Steel Structural Design

Tension Member
Team Teaching
Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2018/2019
 Tension Members

• Structural members that are subjected to

axial tensile force (truss members, cables in
suspension bridges, bracing for buildings,…).
• Any cross-sectional configuration may be
used, since the only determinant of strength
is the cross-sectional area.
• Circular rods and rolled angle shapes are
commonly used.
 Examples
• truss members,
• cables in suspension and cable stayed
bridges,
• bracing for buildings and bridges
• cable for suspended roof systems
Section Property
 Stress
P
stress in an axially loaded tension member is: f 
A
where P = magnitude of load
A = cross sectional area

The stress in a tension member is uniform

throughout the cross-section except:
1. near the point of application of load, and
2. at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.
 Example :

Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole Area of b – b =
(8 – 2 x 7/8 ) x ½ = 3.12 in2

a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar

Area of a – a = 8 x ½ = 4 in2

The reduced area of section b – b will be subjected to

higher stresses and therefore the higher stresses will be
localized around section b – b.
 Section area with hole :
Fy
T T
Nn Nn

(a) Elas
Elastic tic Stress
stress (b) Yieldstress
Yield stress:
Nominal strength
 Reach Nominal Strength
Steel Stress – Strain Curve

Fu Fy- is the yield

stress and Fu is
Fy
the ultimate
stress
Stress, f

y- is the yield

E

strain and u- is

the ultimate
strain
y u
Strain, 

1. Deformations are caused by the

strain ()
2. Small deformation if  < y
3. Large deformatin if  > y
 Limit states of tension member

A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

(1) Excessive deformation due to the yielding of the gross section

(section a-a)

(2) Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress at the net
section (section b-b) reaches the ultimate stress Fu.

The objective of design is to prevent these failure before reaching

the ultimate loads on the structure.
Nominal Strength: Pn
Pasal D2 SNI Baja 2015
A tension member can fail by reaching one of the two
limiting states: yielding or fracture :
1. Nominal strength in Yielding, Pn  Ag Fy
2. Nominal strength in Fracture Pn  Ae Fu
Where :
Fy = yield stress
Ag = gross area
Ae = effective net area= U An
An = net area
U = efficiency factor
 (Strength Reduction Factor) f
• SRF for yielding, ft = 0.90 fPn = 0.9 Fy Ag

• SRF for fracture failure,

ft = 0.75 fPn = 0.75 Fu Ae
Mechanical Properties of Steel in Indonesia

Ultimate Stress Fu Minimum

Steel Type Yield Stress Fy (Mpa)
(Mpa) Elongation (%)

BJ 34 340 210 22

BJ 37 370 240 20

BJ 41 410 250 18

BJ 50 500 290 16

BJ 55 550 410 13

Mechanical Properties of Steel in America

Steel Type Fu (Ksi) Fy (Ksi)

A36 58 36
A242 63 - 70 42 - 50
A572 65 50
A992 65 50
 Designed Nominal Capacity fPn

• Axial factored loads Pu should meet the

requirement :
Pu < fPn

• Where fPn is designed nominal capacity.

The value is the smallest between the two
limit states yield strength and fracture
strength
Hole diameter
• The usual practice is to drill or punch
standard holes with a diameter 1/16 in. larger
than the fastener diameter.
• To account for possible roughness around
the edges of the hole, AISC requires the
addition of 1/16 in. to the actual hole
diameter.
• Thus :
d hole = d bolt + 1/8 in. or +1/16
d hole = d bolt + 3.2mm
 SNI Pasal B4.3

• d hole = d bolt + 1/16

• D hole = d bolt + 2mm
Net Section Area (An)
• Net section area is determined based on two conditions and the
smallest among them :

1. (Pasal J4.1(b) SNI, An max adalah 0,.85 Ag untuk sambungan

pelat dengan lubang
An < 0.85 Ag

2. An is calculated by deducting gross area with hole area.

 2. Net Section Area (An)
thickness = t

1
Nu u Nu
2 u
3

s
Section 1 – 3 : Ant  Ag  ndt
2
st
Section 1-2-3 : Ant  Ag  ndt  
4u
 Example
• Ag = 5 x ½ = 2.5 in2
• An = (5-2 x ¾) x ½ = 1.75 in2
An of Staggered Bolts Holes
The connecting bolts can be staggered for several reasons:
(1) To get more capacity by increasing the effective net area
(2) To achieve a smaller connection length
(3) To fit the geometry of the tension connection itself

2
st
Ant  Ag  ndt  
4u
 An = wn x t
wn = wg –  d +  s2 / 4g

• wn = net width
• wg = gross width
•  d = sum of the hole diameters

• s (pitch) = spacing of two adjacent holes

(parallel to direction of the load)
• g (gage) = transverse spacing of lines of
bolts
 i a
3 in.
j b

5 in.

5 in.
d
3 in. f

h e

3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in.

 Possible line fracture :
Hole diameter: 1 + 1/8 = 1.125 in.

Line : a-b-d-e
wn = 16.0 – 2 (1.125) = 13.75 in.
Line : a-b-c-d-e
wn = 16.0 – 3 (1.125) + 2 x 32/ (4 x 5)
= 13.52 in.
Line : a-b-c-f-h
wn = 16.0 – 3 (1.125) + 2 x 32/ (4 x 5)
= 13.52 in.
a-b-c-d-e is the smallest net width thus:
An = t wn = 0.75 (13.52) = 10.14 in2
Staggered bolts in angles
• If staggered lines of bolts are present in both legs of an
angle, then the net area is found by first unfolding the
angle to obtain an equivalent plate
• Gage line crossing the heel of the angle should be
reduced by an amount equal to the angle thickness
• g = 2 + 3 – t = 5 – ½ =4.5 inch
• If the thickness of flange and web is different (tf ≠ tw)
g = g + g2 - tw or
Determine design strength of this tension member (using A36 and bolt with
7/8”in diameter)
Line abcdeg :
Determine the smallest net area (bolt diameters ¾” tw =0.550” and
tf = 0.622”)
Effective Net Area (Ae)

• When all elements of the cross section are

not connected ( Ex: only one leg of an angle
is bolted to a gusset plate), shear lag occurs.
• The connected element becomes overloaded
and the unconnected part is not fully
stressed.
• This can be accounted for by using a
reduced, or effective, net area.

29
Examples of Shear Lag

¾ in. diameter bolts

W 8 x 24

3 in. 3 in. 3 in.

Holes in beam flange

 Effective Net Area (Ae)

• For Bolted Connections: Ae = U An

• If all elements of the cross section are

connected, then, U = 1

• If not, use the recommended values of the

reduction factor, U (see next slide)

31
Recommended
U value
for bolt
connections
SNI Baja
2015
Effective Net Area
For welded connections: Ae = U Ag

• For any W-, M-, S-, or tee shape

connected by transverse weld alone:
Ae = area of connected element
 Recommended U value for welded connections

• For a rectangular bar or plate Ae = An

• For plates or bars connected by longitudinal
welds at their ends:
U=1 l > 2w
U=0.87 2w > l > 1.5w
U=0.75 1.5w > l > w
l = length of
the pair of welds > w
w = distance between
the welds
 U = Reduction Factor
x
U  1   
L
 
Where :
An = net area
U = reduction factor due to efficiency
x = the distance from the centroid of the connected area
to the shear plane of the connection
L = length of the connection in the axial load direction
the length between the edge bolt or
the length of welding
 x
U = 1- of bolt connections
L
Example: L = 9 inch
 x
U = 1- of weld connections
L

x = 1.68 inch
L = 5.5 inch
1. Determine Nominal Strength of L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in made from A36 steel (fy
= 36 ksi, Fu=58 ksi) connected to gusset plate with 5/8 in bolts as shown in
figure, where bolt spacing is 3 inch (centre to centre) Ag = 2.86 in2
a x

L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
d b = 5/8 in.
L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
Section a-a
a
Gusset plate
• Effective Net Area Ae
x = jarak titik berat ke pelat sambung,
dari tabel profil x = 1.13 in.
L = panjang sambungan = 2 x 3.0 in. = 6.0 in.
U = 1- x/L = 1- 1.13/6 = 0.8116 in.
• Ae = 0.8116 x 2.579 in2 = 2.093 in2

Yielding design strength :

f Pn = f Ag Fy = 0.9 x 2.86 in2 x 36 ksi = 92.664 kips

Fracture design Strength :

f Pn = f Ae Fu = 0.75 x 2.093 in2 x 58 ksi = 91.045 kips

Design strength = 91.045 kips (net section fracture governs)

2. Welded single angle L 6x 6 x ½ tension member made from A36 (fy = 36
ksi, Fu=58 ksi) steel shown below. Calculate the tension design strength.
Determine design strength of tension member made from A36 steel and
connected with 7/8” bolts.
Line abcdeg :
Block Shear
For some connection configurations, the tension member
can fail due to ‘tear-out’ of material at the connected end
called block shear
(a)
(a)

TT

Shear failure

(b)
(b)
Tension failure

TT

Shear
Shearfailure
failure
(c)
(c)
 Shear failure

Failure mode
Tension failure
(a) Shear yield and tension fracture: if Fu Ant > 0.6 Fu Anv

fRn  f[0,60Fy Agv  Fu Ant ] f  0,75

(b) Shear fracture and tension yield: if Fu Ant < 0.6 Fu Anv

fRn  f[0,60Fu Anv  Fy Agt ]

SNI Baja 2002
Upper Limit :
the block shear strength can not exceed the
maximum strength :

f[0,60Fu Anv  Fu Ant ]

 AISC 2010 & SNI Baja 2015

Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant < upper limit

fRn -- f 0.75
Upper limit : 0.75 (0.6 Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant)
Ubs = 1 if tensile stress is uniform
(angle, gusset plates and most
coped beams)
Ubs = 0.5 if tension stress non uniform
(coped beams with two lines of bolts or
With nonstandard distance from bolts to end
of beam)
 a x

L 4 x 4ax 3/ 8
2 .0 d b = 5/8 in. L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
.0 3 .0
1 .5 3
a
Gusset plate

L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
2 .0 d b = 5/8 in.
Assuming block shear failure : .0 3 .0
1 .5 3
a
Gusset plate
 Agt = gross tension area = 2.0 x 3/8 = 0.75 in2
Ant = net tension area = 0.75–0.5 x (5/8+1/8)x3/8
= 0.609 in2
L 4 x 4area
Agv = gross shear x 3/ 8 = (3.0 + 3.0 +1.5) x 3/8
2 .0 d b = 5/8 in. = 2.813 in2
3 .0 3 .0 Anv = net shear area = 2.813–2.5 x (5/8 + 1/8) x 3/8
1 .5
a = 2.109 in2
0.6 Fu Anv = 0.6 x 58 x 2.109 = 73.393 kips
Gusset plate
0.6 Fy Agv = 0.6 x 36 x 2.813 = 60.76 kips
Fu Ant = 58 x 0.609 = 35.32 kips

f Rn = 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anv + Fu Ant )

f Rn = 0.75 (73.393 + 35.32) = 81.52 kips

Cek upper limit : f[0,60 Fy Agv  Fu Ant ]

f Rn = 0.75 (60.76+35.32) = 72.06 kips
– Block shear strength : 72.06 kips
– Yielding strength : 92.664 kips
– Fracture strength : 91.045 kips
– Nominal Design Capacity : 72.06 kips
Determine block shear strength of gusset plate with 1/2inch
(12mm) in thickness welded to canal C6x10.5.
Section properties of C6x10.5 : A=1993.5mm2 Bf=50.8mm
tf=12.83mm tw=7.94mm
 2. Determine the design tension strength for a
single channel C15 x 50 (Ag=14.7 in2
gusset plate
tw=0.716in) connected to a 0.5 in. thick gusset
plate with 3/4 in. diameter bolts. The plate is
made from steel with Fy=50 ksi dan Fu= 65 ksi.
(x = 0.798in)

3 @ 3” = 9” T
center-to-center

Yielding Strength :
C15 x 50
fPn  0.9 * 50 *14.7  662 kips
1.5” 3” 3”

Fracture Strength:
7
An  Ag  nd e t  14.7  4 0.716  12.19in 2
8
 x  0.798 
Ae  UAn  1   An  1   *12.19  10.57in
2

 L  6 
fPn  0.75 * 65 *10.57  515kips
Block Shear area
  7    7 
Anv  2 *  7.5  2.5 *  * 0.716  7.61 Ant  9  3  * 0.716  4.5645
  8    8 
0.6Fu Anv  0.6 * 65 * 7.61  296.6925

Fu Ant  65 * 4.645  296.69

0.6Fy Agv  0.6 * 50 * 2* 7.5* 0.716  322.2kips

Block Shear Strength fRn  f[0,60Fu Anv  Fu Ant ]  445kips

Upper Limit : fRn  f 0.6Fy Agv  Fu Ant   0.75322.2  296.69  464kips

• Yield strength = 662 kips

• Fracture strength = 515kips
• Block Shear = 445kips
• Design Strength = 445kips
Slenderness
• If the axial load in a slender tension member
is removed and small transverse loads are
applied, undesirable vibrations or deflections
may occur.

• Thus AISC recommends:

r > L/300 ( not for cables or rods)
Slenderness Ratio L/r
Stiffness limitation to prevent :
• Deformation due to self weight
• Vibration due to wind load or machine movement

where :
r = minimum radius of gyration of the cross section
L = length of the member.

• Maximum value of L/r

Primary member : 240
secondary member : 300
 Design of Tension Member
• Pemilihan tipe profil yang dipilih
dipengaruhi oleh jenis connector
• Baut : Profil siku, kanal, WF
• Las : Plat, kanal, T
 Pertimbangan dalam disain
1. Berdasarkan max slenderness Ratio = 300
To ensure the member has stiffness
to prevent lateral deflection or vibration
L/rmin = 300
rmin = L/300

2. Berdasarkan Yield Strength

Ag min = Py /0.9
 Pertimbangan dalam disain
3. Berdasarkan Fracture Strength
Ae min = Pf /0.75 Ae = U An
An min = Pf /( 0.75 * U)
Ag min = min An + estimated area holes
Ag min = Pf /( 0.75 * U) + Ah

Dari butir 2 dan 3 pilih Ag min terbesar

Contoh
Contoh 2
Pilihlah profil yang paling ekonomis dari daftar profil siku yang tersedia untuk batang
Tarik sepanjang 2.75m untuk menahan beban mati 135kN dan beban hidup sebesar
180kN. Batang Tarik ini tersambung hanya pada salah satu sisi dengan menggunakan
baut 22mm (kira-kira 4 baut dalam 1 baris) dengan jarak spasi antar baut 75mm
(center to center). Gunakan BJ 37 dengan Fy=240MPa dan Fu=345MPa.
Area r minimum
Angle Profile
(mm2) (mm)
150x150x8 2367.74 30.23
150x90x9.5 2219.35 19.38
100x100x11 2129.03 19.74
130X80X11 2135.48 16.36
100X90x13 2258.06 18.19
100x80x16 2574.19 16.03

Pu = 1.2 PDL + 1.6 PLL

= 1.2 * 135 + 1.6 * 180
= 450 kN
Threaded Rods and Cables
• When slenderness is not a consideration, circular
rods and cables are often used (hangers, suspended
bridges).

• Rods are solid and cables are made from individual

strands wound together.
Threaded Rods and Cables
Threaded Rods and Cables

• ft Pn = 0.75 (0.75 Ab Fu)

Ab = nominal (unthreaded) area

It is common to use a min diameter of
5/8 in. for rods.
Sag Rods

• Sag rods are used to provide lateral

support for the purlins (to prevent sag in
direction parallel to a sloping roof due to
vertical applied loads).