Chemistry

It is the study of composition & structure of matter and changes (chemical Reactions)
that occur in matter.
Example:
1. Wood burns → Smoke. Heat
2. Iron Rusting →
A chemistry of mathematics
We know everything is made of elements which are made of some specific types of
atoms.
There is a periodic table
Atom
It is the smallest elemental unit in a sample of matter
Examples:
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Carbon (C)
Iron (Fe)
Sodium (NA)
Chlorine (Cl)

Molecule:
A larger unit in which two or more atoms are joined together makes a molecule.
Example”
H2O-Hydrogen dioxide (two Hydrogen and One Oxygen Atom)
CO2- Carbon Dioxide (One carbon atom and two Oxygen Atoms)
CO-carbon Mono Oxide (One carbon and One Oxygen)
O2- Oxygen (Two atoms of Oxygen)

Chemical Reaction:
A chemical reaction takes place when Matter undergoes a change in composition and/or a
structure of its molecules.
Vinegar; these electrons begins to be shared, elements begins to be joined and new
products are made.
For example: when Iron and Oxygen reacts it makes rust.

Elements:
Elements are same as atom.
For example: O, N, NA, Ar.

Compound:
What is the difference between molecule and a compound?
A compound is a molecule made up of two different elements.
CO2 → Compound, Molecule
H2O → Compound, Molecule
O2 → Not a compound but it is a molecule
Mixture:
When two substances are mixed together and there is no chemical reaction, make a
mixture.
For example:
Bucket of water with Sand; it doesn’t reacts and are not chemically combined

Homogeneous mixture:
A mixture that has the same composition everywhere is called a homogeneous mixture.
When salt dissolved in water, the sale is not combining with water and no new product is
formed. It is mixed the same every where.

Heterogeneous Mixture:
Hetero means different, the mixture varies in composition from place to place makes a
heterogeneous mixture.
For example;
Sand and water
Rocks in Dirt.

Object:
A material thing than can be seen or touched.

Matter:
Matter is everything around us. Any thing that has mass and takes up space is defined as
Matter. Or the amount of stuff in an object is called Matter.

Chapters;
1. Experimental chemistry
a. Measuring Apparatus for Mass, Volume, time & temperature
b. Measuring units
c. Suitable apparatus for accurate measurement
d. Apparatus for collecting for a particular Gas
e. Deduce that a chemical reaction can be followed by either collecting a gas
or recording a loss of mass as the gas escapes
2. Particles of matters
a. Different states of matter
b. Evidence of particles movement of gas and liquids
c. Every day effects of diffusion in terms of particulars like spread of
perfumes.
d. State the effect of molecular mass and temperature on the rate of diffusion
e. Explain the inter conversion of the three states in terms of the kinetic
particles theory
f. Explain the energy changes involved in changing of state.
3. Methods of purification.
a. Understand the difference between pure substances and mixtures
b. State the effects of impurities on melting and boiling points
 c. Methods of purification using solvent, filtration, evaporations,
crystallization and distillation, simple and fractional
d. Suitable methods of purification, information about the substance involved
e. Paper, chromatography, and interpret chromatograms including
comparisons with Known samples and the use RF values.
f. Explain the need to use locating agents in the chromatography of colorless
compounds
g. Deduce from the given melting and boiling points, the identities of
substances and their purity
h. Explain the measurement of purity in substances used in everyday life like
drugs and food stuff is very important.
4. Structure of the Atom
a. State the relative charges and appropriate relative masses of a proton,
neutron and electron
b. Structure of an atom through diagram as containing protons, neutrons,
nucleons in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy level)
c. Define proton, atomic number Z and nucleon mass number a of an
element
d. Define Isotopes’
e. Define relative atomic mass , AR of an element
f. Deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons, in the atom of an
element, given the proton and nucleon number of the element, e.g., 12 6 C
g. State that the vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are called
grubs of elements and contain the same number of electron and their
outermost shell ( Valence electron)
h. State that the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called
periods of elements and that the periods number indicates the number of
electron shells.
5. Elements, Compounds & mixtures
a. Define an atom and a molecule
b. Define elements, compounds and mixtures
c. List the differences between and compounds
6. Bonding and structure
a. Describe the formation of Ions by electron loss/gain in order to obtain the
electron configuration of an, inter gas
b. Describe the formation of ionic bonds between metals and nonmetals,
example NaCl, CaCl2 and Potassium Oxide (K2O)
c. State that ionic materials contains a joint lattice in which the ions are held
together by electrostatic attraction, example sodium chloride lattice.
d. Deduce the formula of an ionic binary compound from a diagram of its
lattice structure.
e. Describer the formation of covalent bond by the sharing of a pair of
electrons in order to gain the electron configuration of inert gas
f. Describe using dot & cross diagram the formation of covalent bonds
between nonmetallic elements, example H2, O2, H2O, CH4 and CO2
 g. Compare the structure of molecular substances and macro molecular
substances like diamonds and graphite.
h. Describe metals as lattice of positive Ions in a sea of electrons.
i. Relate the electrical conductivity of metals to the mobility of electrons in
the structure
j. Predict the physical properties (including electrical properties) of ionic
compounds and relate these properties to their structure and bonding
k. Predict the physical properties of covalent compounds and relate these
properties to their structure and bonding
7. Chemical Formulae and equations.
8. The Mole