Study of Three Management Philosophies Using

Simulation
Chandra Pushpam#1 and D.Ganpathram Sharma*2
#
First-Third Department, First-Third University
Address, Including Country
1
first.author@first-third.edu
*
Second Company
Address, Including Country
2
second.author@second.com

Abstract— The three well known philosophies of modern pull from market forces rather than being pushed by the
management namely TQM, Lean Manufacturing, Theory of manufacturers. Subsequently the system came to be known
Constraints are presented and compared. Simulation of a by various names like Toyota way, Just in Time manufacturing
simple manufacturing situation using the software ARENA is and more commonly “Lean Manufacturing”
proposed.
Lean Manufacturing was very helpful to improve
Key words: TQM, Lean Manufacturing, Theory of Constraints,
profitability in large organizations which were meant for
Simulation
‘mass production’. However, there are a number of smaller
I. INTRODUCTION industries whose operations are of jobbing nature – to cater to
the needs of larger industries. One off jobs and orders of
To meet the challenges of modern competition, especially
small batches are the basis of survival for these small and
from the Japanese manufacturing industries in the automotive
medium industries. They cannot afford the luxury of a
and other sectors, all industries were forced to adopt special
specialized setup as demanded by lean manufacturing.
measures to improve quality and meet customer requirements.
Initially, Ford was a leader in automobile manufacturing and
Recently, Eliyahu Goldratt, an Israeli scientist proposed a
they adopted the same philosophy to assemble bombers during
manufacturing ideology which is now commonly called as
the second world war. However, when it came to consumer
“Theory of Constraints” or TOC. In this system, which is
requirements in the case of automobiles, Ford could not meet
primarily suitable for small and medium industries, the central
the customer requirements in terms of variety. Japanese
idea is as follows. Every system is constrained by a few
industries produced cars which were both economical and had
resources which limit the output of the system. In a
the variety which the customers expected.
manufacturing facility, the constraint may be a few operating
facilities whose capacity limits the total output of the system.
Management had to do serious rethinking and even went to
A manager who runs the unit needs to concentrate on the
the extent of visiting the industries in Japan. From these the
constraint in order to get the maximum profit from the
following concepts evolved and became the philosophies for
organization. He emphasizes the fact that business units are
management to be used as guidelines.
primarily for making a profit and losing sight of this can occur
due to faulty measurements in the organization –
The first of the management philosophies is based on the
measurements which are used as indicators of the profitability
principles developed by Edward Deming who implemented
of the individual departments.
his ideas at Toyota in Japan. Eventually it came to be
accepted all over the world and is now referred to as “Total
In this paper, the philosophies are explained and compared
Quality Management” or TQM. It is based on the concept of
in some detail. A proposal for simulating a typical facility
“customer satisfaction” but unlike the earlier concepts, each
using the simulation software ARENA is presented and
department became a supplier to other department(s) and in
discussed.
turn also became customer to other departments. TQM aims
.
at obtaining customer satisfaction at all levels. The ISO 9000
standards are devised around this concept of TQM. II. TQM, LEAN AND
TOC
Toyota independently developed a manufacturing system
based on the ideas found in the supermarkets in the west. It A. TQM
developed ideas like Just in Time, waste elimination and “pull Your paper should begin with an abstract, followed by
system” in which products flow through the lines due to the keywords, and then an introduction. At the end, there should
be a conclusion and a list of references. Acknowledgements (if
any) should precede the references.
B. Lean
The maximum length of your paper including figures and
tables should not exceed four pages.
Author details must not show any professional title (e.g.,
Managing Director), academic title (e.g., Dr.), or membership
of any professional organization (e.g., Senior Member IEEE).
TABLE I
FONT SIZES FOR PAPERS

C. TOC Font Appearance (in Time New Roman or Times)

Size Regular Bold Italic
8 Table caption (in Reference item
Small Caps) (partial)
Figure caption
Reference item
9 Author e-mail Abstract Abstract heading
address (in Courier) body (also in Bold)
Cell in a table
10 Level-1 heading (in Level-2 heading,
Small Caps) Level-3 heading,
Paragraph Author affiliation
11 Author name
Figure 1 - The Outline of TOC from (Mabin and 24 Title
Balderstone, 2000)

(Mabin, Victoria J., and Steven J. Balderstone. The F. Symbols

World of the Theory of Constraints. Symbols and acronyms should be defined the first time they
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000.) appear. Use the International System (SI) of units.
Your paper must use an A4 page size: 210 mm (8.27") wide G. Illustrations
and 297 mm (11.69") long. The margins must be set as
Color illustrations and photographs are accepted but we ask
follows:
that you check all figures in your paper both on screen and on
 Top = 19 mm (0.75")
a black-and-white hardcopy. When you check your paper on
 Bottom = 43 mm (1.69") the hardcopy, please ensure that:
 Left = Right = 14.32 mm (0.56")  the colors used in each figure contrast well,
Your paper must be in a two-column format with 4.22 mm
 the image used in each figure is clear, and
(0.17") between columns. All paragraphs must be justified,
 all text labels in each figure are legible.
i.e., both left- and right-justified.
Your illustrations must be numbered, accompanied by
You can use this file, downloadable from our web page at
captions, and inserted in the text near where they are
http://www.ieice.or.jp/emc09, as a template. If you want to use
mentioned. Use the same or similar font sizes in your
the LaTeX format for your paper, you may make the similar
illustrations as in the manuscript. Check also whether the
format by yourself and use it.
smallest lettering, such as subscripts, is still readable.
Figures must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Figure
III. SIMULATION captions must be in 8 pt Regular font. Single-line captions
USING ARENA must be centered whereas multi-line captions must be
justified. Captions with figure numbers must be placed after
their associated figures, as shown in Fig. 1.
D. Text Font of Entire Document
The entire document should be in Times New Roman or
Times font. Type 3 fonts must not be used. Other font types
may be used if needed for special purposes. Recommended
font sizes are shown in Table 1.
E. Title and Author Details
All title and author details must be centered in a single-
column format. Every word in the title must be capitalized,
except for short minor words such as “a”, “an”, “and”, “as”,
“at”, “by”, “for”, “from”, “if”, “in”, “into”, “on”, “or”, “of”,
“the”, “to”, and “with”.

Fig. 1 Example of figure
H. Equations
All equations should be centered and numbered. Enclose
the equation number in parentheses and place it near the right-
hand margin like so,
�B �
Ѵ E=-
�t ��
� (1)
�
D�
Ѵ H=J+
�t�
I. References
The heading of the references section must not be
numbered. All reference items must be in 8 pt font. Number
the reference items consecutively in square brackets (e.g., [1]).
When referring to a reference item, simply use the
reference number, as in [2]. Do not use “Ref. [3]” or
“Reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence, e.g.,
“Reference [3] shows …”. Multiple references are each
numbered with separate brackets (e.g., [2], [3], [4]–[6]).
J. Page Numbers, Headers, and Footers
Page numbers, headers, and footers must not be used.
K. Links and Bookmarks
All hypertext links and section bookmarks will be removed
from papers during processing for publication. If you refer to
an Internet e-mail address or URL in your paper, type out the
address or URL fully in Regular font.
IV. DISCUSSION
The abstract (text) and paper (PDF) should be submitted via
the website for registration and paper submission. The URL
can be easily reached from the EMC’09/Kyoto website:
http://www.ieice.or.jp/emc09.
The submission website will be closed after starting the
review process. Your abstract (text) and paper (PDF) will be
published in the proceedings without any modification.
You should read the paper submission procedure carefully
and obtain an ID. Then, login on the registration top page and
click “Paper and Abstract Submission”.
A. Abstract Submission
You should summarize your paper in less than 200 words
and upload it via the paper submission website. This abstract
must not contain any illustrations, photographs, or equations.
Please confirm whether the characters are correctly displayed
on the web page.
B. Paper Submission
Your paper should be uploaded as an attached PDF file by
December 1, 2008 via our web submission system. You
should prepare the PDF file that can be printed. To maintain
the same layout when viewing or printing your paper at
another machine, check the PDF file with a reader that can
only use English.
To maintain the same look when viewing or printing your
paper at another machine, please ensure to embed all fonts
when creating a PDF file. We recommend using Adobe
Distiller. When generating the file by Adobe Distiller, please
note the following.
 In the Font Job Option Menu, tick ‘Embed ALL Fonts’
 In the Compression Option Menu, all options of
compression and re-sampling of images are switched
off
To check if all fonts are embedded, you can use Acrobat
Reader. (For example, click File -> Document Info -> Fonts)
The PDF file must be less than 2 MB.
C. Copyright Transfer
The copyright of the proceedings is held by the Institute of
Electronics Information Communication Engineers (IEICE).
You must agree to the copyright transfer by selecting “All
authors agree to transfer copyright to IEICE” on our
submission website when you submit the paper.
The detailed information of copyright transfer to IEICE can
be referred from the paper submission website.
D. Primary Author’s Registration
The primary author is an author who takes the
responsibility for the registration of the symposium and he is
independent of the order in the author’s list. The committee
recommends that the primary author holds ID for the paper
and abstract submission. The number of paper submissions
allowed is limited to one per primary author. Each primary
author must complete the registration before May 1, 2009. If
you do not complete the registration, the Program Committee
will remove your paper from the proceedings.
Other authors can register the symposium because the
above limitation is only related the number of paper
submissions per primary author.
V. CONCLUSION
A carefully prepared manuscript that can be accepted
without any modifications will better present your work and
will also spare us unnecessary efforts in editing the
proceedings.
For questions on paper guidelines, please contact the
Technical Paper Sub-committee as indicated on the
conference website.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The heading of the acknowledgments section must not be
numbered.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Sato, “EMC – The past, present and future,” in Proc. Int. Symp. on [3] J. Wang, K. Sasabe, and O. Fujiwara, “A simple method for predicting
Electromagn. Compat., Nagoya, Japan, Sept. 1989, pp. 1-9. common-mode radiation from a cable attached to a conducting
[2] C. R. Paul, “Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility,” New enclosure,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E85-B, no. 7, pp.1360-1367,
York: Wiley-Intersciences, 1992, pp. 402-428. July 2002.