 4.7 Lead Result
Sample LEAD (mg/L)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 0.4 0.408

Final <0.006 <0.006

LEAD 0.5
LEAD
0.5
0.4 0.408
0.4 0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
0.01 < 0.006 0.01
0
0 < 0.006
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.13 Lead Content of Anilao Fig. 4.14 Lead Content of Batangas

High amount of lead in water can affect in the development of human brain

and nervous system. It has higher risk in children than adults. Blood disorders and

hypertensions may also occur if the lead content has high concentrations.

4.2.8 Manganese

Table 4.8 shows that the amount of Manganese minimizes a lot as it runs

through the system and both samples has acceptable values in PNSDW.
 Table 4.8 Manganese Result
Sample MANGANESE (mg/L)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 0.084 0.226

Final <0.01 <0.01

MANGANESE
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 0.084
0 < 0.01
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.15 Manganese Content of Anilao

MANGANESE
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3
0.2 0.226

0.1
0 < 0.01
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.16 Manganese Content of Batangas

High amount of Manganese can have side effect in a body such as body

shaking or tremors. It also produces bitter taste in water if it has high concentration.
4.2.9 Nitrate

Nitrate’s maximum acceptable value in PNSDW is 50mg/L and as shown

in Table 4.9, both samples met the standards and has acceptable values since both

of them already contain only minimal amount of Nitrate aside from running it in

the system.

Table 4.9 Nitrate Result

Sample NITRATE (mg/L)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial <0.07 <0.07

Final <0.07 <0.07

NITRATE NITRATE
60 60
50 50 50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0.07 0.07 0 0.07 0.07
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.17 Nitrate Content of Anilao Fig. 4.18 Nitrate Content of Batangas

Excessive amount of Nitrate can cause hemoglobin changes that can result

to blue-baby syndrome, a condition caused by inability of the blood to deliver

enough oxygen in a body, especially in infants and children.

4.2.10 Odor

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of odor is

unobjectionable which means that the sample tested doesn’t gives off a foul smell.

The result shown in Table 4.10 met the standards of the PNSDW.

Table 4.10 Odor Result

Sample ODOR (unobjectionable)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

Final Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

Odor may not be a cause to harm the health of community, but it must be

passed the national standards for safety purposes.

4.2.11 Sulfate

Table 4.11 shows that the both initial samples contain very high amount

of Sulfate but after running it in the system, it is clearly shown that the Sulfate

present in the final sample was very minimal and satisfies the standards of

PNSDW.

Table 4.11 Sulfate Result

Sample SULFATE (mg/L)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 2640 2650

Final <0.04 <0.04

 SULFATE 3000
SULFATE
3000 2650
2500
2500 2640
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000 1000
500 250 500
< 0.04 250
0 < 0.04
0
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.19 Sulfate Content of Anilao Fig. 4.20 Sulfate Content of Batangas

Amount of Sulfate can affect the odor of the water but it is not harmful to

health. It can just be an irritant in your skin.

4.2.12 Tastes

In Table 4.12, it is shown that the initial and final sample from Anilao was

both unobjectionable. It is also shown that the initial sample of Ternate was not fit

to taste but after it run in the system, from the final sample, it is unobjectionable.

Both final sample met the standards of PNSDW.

Table 4.12 Taste Result

Sample TASTE (unobjectionable)

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial unobjectionable Not fit to taste

Final unobjectionable unobjectionable

 Taste of water is one of the physical criteria a water must have because it is

related to the quality of water itself. It can also be a criterion to know if there are

any high concentration chemicals. For example, if high amount of Chloride is

presented in a water, it is salty.

4.2.13 Total Hardness

According to PNSDW, the maximum acceptable value of Total Hardness is

300mg/L. Table 4.13 shows that both initial samples had a high value of total

hardness and after it runs in the system, final samples gave a considerable amount

of total hardness present and is acceptable value at PNSDW.

From the results obtained, the hardness level in Anilao is slightly hard and

Ternate is soft. The level which most people find the hardness of a water is in range

of 7.5 to 10.5.

Table 4.13 Total Hardness Result

Sample TOTAL HARDNESS

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial 1000 1700

Final 1.3 0.69

1200 TOTAL HARDNESS 2000 TOTAL HARDNESS
1000 1000 1700
1500
800
600 1000
400
300 500
200 300
0 1.3 0 0.69
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.21 TH Level of Anilao Fig. 4.22 TH Level of Batangas

Total hardness doesn’t have harmful effect in a body. Total hardness of

water contains high amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium. It occurs when

the sea water is boiled.

4.2.14 Turbidity

Table 4.14 shows that the turbidity level of Anilao samples is acceptable

initially and after running it in the system while the sample of Ternate has high

turbidity level initially and after it runs in the system, it satisfies and has acceptable

value to PNSWD.

Table 4.14 Turbidity Level Result

Sample TURBIDITY

Anilao, Batangas Ternate, Cavite

Initial <0.05 2.9

Final <0.05 <0.05

 TURBIDITY TURBIDITY
6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4
3 3 2.9
2 2
1 1
0 < 0.05 < 0.05 0 < 0.05
INITIAL LIMIT FINAL INITIAL LIMIT FINAL

Fig. 4.23 Turbidity of Anilao Fig. 4.24 Turbidity of Batangas

Turbidity comes from the particles suspended or dissolved in water that

scatter light making the water appear murky or cloudy. The clarity of sample can

indicate water contamination.

4.3 Microbiological Tests

Bacteria in sea water were still present in the final water sample after running it in

the in the Desalination system. Microbiological Analysis was conducted to know range of

bacteria presented in samples. In this case, Total Coliform Bacteria, Fecal Coliform

Bacteria and Heterotrophic Plate Count were ranged.

In Table 4.15, it is shown that both samples are positive to the presence of Total

Coliform. The acceptable value of PNSWD is less than 1.1 only, therefore, the final sample

does not meet the acceptable value for this.

 Excessive amount of Total Coliform may cause diarrheal diseases. Human exposed

in high level of Total Coliform may have cholera and hepatitis in worst case.

Table 4.15 Total Coliform Result (MPN/100mL)

Final Sample Before After

Anilao <1.1 >8

Ternate <1.1 >8

In Table 4.16, it is shown that both samples are positive to the presence of Fecal

Coliform. The acceptable value of PNSWD is less than 1.1 only, therefore, the final sample

does not meet the acceptable value for this.

Table 4.16 Fecal Coliform Result (MPN/100mL)

Final Sample Before After

Anilao <1.1 8
Ternate <1.1 >8

In Table 4.17, the Heterotrophic Plate count is shown. The acceptable value of

PNSWD is less than 500, therefore, the sample in Anilao was not able to meet the

acceptable value and the sample in Ternate had acceptable value.

 Table 4.17 Heterotrophic Plate Result (CFU/mL)

Final Sample Before After

Anilao >5700 >5700

Ternate 2800 280

In Table 4.15, 4.16 and 4.17, it is shown that after the feed water run in the system,

the microbiological properties of it became unacceptable as it was able to have high amount

of Coliforms and Hetero Plate Result. It is because of the high temperature surface.

Bacteria are more alive and reproduced in a hotter place.

4.4 Salt Solution Concentration

Salt Solution has been used as the feed water in the system in able to know the

amount of salt remains in the pressure cooker after the process.

In the Table 4.18, it is shown that the amount of salt that has been with the solution

is still almost the same amount after, considering that some residues has stick in the cooker

itself. Therefore, it can be said that the system efficiency regarding with the salt

concentration is 98.80% from the equation,

𝑆𝑖
𝑆𝑓
𝑥100% (5)
 Table 4.18 Salt Solution Concentration

Amount of
Amount of Amount of Salt Remains after
TRIAL Salt, si
Water (ml) Boiling, sf (grams)
(grams)

1ST 500 500 494

2ND 375 375 372

3RD 250 250 246

4.5 Cost Analysis

In fabricating the system, all the materials used were available commercially in the

market. In a minimum amount of twenty-four thousand three hundred eighteen pesos and

twenty-five centavos, it is possible to fabricate and customize a desalination system. In this

amount, the system can be able to use in around five to ten years depending on how it is

used and maintain.

In Table 4.19, the total cost spent for the materials of the system is shown.

Table 4.19 Cost Analysis

Qty. Materials Amount Total
2 pcs 65Ah Battery 2250.00 4500.00
1 pcs 30W Solar Panel 1000.00 1000.00
1 pcs 2000W Inverter 2700.00 2700.00
1 pcs 900W Water Heater 640.00 640.00
1 pcs 26W Water Pump 1200.00 1200.00
 2 pcs Water Container 150.00 300.00
1 pcs Pressure Cooker 960.00 960.00
3 pcs Stainless Steel Canister 420.00 1260.00
3 pcs Plastic Pails 79.75 239.25
5 pcs 12m Slotted Steel Angle Bars 1/2"x1/2" 290.00 1450.00
1 pcs 0.022m Coil Tube - 15m 1000.00 1000.00
1 pcs 12m Polypropylene Random (PPR) Copolymer Pipe 220.00 220.00
10 m 8mm Polyurethane Tube (PU) - Blue 45.00 450.00
10 m 12mm Polyurethane Tube (PU) - Blue 75.00 750.00
5 m Polyurethane Tube (PU) - Clear 8mm 45.00 225.00
5 m Polyurethane Tube (PU) - Clear 12mm 45.00 225.00
3 pcs 8mm PU Elbow 25.00 75.00
3 pcs 12mm PU Elbow 40.00 120.00
3 pcs 12mm PU Tee 45.00 135.00
15 pcs 8mm PU Male 25.00 375.00
3 pcs 12mm PU Male 65.00 195.00
6 pcs 8mm PU Union 25.00 150.00
3 pcs 20mm PU Union 30.00 90.00
3 pcs 8mm PU Coupling 50.00 150.00
6 pcs C. Union 1/4 110.00 660.00
6 pcs 20mm Cap 6.00 36.00
6 pcs 20mm Tee 12.00 72.00
15 m Wires 12.00 180.00
150 pairs Knots and Bolts 2.80 420.00
50 pcs Screws 2.00 100.00
100 pcs Washers 2.00 200.00
3 pcs PPR Elbows 10.00 30.00
3 pcs PPR Splitters 12.00 36.00
1 pcs Switches 25.00 25.00
2 pcs Locks 32.00 64.00
2 pcs Handles 27.00 54.00
2 pairs Alligator Clips 26.00 52.00
34 pcs Corner Plates 10.00 340.00
4 pcs Steel Footer 60.00 240.00
4 pcs Roller-Typed Wheels 87.50 350.00
1 pcs Stucco Aluminum Sheet Metal 780.00 780.00
2 tubes Silicone 259.75 519.50
18 pcs 1/8 Locknut 7.00 126.00
3 pcs 1/2 Locknut 55.00 165.00
 2 pcs Hacksaw Blade 59.75 119.50
1 pcs 10mm Drill bits 180.00 180.00
2 pcs 3/8 Drill bits 260.00 520.00
2 pairs Solar Panel Holder 180.00 360.00
2 pairs Full Exit Drawer 100.00 200.00
2 pairs Hinges 40.00 80.00
TOTAL 24318.25

4.5 Economic Consideration

In this computation, it can prove that the system is worth using for, aside from its

environmental help, it can help the community in saving financially by spending minimally

in providing water.

In a family member of 8, around 6 containers of water consumes in a week. If a

container of water is 25 pesos, every month has four weeks and every year has twelve

months, therefore, total cost per year is seven thousand two hundred. In five years, the total

is thirty-six thousand pesos.

The return of investment, based on the sample computation, will be in between of

three to five years.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations based on the results of

the study.

5.1 Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn after the system has been run and test.

1. The efficiency of the design and development of a solar powered desalinating

system by Multiple effect distillation has been tested. Moreover, the functionality

of both cooling system exhibit precisely in accordance with the design

specifications. The idea of having two cooling system provides great improvement

to the system especially to the yield produced.

2. In terms of the technical capability, the system was able to get a better yield when

the cooler was installed as an additional effect. It is efficient as it was able to collect

steam after preheating the water for thirty minutes. Compared to the previous

researches about distillation and desalination system, this study performs better

considering its design and area. Also, considering the operational efficiency of the

system, it is more efficient when all variables presented is working. Better yield is

produced when both of the cooling system works, the one that runs through the

copper coil and the other one that drips through the stainless canister. The built-in

cooling system highly contributed in producing yield water in a shorter span of

time. It produces 600-700mL of desalinated water per hour.

3. The system requires minimal service of maintenance after using it for twelve hours.

It is advice to check if the tubing is still open for the flow for both feed water and

yield and if the condenser and evaporator is not yet occupied with residues. Also,

the power system that must be maintained, considering the depletion of storage

capacity of the battery through time. Similarly, for the cost of installation, minimal

amount is required considering that the materials are all commercially available.

Regarding the energy consumption of the system, it was able to run through the use

of solar panel that collects solar energy and stored to a battery having a direct

current and inverted it to an alternating current needed to run the system. The

battery was able to sustain the system’s power for 15.44 hours.

4. In characterizing the physical, chemical and microbiological analysis, the system

was able to provide a positive and acceptable results in line with the Philippine

National Standards for Drinking Water with regards to physical and chemical

analysis. The Chloride content of both samples was about 25000mg/L initially and

after it run in the system, the amount was less than 5. For the salt concentration,

brine solution was used as feed water and after it run in the system, it is concluded

that the system is 98.8% efficient in desalinating the water.

5. For the economic considerations, the total cost spent for the system unit was 24,

318.25 pesos. If the maintenance cost was 3 percent and annual depreciation was

considered, then its cost per day is 2 pesos.

5.2 Recommendations

Based on the findings and results of the study, the following were recommended:

1. To use a higher capacity solar panel to recharge the battery of the

desalination system faster. By using an electric heater and a water pump,

it requires greater amount of energy to power up the system. For these, use

a higher capacity solar panel to recharge the battery of the desalination

system faster. The greater the capacity of the solar panel, the greater the

amount of energy to be collected at a short period of time.

2. To install a disinfecting method to remove all the bacteria presented in

the water. Considering that this system used desalination method alone, it

only focused on separating salt from water. Knowing that salt water

contains not only salt, it requires other process or method to remove all the

chemicals and bacteria present in the water, such as chlorination,

purification, and other existing methods that could possibly use.

3. To use larger volume of a water tank to maximize the amount of feed

water. By minimizing the size of the system and developing a modular unit,

it affects the volume of the water to be treated. But, by having larger volume

of a water tank it also maximizes the amount of feed water and yield

collected.
4. To search and apply additional materials that can help increase the

effectiveness of the desalination system. The effectiveness of the

desalination system is greatly affect by its cooling system. The water that

runs through the system cools the vapor, but applying additional materials

that can maintain the low temperature of the flowing water could possibly

increase its effectiveness.

5. To utilize the multi effect distillation by adding effects in the system. By

utilizing the multi effect process of the system, a simultaneous effect of

yielding water also occurs and considering the processes involve adding a

multiple effect of the system increases efficiency.

References

https://en.m.wikipedia.org

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov

https://www.corrosionpedia.com

https://www.dictionary.cambridge.org

https://www.ewg.org

https://www.fao.org

https://www.google.com

https://www.health.state.mn.us

https://www.lenntech.com

https://www.livescience.com

https://www.martinwater.com

https://www.merriam-webster.com

https://www.pbwatersoftening.com

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/desalination.htm

https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://www.wabag.com

https://www.water.usgs.gov

https://www.webmd.com
APPENDIX
A
CALCULATIONS
 APPENDIX A

CALCULATIONS

I. Efficiency

𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
Ƞ= 𝑥 100
𝑊𝑖𝑛

Trial 1:

Water in = 1000 mL

Water out = 600 mL

600
Efficiency = 1000 𝑥 100

= 60 %

Trial 2:

Water in = 1000 mL

Water out = 750 mL

750
Efficiency = 1000 𝑥 100

= 75 %

Trial 3:

Water in = 1000 mL

Water out = 700 mL

 700
Efficiency = 1000 𝑥 100

= 70 %

II. Charging of Batteries

∆𝐸(𝐶)(%𝐶)
T= 𝐴

∆E = 20 % or 0.20

C = 65 Amp-hour

%C = 1.15

A = Watts / Volts

= 4.209 Amp

Charging time = 23.92 Hours

III. Sizing of the Battery Bank

𝐶
t=𝐴

C = 65 Amp-hour

A = 4.209 Amp

Time the battery will last = 15.44 Hours

APPENDIX
C
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR
DRINKING WATER 2017
SPECIFIC GUIDELINES
The Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017 shall consist of the

following criteria:

1. Standards for Drinking-water Quality

A. Drinking-water must be clear and does not have objectionable taste, odor

and color. It must be pleasant to drink and free from all harmful organisms,

chemical substances and radionuclides in amounts which could constitute a

hazard to the health of consumer.

B. The quality of drinking water hall be measured in terms of its

microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological constituents. Refer to

Annex A for the standard Values and Methods of Analysis.

C. The parameters of drinking water quality shall be classified as mandatory,

primary and secondary. Refer to Annex B

2. Standards for Water Sampling Examinations

A. Initial examination shall be conducted for a new or newly constructed sources

while periodic examination shall be done for existing water sources Water

samples for initial and periodic examination from all water sources shall cover

microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological parameter Refer to

Annex C for the Minimum Frequency of Sampling.

B. The minimum number of samples to be collected and examined periodically

shall be based on the source and mode of distribution of drinking-water

supply.Refer to Annex C.
 C. The collection of water samples shall comply with the standard sample

requirements.

D. Only certified sampling personnel shall collect water samples for regulatory

purposes.

E. All water samples for regulatory purposes shall be examined only in DOH

Accredited Laboratory. The standard methods of examination shall be based

on the ‘22nd edition (2012) of the Standards Methods for the Examination

Water and Wastewater’ unless otherwise stated in the Manual of Operations.

3. Standards for Other Modes of distribution of Drinking Water

A. Drinking-water from refilling stations, vending machines, mobile tanks and bulk

water supply shall be subject for initial and periodic examinations for

microbiological, physical, radiological quality.

B. All standard values of mandatory parameters shall be applicable to product water

from refilling stations and vending machines, except for the standard values of pH

and total dissolved solids(TDS). The pH value shall be 5-7 while the TDS levels of

product water shall not exceed 10mg/L to validate the efficiency

C. Water from mobile tanks shall have chlorine residual (as free chlorine) of at

least 0.5mg/L but not to exceed to 1.50mg/L at the point of delivery.

D. Bulk water supply shall maintain chlorine residual (as free chlorine) level between

0.3mg/L to 1.5mg/L or chlorine dioxide residual between 0.2mg/L to 0.4mg/L prior

to distribution.
E. All water-refilling stations, vending machines, mobile tanks and bulk water supply

shall comply with the standard minimum number of samples and frequency of

sampling requirements. Refer to Annex C.

4. Evaluation of Results

A. Expression of Results

a. Microbiological Examination for drinking water shall provide the

numbers/presence of total Coliform, E. coli/Thermotolerant Coliform, and

Heterotrophic Bacteria present in 100mL of water

b. All results from physic-chemical and radiological examinations that are not

detected shall be reported as less than the method detection limit (MDL).

For trace analysis, the MDL and level of quantitation (LOQ) shall be

reflected in the laboratory test report.

B. Interpretation of results

a. Drinking-water service providers shall consult the DOH/Local Dinking

Water Quality Monitoring Committee (LDWQMC)/local health of office

for the interpretation of results.

b. When E. coli/Thermotolerant Coliform is present in water, a sanitary survey

shall be conducted within 24 hours to determine the cause of contamination

which include resampling. If resampled water still contains E. coli/

Thermotolerant Coliform, corrective action should be applied. at the same

time, the drinking-water service provider shall issue an advisory to ”boil

 water” or other household water treatment options, or provide an alternative

drinking-water supply.

c. In case of exceedance of standard values of physical and chemical

parameters, monitoring shall be carried out for the next three(3)

consecutive months where in all results must comply with the standards. If

the results still exceed, further study must be done to determine the cause of

contamination for proper identification of corrective actions.

5. Classifications of Drinking-Water Quality Parameters

A. Mandatory parameters

a. Mandatory parameters are legally enforceable. These core parameters shall

be required for examination by all drinking-water service providers. The

criteria for selection of mandatory cores parameters are:parameters that

directly affect health through acute or chronic exposure and/or will render

the water unacceptable for drinking; indicate the possible presence of other

contaminants; exceed tolerable values/ standards based on local monitoring

data of the previous years; have wide spatial distribution across the

Philippines based on local monitoring data; and viable indicators for general

quality and stability of water supply.

b. The frequency of testing for mandatory parameters, except for E.

coli/Thermotolerant Coliform and residual disinfectant, maybe reduced to

every three years if the LDWQMC found the consolidated water quality
 reports showed undetectable levels below MDL of a particular mandatory

parameter for three consecutive years.

c. The mandatory parameters are the minimum parameters required to be

tested for initial and periodic examinations. However, the mandatory

parameters may include additional parameters from the list of primary and

secondary as determined by the LDWQMC. The additional parameters shall

be based on the result of the risk assessment of the water sources where

potential contamination from the natural or anthropogenic activities may

occur.

B. Primary parameters

a. Primary parameters are site-specific. These are chemical impurities in water

that directly affect health through acute or chronic exposure.

b. Primary parameters can also be adopted as enforceable parameters, in

addition to the mandatory parameters.

C. Secondary parameters

a. Secondary parameters are those that render the water unacceptable for

drinking.

b. This include operational parameters which affects the efficiency of the

treatment processes

D. Emergency Drinking-Water Parameters

a. During the first 72 hours, temporary supply of water shall be provided by

the local government unit/LGU. Water should be disinfected as a minimum

 treatment (i.e. boiling, chlorination, etc.). Mobile treatment plant can be

used as an alternative source of water.

b. The water supply shall be monitored daily for atleast seven days by the LGU

and other respondents in terms of residual chlorine, and E. coli. The

acceptable level of residual chlorine shall be 0.5 mg/L and the maximum

level of 1.5mg/L E. coli should be absent per 100 mL sample.

c. Regular monitoring shall resume after normal condition has been declared

by the appropriate government agency.

E. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Parameters

a. Relative to target 6.1.1 of the SDG in achieving universal and equitable

access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030, the population

should be using safely managed drinking water services.

b. This entails that the population uses a drinking water source which is

located on premises, available when needed, and free of fecal and priority

chemical contamination.

6. Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Water Laboratories

A. Only laboratories accredited by the DOH shall perform drinking-water quality

examination for regulatory purposes.

B. All accredited laboratories shall provide highest quality service through the

establishment, documentation, and effective operation of a quality system (QS).

C. The laboratory personnel involve in water sampling shall be certified by the

DOH.
7. Water Safety Plan (WSP) and Drinking –water Quality Surveillance

A. The implementation of WSP approach can secure the safety of drinking-water. It

utilizes a risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps

in the water supply system, form catchment/source to consumers.

B. All drinking-water service providers shall be required to prepare WSP as provided

by the DOH Administrative Order No. 2014 – 0027 “National Policy on Water

Safety Plan for All Drinking-Water Service Providers”, dated September 4, 2014

C. The WSP of a drinking-water service provider shall be subject for review and

approval as provided by the DOH Administrative Order No. 2017 – 0006

“Guidelines for the Review and Approval of the Water Safety Plans of Drinking-

Water Service Providers”, dated April 20, 2017.

D. The WSP shall be developed to meet health-based target consistent with the

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water.

E. The drinking-water quality surveillance agency shall ensure the monitoring of the

WSP implementation and its effectiveness meets the Philippine National Standard

for Drinking Water. The surveillance activity shall include audit and direct

assessment approaches.
Table C-1: Standard Values and Methods of Detection and Point of Compliance for

Microbiological Quality of Drinking-Water

Point of
Methods of Analysis
Parameter Standard Values Compliance
(SMEWW 22nd ed.)

- Consumer’s

taps
9221 Multiple Tube

Fermentation Technique - Water

Treatment
9223 Enzyme Substrate
MTFT:
Coliform Test - Work’s plants
< 1.1 MPN/100 mL.
9222B Standard Total - Water refilling
EST: Absent or <1
Coliform Membrane station’s
1. Total Coliform MPN/100 mL
Filter Technique
- Water vending
MFT: < 1 Total
9222 C Delayed machines
coliform colonies /
Incubation Total
- Mobile
100 mL
Coliform and E Coli by
treatment
Dual Chromogen
devices

- Point use

treatment
 - Water haulers

- Bulk Water

- Point sources

- Consumers

taps

- Water
9221 Multiple Tube
MTFT: Treatment
Fermentation Technique
< 1.1 MPN/100 mL. works
9221 E1
EST: Absent or <1 - Water
Thermotolerance
MPN/100 mL Refilling
Coliform Test (EC
2. Thermotolerant
stations
medium)
Coliform/E.coli MFT: < 1

Thermotolerant - Water vending

9223 Enzyme Substrate
coliform colonies / machines
Coliform Test
100 mL - Mobile
9215 B Pour Method
treatment

devices

- Point use

treatment

- Water haulers
 - Bulk Water

- Food

Establishments

- All Buildings

- Ice Plants

- Consumers

taps

- Water

Treatment

works
9215 C Spread Plate
3. Heterotrophic - Water
Method
Plate Count < 500 CFU/ mL Refilling
9215 D Membrane Filter
(HPC) stations
Method
- Water vending

machines

- Mobile

treatment

devices
 - Point use

treatment

- Water haulers

- Bulk Water

- Food

Establishments

- All Buildings

- Ice Plants

Table C-2: Summary of Standard Values and Methods of Analysis for Inorganic

Chemical Parameters of Drinking-Water

Chemical
Maximum
Abstracts
Parameter Allowable Methods of Analysis
Service (CAS)
Level (MAL)
No.

A. Sample Preparation

1. Antimony (SB) 7440-36-0 0.02 mg/L - 3030 E. Nitric Acid

Digestion
 - 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

Hydrochloric Acid Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-

Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3113 B. Electro thermal

Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid

2. Arsenic (As) 2440-38-2 0.01 mg/L Digestion

- 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

Hydrochloric Acid Digestion

 - 3030 K. Microwave-

Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3114 B. Manual Hydride

Generation/Atomic

Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3113 B. Electro thermal

Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

3. Barium (Ba) 7440-39-3 0.70 mg/L - 3030 E. Nitric Acid

Digestion
 - 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

Hydrochloric Acid Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-

Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3111 D. Direct Nitrous

Oxide-Acetylene Flame

Method

Spectrometric Method

- 3113 B. Electro thermal

Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

4. Boron (B) 7440-42-8 2.00 mg/L A. Sample Preparation

 - 3030 E. Nitric Acid

Digestion

- 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

Hydrochloric Acid Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

4500 B B. Curcumin Method

4500B C. Carmine Method

A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid

5. Cadmium(Cd) 7440-43-9 0.003 mg/L Digestion

- 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

Hydrochloric Acid Digestion

 - 3030 K. Microwave-

Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3113 B. Electro thermal

Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid

Digestion

6. Chromium - 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

7440-47-3 0.05 mg/L
Total (Cr) Hydrochloric Acid Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-

Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation
 - 3113 B. Electrothermal

Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

- 4500-CN D. Titrimetric

Method

7. Cyanide Total - 4500-CN E. Colorimetric

57-12-5 0.05 mg/L
(CN) Method

- 4500-CN F. Cyanide-

Selective Electrode Method

A. Sample Preparation

- Preliminary Distillation

8. Fluorine (F) 16984-48-8 1.50 mg/L

B. Instrumentation

- 4110 B. Ion

Chromatography with
 Chemical Suppression of

Eluent Conductivity

- 4110 C. Single-Column Ion

Chromatography with Direct

Conductively Detection

- 4550-F C. Ion-Selective

Electrode Method

A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid

Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-

Assisted Digestion

9. Lead (Pb) 7439-92-1 0.01 B. Instrumentation

- 3113 B. Electro thermal

Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma Method

 - 3125 B. Inductively

Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

- 3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid

Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3111 B. Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method

10. Manganese 0.4
N/A - 3111 C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene Flame
(Mn) mg/L
Method

- Spectrometric Method

- 3113 B. Electro thermal Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method
 A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

- 3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid

Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3112 B. Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption

11. Mercury Total 7439- 0.001
Spectrometric Method
(Hg) 97-6 mg/L

- 3125 B. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

- EPA 245.7 / BS EN 13506 Atomic

Fluorescence Spectrometric Method

- EPA 7473 Thermal Decomposition

Amalgamation, Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

7440- 0.07 A. Sample Preparation

12. Nickel (Ni)
02-0 mg/L - 3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion
 - 3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid

Digestion

- 3030 K. Microwave-Assisted Digestion

B. Instrumentation

- 3113 B. Electro thermal Atomic Absorption

Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively Coupled Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

- 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical

Suppression of Eluent Conductivity

- 4110 C. Single-Column Ion

Chromatography with Direct Conductively

50.00
C-005 Detection
13. Nitrate (N03)
mg/L
- 4500-NO3 B. Ultraviolet

- 4500-NO3 E. Cadmium Reduction Flow

4500-NO3 I. Cadmium Reduction Flow

Injection Method
 - 4140 Capillary Ion electrophoresis

- 4500-No3 D. Nitrate Electrode Method

- 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical

Suppression of Eluent Conductivity

- 4110 C. Single-Column Ion

Chromatography with Direct Conductively

3.00 Detection
14. Nitrite (N02) C-005
mg/L
- 4550-N02 B Colorimetric Method

- 4130. Flow Injection Analysis

- 4140 Capillary Ion Electrophoresis

- 4500-N02 B. Colorimetric (Diazotization)

Table C-3: Summary of Standard Values and Methods of Analysis for Physical and

Chemical Quality for Acceptability Aspects of Drinking-Water

Chemical Maximum
Parameter Methods of Analysis
Abstracts Allowable
 Service Level (MAL)

(CAS)

No.

No Sensory Evaluation Technique

1. Taste N/A objectionable Testing of Taste shall be based on

taste consumers complaints

No

2. Odor N/A objectionable Sensory Evaluation Technique

odor

3. Color 2120 B. Visual Comparison

N/A 10 CU
(Apparent) Method-for apparent color only

4. Turbidity N/A 5 NTU 2130 B. Nephelometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

- 3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

- 3030 F. Nitric Acid-

0.2 mg/L
5. Aluminum N/A Hydrochloric Acid Digestion
(Aesthetic)
- 3030 K. Microwave-Assisted

Digestion

B. Instrumentation
 - 3500-Al B. Eriochrome Cyanine

R Method

- 3113 B. Electrothermal Atomic

Absorption Spectrometric Method

- 3120 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma Method

- 3125 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

4500-CI-B Argeniometric Method

4500-CI-D Pootentiometric

Method

4110 B. Ion Chromatography with

6. Chloride(CI) 16887-00-6 250 mg/L Chemical Suppression of Eluent

Conductivity

4110 C. Single-Column Ion

Chromatohraphy with Direct

Conductivity Detection

7. Copper (Cu) N/A 1.0 mg/L A. Sample Preparation

3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric

Acid Digestion

3030 K. Microwave-Assisted

Digestion

B. Instrumentation

3111 B. Direct Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3111C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3113 B. Electrothermal Atomic

Absorption Spectrometric

3120 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma Method

3125 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

3500-Cu C. Bathocuproine

Method
8. Total
N/A 300 mg/L 2430 C EDTA Titrimetric method
Hardness

4500 S2 D. Methylene Blue

Method

4500 S2 E. Gas Dialysis,

Authomated Methylene Blue

9. Hydrogen
7783-06-4 0.05 mg/L Method
Sulfide (H2S)
4500 S2 I. Distillation, Methylene

Blue Flow Injection Analysis

Method

4500 S2 F. Iodometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric

10. Iron (Fe) N/A 1.0 mg/L Acid Digestion

3030 K. Microwave-Assisted

Digestion

B. Instrumentation
 3111 B. Direct Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3111C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3113 B. Electrothermal Atomic

Absorption Spectrometric

3120 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma Method

3125 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

3500-Na B. Flame Emission

Photometric Method

11. pH N/A 6.5 – 8.5 4500 H* B Electrometric Method

A. Sample Preparation

12. Sodium 3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

N/A 200 mg/L
(Na)
3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric

Acid Digestion
 3030 K. Microwave-Assisted

Digestion

B. Instrumentation

3111 B. Direct Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3111C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3113 B. Electrothermal Atomic

Absorption Spectrometric

3120 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma Method

3125 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

3500-Na B. Flame Emission

Photometric Method

4110 B. Ion Chromatography with

13. Sulfate
14808-79-8 250 mg/L Chemical Suppression of Eluent
2
(S04 )
Conductivity
 4140 B. Capillary Ion

electrophoresis with indirect UV

Detection

4500-S042 C. Gravimetric method

with Ignition of Residue

4500-S042 E. Turbidimetric

Method

4500-S042 F. Authomated

Methylthymol Blue Method

4500-S042 G. Methylthymol Blue

Flow Injection Analysis

14. Total 2540 C. Total Dissolved Solids

N/A 600 mg/L
Disolved Solids Dried at 180*C

A. Sample Preparation

3030 E. Nitric Acid Digestion

3030 F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric

15. Zinc N/A 5.0 mg/L
Acid Digestion

3030 K. Microwave-Assisted

Digestion
 B. Instrumentation

3111 B. Direct Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3111C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene

Flame Method

3113 B. Electrothermal Atomic

Absorption Spectrometric

3120 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma Method

3125 B. Inductively Coupled

Plasma-Mass

Spectrometric Method

3500-Na B. Flame Emission

Photometric Method

Table C-4:. Mandatory Drinking Quality Parameters

No.1 Parameter Sampling Locations*

1 Thermotolerant Coliform Treatment Plant Outlet/Source and Consumers’ Taps

 E. coli

2 Arsenic (As) Treatment Plant Outlet/Source

3 Cadmium (Cd) Consumers’ Taps

4 Lead (Pb) Consumers’ Taps

5 Nitrate (NO3) Treatment Plant Outlet/Source

6 Color (Apparent) Treatment Plant Outlet/Source and Consumers’ Taps

7 Turbidity Consumers’ Taps

7 pH Treatment Plant Outlet/Source and Consumers’ Taps

9 Total Dissolved Solids Treatment Plant Outlet/Source

10 Disinfectant Residuals Treatment Plant Outlet/Source and Consumers’ Taps

*applicable to all Level II and Level III water facilities

Table C-5: Primary Drinking Water Quality Parameters

No. Parameter No. Parameter

1,2-Dibromo-3-choloroprophane
1 29 Dibromochlomethane (DBCM)
(DBCP)

2 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 30 Dibromoacetonitrile
3 1,2-Dichloroethane 31 Dichloroacetate

4 1,2-Dichloroethene 32 Dichloroacetonitrile

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
5 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 33
(DDT)

6 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 34 Dichloromethane

7 Acrylamide 35 Endrin

8 Aldrin and Dieldrin 36 Epichlorohydrin

9 Alpha Particles 37 Ethylbenzene

10 Atrazine 38 Ethylene Dibromide

11 Antimony 39 Flouride

12 Barium 40 Glyphosate

13 Benzene 41 Lindane

14 Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs) 42 Manganese

15 Beta Particles 43 Mercury (total)

16 Boron 44 Monochloroacetate

17 Bromate 45 Nickel

18 Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) 46 Nitrate

 19 Bromoform 47 Pendimethalin

20 Carbon Tetrachloride 48 Radon

21 Carbofuran 49 Sulfate

22 Chlorate 50 Selenium

23 Chlordane 51 Styrene

24 Chlorite 52 tetrachloroethene

25 Chloroform 53 Trichloroacetate

26 Chromium (total) 54 Toluene

27 Cyanide (total) 55 Total trihalomethane (THM)

28 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate 56 Vynil chloride

Table C-6: Secondary Drinking Water Quality Parameters

No. Parameter No. Parameter

1 Aluminium 7 Manganese

2 Chloride 8 Odor

3 Copper 9 Sodium

4 Hardness 10 Taste
 5 Hydrogen sulphide 11 Xylenes (total_)

6 Iron 12 Zinc

Table C-7: Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Microbiological Examination of

Drinking-Water

Minimum Minimum

Frequency of Frequency of
Source and
Population Sampling for Total Sampling for Point of
Mode of
Served Coliform and heterotrophic Compliance
Supply
Thermotolerant Plate Count

coliform/E.coli (HPC)*

1 sample every ?
1. Level I - Not required Point Source
three (3) months

1 sample every

1 sample every other other month Communal

2. Level II -
month (required if faucet

treated)

Less than 2 samples Consumer’s

3. Level III 2 samples monthly
5,000 monthly tap
 1 sample per

1 sample per 5,000 5,000

5,000 – population + 2 population + 2 Consumer’s

10,000 additional samples additional tap

monthly samples

monthly

1 sample per 10,000

population + 12

additional samples

monthly

Collection of
Required at
Samples should be
More than least 40% of Consumer’s
spread out within a
10,000 the sampling tap
month
points

Compliance to total

coliform: At least

95% of standard

samples taken in

each month from

 each reservoir and

distribution point is

total coliform

negative, provided

that thermotolerant

coliform is absent

Compliance to

thermotolerant

coliform:

No samples should

positive for

thermotolerant

coliform

4. All buildings Less than

1 sample every other 1 sample every Consumer’s
(i.e. residential, or equal to
month other month tap
commercial, 600

industrial and
More than Consumer’s
institutional 1 sample monthly Once a month
600 tap
buildings)
 5. Food 1 sample every other 1 sample every Consumer’s
-
Establishments month other month tap

6. Ice Plants - Once a month Once a month Product ice

*Refer to Table 1 for specific microbiological point of compliance

Table C-8: Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Mandatory Physical and Chemical

Parameters

Nuber of
Source and Mode of Population Sampling
Samples/Frequency of
Supply Served Location
Sampling

1. Level I (Point Source) - 1 sample per year Point Source

2. Level II - 1 sample per year

49,999 and
3. Level III 1 sample per year Refer to table
below
B-1

50,000 and 1 sample for every 250,000

above population served per year

4. All buildings (i.e. 1 sample per year

residential, commercial, Consumers’
-
and institutional taps

buildings) Parameters to be tested

 5. Food Establishments  Water form main

utilities:

Lead, color, odor,

turbidity, pH, TDS

 With own source of

water:

All mandatory
6. Ice Plants
parameters

 Water form man

utilities and own

source:

Al mandatory

parameters

Table C-9: Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Mandatory Microbiological and

Physico-Chemical Parameters for Oher Modes of Distribution of Drinking Water

Minimum Frequency
Source Parameters
of Sampling

Total Coliform One sample per month

 Thermotolerant
One sample per month
coliform/ E.coli

Water Refilling Station and Heterotophic Plate

One sample per month
Water Vending Machines Count

All mandatory physic-

two samples per year
chemical parameters

Microbiological (total

coliform, E.coli and One sample per month

Mobile Water tank and Bulk
HPC)
Water Suply
All mandatory physic-
One sample per year
chemical

Water Refilling Station, Water

Other parameters One sample per year as
Vending Machines, Mobile
identified by the may be required by the
Water tank and Bulk Water
LDWQMC LDWQMC
Suply

Table C-10: Summary of Sampling Requirements for Inorganic Parameters

Minimum
Mode of Holding
Parameters Container Material Volume of
Preservation time
Sample
 Plastic/Polyethelyne or
1. Add HNO3 to
Glass containers rinsed 100 ml 28 days
Antimony pH<2
with 50% HNO3

Plastic/Polyethelyne or
Add HNO3 to
2. Arsenic Glass containers rinsed 100 ml 28 days
pH<2
with 50% HNO3

Plastic/Polyethelyne or
Add HNO3 to
3. Barium Glass containers rinsed 100 ml 28 days
pH<2
with 50% HNO3

Polyethelyne bottles or

alkali-resistant, boron- Store all

100 ml (fil
free glassware Reagents in
container
4. Boron polyethylene 28 days
completely to
or boron-free
exlude air)
Fill container completely containers
to exclude air

Plastic/Polyethelyne or
Add HNO3 to
5. Cadmium Glass containers rinsed 100 ml 28 days
pH<2
with 50% HNO3
6. Plastic/Polyethelyne or
Add HNO3 to
Chromium Glass containers rinsed 100 ml 28 days
pH<2
(total) with 50% HNO3

Add NaOH to

pH>12,
Dark
7. Cyanide Remove
Polyethelyne/Plastic or 500 ml 28 days
(total) sulphide,
Glass bottle
Refrigerate in

the dark

Preffered:

Polyethelyne bottles

Glass bottles if bottle

8. Flouride 200 ml None required 28 days
does not contain high-

flouride solutions

Polytetraflouroethylene

(PTFE) containers are

not suitable

Add HNO3 to
9. Lead 100 ml 28 days
pH<2
 Acidify

Acidified Polyethelyne sample at the

10. Plastic/Polyethelyne or time of

1L 28 days
Manganese Glass containers rinsed collection with

with 50% HNO3bottle HNO3 to

pH<2

Add HNO3 to

11. Mercury Glass containers rinsed unfiltered

500 ml 28 days
(total) with 50% HNO3 sample to

pH<1

Minimum
Mode of Holding
Parameters Container Material Volume of
Preservation time
Sample

Add K2Cr2O3

12. Nickel Plastic or Glass bottle 500 ml Add HNO3 to 6 months

pH<2

Refrigerate

Plastic/Polyethelyne or 500 ml (unfiltered 24 hours

13. Nitrate
Glass containers sample)

14.
 Filter on site 1 month –

(0.45m consult

Colorimetric cellulose analyst

Plastic/Polyethelyne or
15. Nitrite Method: 50 acetate depending
Glass containers
mL sample membrane on

filter and analytical

freeze) method

Plastic/Polyethelyne or
16. Add HNO3 to
Glass containers rinsed 100 ml 1-2 days
Selenium pH<2
with 50% HNO3

Source APHA 22nd ed., 2007 PNSDW, 2011 ADWG

Table C-11: Summary of Sampling Requirements for Physical and Chemical

Parameters for Acceptability Aspects

Minimum
Container Mode of
Parameters Volume of Holding time
Material Preservation
Sample

 Glass- Keep cool at 6oC Not more than6

1. Taste stoppered 500 ml
hrs
bottles
  TFE lined

enclosures

 Glass-

stoppered Keep cool at 6oC

2. Odor bottles 500 ml 6hrs

 TFE lined

enclosures

 Acid-washed

amber glass Keep cool

3. Color bottles 100 ml 24 hrs
Analyse same day
 Covered

plastic bottles

 polyethylene Keep cool ≤ 4oC

4. Turbidity bottles 100 ml 24 hrs

 Glass bottles

25 ml or a

Acid-rinsed portion
Examine
5. diluted to 25 Examine sample
plastic bottles sample
Aluminum ml (in immediately
immediately
absence of

fluoride and
 complex

phosphates)

100 ml

(maximum

sample
No special
 Plastic bottles portion) or a
6. Chloride preservation is 28 days
 Glass bottles suitable
necesary
portion

diluted to

100 ml

Use 0.5 ml 1 +1

Acidified HCI/100ml

7. Copper polyethylene 1L sample or acidify 28 days

bottle to ph<2 with

HNO3

8. Total Plastic/glass Add HNO3 or

500 ml 7 days
Hardness container H2SO4

Preserve using  2 weeks for

9. Hydrogen
Glass bottle 100 ml zinc acetate refrigerated
Sulfide
solution samples
  1 month for

frozen

samples

Treat with acid at

time of collection

to place the iron

in solution and

10. Iron Plastic bottle 50 ml prevent 28 days

absorption or

deposition on the

walls of the

sample container

Analyse

immediately or

Polyethylene not to exceed 6

11. pH 50 ml None required
bottle hours after

sample

collection

Polyethylene
12. Sodium 1L None required 28 days
bottle

 polyethylene
13. Sulfate 100 ml Keep cool at 4oC 7 days
bottles
  Glass bottles

14. Total
 Resistant-glass
Dissolved 500 ml Keep cool at 4oC 7 days
 Plastic bottles
Solids

 Quartz or TFE

containers

 Polypropylene  Acidify with  6 months

or linear concentrated  5 weeks if

polyethylene nitric acid sample

15. Zinc 50 ml
with a pH<2 contains

polyethylene  Refrigerate at mercury

cap 4oC

 Borosilicate

glass

Source APHA 22nd ed., 2007 PNSDW, 2011 ADWG

APPENDIX
D
DOCUMENTATIONS
 APPENDIX D

Project Photos and Documentations

Preparation of Materials:

Figure: D.1 Cut Slotted Angle Bars Figure: D.2 Knots and Bolts for Angle Bars

Figure: D.3 Corner Plate for stand Figure: D.4: 900w Heater
Figure: D.5: PPR Tubing Figure: D.6: Connectors of PU Tubes

Figure: D.7: Wires Figure: D.8: 30w Solar Panel

 Figure: D.19: 2000w Inverter Figure: D.10 65aH Batteries

Fabrication:

Figure: D.11 Constructing the Body of the System

 Figure: D.12 Attaching Heater to the Pressure Cooker

Figure: D.13: Connecting the Pipe to the Connectors

Figure: D.14: Drilling of the Canister

Figure: D.15 Attaching the Battery Figure: D.16 Attaching PU Tubes to the Canister
Figure: D.17 Drying the Silicone Figure: D.18 Attaching PU Tubes

Figure: D.19 Attaching the Canisters to the System

Figure: D.20 Attaching tubes for Yield and for Cooling

 Figure: D.21 Attaching PU Coil and White Container for Additional Cooling Effect

Gathering of Sample Water:

Figure: D.22: Gathering Sample at Ternate, Cavite

Figure: D.23: Gathering Sample at Anilao, Batangas

Running of the System:

Figure: D.24: Checking for leakage in the connections

Testing of the System’s Yield:

Figure: D.25: Testing the system in terms of the yield

Testing the Efficiency of Salt Water in the System:

Figure: D.26: Salt for Brine Solution Figure: D.27: Boiling of Brine Solution

Figure: D.28: Salt concentration while boiling Figure: D.29: Salt collected after boiling
HI BE. HAHAH

TO BE FOLLOwED NALANG UNG NAKAHIGHLIGHT 

MAYA MAYA RIN. Mag 10 na kasi kaya sinned ko na

hahhaha

UNG MINIMAL EDITS MUNA KASI INUNA KO LOL.

ANG WALA LANG DITO SA FiLE NA TO IS YUMNG

Appendix ng results. Nagnonot responding kais e.

masyado yata Malaki hahaha