ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

The Physiology of Digestive System

LECTURER : Wagiyo, Skp., Mkep., Sp.Kep.Mat.

Arranged by:
11th Group
- Gracia Ayu Christina (P1337420617004)
- Mohamad Fauzan (P1337420617016)

HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH MINISTRY SEMARANG

2017

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 PREFACE

Thanks to Almighty God Who has given bless to the writer for finishing the article “The
Physiology of Digestive System” without any hindrance.

The writer also wish to express the deep and sincere gratitude for Mr. Wagiyo, Skp.,
Mkep., Sp.Kep.Mat. as lecturer who have guided in completing this article.

In writing this article we have tried to introduce the subject of The Physiology of
Digestive System in as simple a form as possible for anatomy and physiology in the Bachelor of
Applied Science in Nursing, Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Semarang.

It is to be hoped that the student will be able to acquire a sound knowledge of the subject,
by using this article as well as from the next. We hope that this article may not only be of value
to the student nurse but to lecturers and other majors.

Hopefully we as a student in the Bachelor of Applied Science in Nursing, Health

Polytechnic of Health Ministry Semarang. Thank you.

Semarang, 28 November 2017

The writer

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 CONTENTS

THE TITLE …………………………………………………………………………………... i

PREFACE …………………………………………………………………………………….. ii

CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………………. .iii

CHAPTER I

I. Definition ……………………………………………………………………………. . 1
II. The Phases ……………………………………………………………………………. 1

III. Gastrointestinal (GIT) tract............................................................................................ 2

- Mouth………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
- Esophagus …………………………………………………………………………….. 2
- Stomach ………………………………………………………………………………. 3
- Small Intestine ………………………………………………………………………... 3
- Large Intestine ………………………………………………………………………... 4
IV. Accessory Organs the Glands ………………………………………………………... 4

CHAPTER II

Conclusion ………………...………………………………………………………......... 6

CHAPTER III

Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………. 7

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 CHAPTER I

Definition

Digestion System

The digestive system is the system which deals with the food we eat. As food pass through
the walls of some organs of the digestive tract into the bloodstream and lymph vessels within the
body. Therefore they are excreted in the form of faeces.

 Phases Include

1. Ingestion  This mean taking food into the alimentary tract.

2. Digestion (Mechanical and Chemical Digestion)  the secretion include saliva

from the salivary glands , gastric juice from the stomach and pancreatic juice from
the pancreas.

3. Absorption  the process by which digested food substance pass through the
walls of some organs of the digestive tract into the bloodstream and lymph
vessels.

4. Elimination  food substances which have been eaten but cannot be absorbed
are excreted from the bowel as faeces.

 Types

1. Mechanical (peristalsis movement)

 Chew (Mastication)

 Tear

 Grind

 Mash

 Mix

2. Chemical

 Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of

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  Carbohydrates

 Proteins

 Lipids

 Gastrointestinal (GIT) tract

1. Tube within a tube

2. Direct link/path between organs

3. Structures

 Mouth

 Pharynx

 Esophagus

 Stomach

 Small intestine

 Large Intestine

 Rectum

Mouth

Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva
(contains amylase, which helps break down starch).

Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea
preventing food from entering it. It is located in the Pharynx.

Esophagus

 Approximately 20 cm long.

 Functions include:

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1. Secrete mucus

2. Moves food from the throat to the stomach using muscle movement called peristalsis

 If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s heartburn.

Stomach

 J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
 Mixes food with Digestive Juices that contain enzymes to break down Proteins and
Lipids.
 Peristaltic action in the stomach consist of a churning movement (causes further
mechanical break-down of the food and mixing of the food with gastric juice).
 Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
 Food found in the stomach is called Chyme.

Small Intestine

 Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long

 Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area.

 The villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for absorption.

 Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.

 Absorbs:

 80% ingested water

 Vitamins

 Minerals

 Carbohydrates

 Proteins

 Lipids

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 Large Intestine

 About 1.5 meters long

 Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb

 Rectum (short term storage which holds feces before it is expelled).

 Functions

 Bacterial digestion

 Ferment carbohydrates

 Absorbs more water

 Concentrate wastes

Accessory Organs The Glands

 Not part of the path of food, but play a critical role.

 Include: Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

Liver

 Directly affects digestion by producing bile

 Bile helps digest fat

 filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol and poisons.

Gall Bladder

 Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine.

 Fatty diets can cause gallstones

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 Pancreas

 Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins

 Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

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 CHAPTER II

CONCLUSION

The digestive system is the system which deals with the food we eat. As food pass through
the walls of some organs of the digestive tract into the bloodstream and lymph vessels within the
body. Therefore they are excreted in the form of faeces.

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 CHAPTER III

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Ross, Janet S., and Wilson, Kathleen J. W. 1963. Foundations of Anatomy and
Physiology. Edinburgh and London: E & S. Livingstone LTD.

 https://www.google.co.id/search?q=system+pencernaan+manusia&client=ms-
android-
lenovo&prmd=ivbn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3r6HC_t7XA
hWBe7wKHXy-CBMQ_AUICygB#imgrc=mvtalvQKk6imzM%3A

 Digestive system

www.swlauriersb.qc.ca