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Bio 158 Handouts for the Different Types of Tissues

A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION SUBTYPE LOCATION


Simple Epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layer of flattened, tightly Diffusion and filtration Endothelium (blood and Capillary walls, lymphatic
bound cells lymphatic vessels) vessels, alveoli of lungs,
covering visceral organs, linings
Mesothelium (body cavities) of body cavities
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Single layer of cube-shaped ells Excretion, secretion or absorption Germinal epithelium (ovaries) Linings of renal tubules
(Proximal convoluted tubule with
microvilli and in the distal
convoluted tubule without
microvilli), thyroid follicles, ,
ovaries, rete testis, salivary and
pancreatic ducts, surface of
ovaries, ejaculatory duct,
bulbourethral glands
Simple Columnar Epithelium Single layer of non-ciliated, tall, Protection, secretion and Gastric epithelium (Stomach) Lining of most gastrointestinal
columnar-shaped cells absorption tract, cervix (endocervix)
Intestinal Epithelium (small and
large intestine
Simple Ciliated Columnar Single layer of ciliated, tall, Transportive role through ciliary Lining of the lumen of the uterine
Epithelium columnar-shaped cells motion tubes/ fallopian tubes/ oviduct
Pseudostratified Columnar Membranous urethra and penile
Epithelium urethra, epididymis
(pseudostratified columnar with
stereocilia), vas deferns
Pseudostratified Ciliated Single layer of ciliated, Protection, secretion, ciliary Respiratory epithelium (larynx Lining of respiratory passages
Columnar Epithelium irregularly shaped cells with movement and trachea)
many goblet cells
Olfactory epithelium (nose)
Stratified Epithelia *its protection is enhanced by a characteristic rapid mitotic activity
Stratified Squamous Epithelium Numerous layers containing Protection Epidermis of skin, attached
(keratinized) keratin, outer layers flattened and gingival, dorsum of tongue, hard
dead palate, labia majora and urinary
meatus
Stratified Squamous Epithelium Numerous layers lacking keratin, Protection and pliability Corneal epithelium (cornea) Linings of oral (esophagus) and
(non-keratinized) outer layers moistened and alive nasal cavities, cervix
(ectocervix), vagina, anal canal
and cornea
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Usually two layers of cube- Strengthening of luminal walls Larger ducts of sweat glands and
shaped pancreas
Stratified Columnar Epithelium The basal cells typically appear Protection Part of male urethra, vas
(Rare) more cuboidal and the apical cells deferens, parts of the pharynx,
more columnar conjunctiva and large ducts of
salivary glands
Transitional Epithelium Numerous layers of rounded, Distension Urothelium (renal pelvis, ureter, Luminal walls of the urinry
non-keratinized cells; urina, prostatic urethra) bladder bladder, uretersand the upper part
characterized by a surface layer of the urethra
of domelike cells that is neither
squamous nor columnar. The
form of the cells changes
according to the degree of
distention of the bladder

B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION


Connective Tissue Proper
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue Predominantly fibroblast cells with lesser Binds organs, holds tissue fluids Surrounding nerves and vessels, between
amounts of collagen and elastin proteins muscles, beneath the skin
Dense (White Fibrous) Regular Densely packed collagenous fibers lying Provides strong, flexible support (attached Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
Connective Tissue parallel to the direction of force muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches
bones to bones)
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Densely packed collagenous fibers Provides tensile strength in any direction Dermis of skin, fibrous capsules of organs
arranged in a tight interwoven pattern and joints
Elastic Connective Tissue Predominantly irregularly arranged elastic Supports, provides framework Large arteries, lower respiratory tract,
fibers between the arches of vertebrae
Reticular Connective Tissue Reticular fibers forming supportive Stores, performs phagocytic function Lymph nodes, liver, spleen, thymus, bone
network marrow
Adipose Connective Tissue Adipose cells Provides padding and cushions shock, Hypodermis of skin, surface of heart,
stores fat, insulates (reduces heat loss) omentum, around kidneys, back of eyeball,
surrounding joints
Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Homogeneous matrix with extremely fine Provides flexible support, protects, is Articular surface of bones, nose, walls of
collagenous fibers precursor to bone respiratory passages, fetal skeleton
Fibrocartilage Abundant collagenous fibers within matrix Supports, withstand compression Symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs,
knee joint
Elastic Cartilage Abundant elastic fibers within matrix Supports, provides flexibility Framework of outer ear, auditory canal,
portions of larynx
Bone Tissue * protects vital organs such as those in the cranial and thoracic cavities, and harbors the bone marrow, where blood cells are formed.
Compact (Cortical) Bone Tissue Arranged in osteons, lamellae are formed Supports and protects, provides levers for Hard part of the bone
in periphery and between osteons, central the muscles to act on; stores calcium and
canals connected to each other by other minerals and fats
perforating canals. Contains many
collagenous fibers
Spongy (Cancellous/ trabecular) Bone No osteons, arranged in trabeculae, Supports red bone marrow, site for blood Short, flat and irregular bones; inside of
Tissue cell formation the bone
TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION MAIN PRODUCT
Blood *Liquid portion (Plasma) makes up 55% of the blood and 45% formed elements
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) Biconcave shape (provides erythrocytes Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport Hemoglobin
with a large surface-to-volume ratio, thus
facilitating gas exchange)
Monocyte Diameters varying from 12 to 20 um. The Generation of mononuclear-phagocyte Granules with lysosomal enzymes
nucleus is oval, horseshoe, or kidney system cells in tissues; phagocytosis and
shaped and is generally eccentrically digestion of protozoa and virus and
placed; The chromatin is less condensed senescent cells
than that in lymphocytes. Because of their
delicate chromatin distribution, the nuclei
of monocytes stain lighter than do those of
large lymphocytes. The cytoplasm of the
monocyte is basophilic and frequently
contains very fine azurophilic granules
(lysosomes), some of which are at the limit
of the light microscope's resolution. These
granules are distributed through the
cytoplasm, giving it a bluish-gray color in
stained smears.
Lymphocyte With diameters of 6–8 um are known as Generation of antibody-producing terminal Immunoglobulins; Substances that kill
small lymphocytes. A small number of cells (plasma cells); Killing of virus- cells. Substances that control the activity
medium-sized lymphocytes and large infected cells of other leukocytes (interleukins)
lymphocytes with diameters up to 18 um
are present in the circulating blood;
nucleus of this cell is round, and the
cytoplasm is devoid of specific granules.
The cytoplasm of the small lymphocyte is
scanty, and in blood smears it appears as a
thin rim around the nucleus. It is slightly
basophilic, assuming a light blue color in
stained smears. It may contain a few
azurophilic granules.
Neutrophil A nucleus consisting of two to five Pagocytosis of bacteria Specific granules and modified lysosomes
(usually three) lobes linked by fine threads (azurophilic granules)
of chromatin; 12–15 um in diameter
Eosinophil About the same size as a neutrophil and Defense against parasitic helminths; Specific granules, pharmacologically
contains a characteristic bilobed nucleus. modulation of inflammatory processes active substances
The main identifying characteristic is the
presence of many large and elongated
refractile specific granules (about 200 per
cell) that are stained by eosin.
Basophil Nucleus is divided into irregular lobes, but Release of histamine and other Specific granules containing histamine and
the overlying specific granules usually inflammation mediators heparin
obscure the division; 12–15 um in
diameter; stain metachromatically (change
the color of the stain used) with the basic
dye of the usual blood stains; Specific
granules in basophils are fewer and more
irregular in size and shape than the
granules of the other granulocytes
Platelets Nonnucleated, disklike cell fragments 2–4 Clotting of blood Blood clotting factors
um in diameter. Platelets originate from
the fragmentation of giant polyploid
megakaryocytes. In stained blood smears,
platelets often appear in clumps. Each
platelet has a peripheral light blue-stained
transparent zone, the hyalomere, and a
central zone containing purple granules,
called the granulomere.

C. MUSCLE TISSUE

Skeletal Muscle Tissue (Striated Multinucleated, striated, cylindrical fiber Voluntary movement of skeletal parts Associated with skeleton, spans joints of
Voluntary) that occurs in fascicule skeleton via tendons
Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Striated Branched, striated fiber with single Involuntary rhythmic contraction Heart muscle
Involuntary) nucleus and intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle Tissue (Unstriated Elongated, spindle-shaped fiber with Involuntary movements of internal organs Walls of hollow internal organs
Involuntary) single nucleus

D. NERVOUS TISSUE

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION


Two Cell Types
Nerve cells (Neurons) Usually show numerous long processes; Neurons and Responsible for the reception, transmission, and
their processes are extremely variable in size and shape processing of stimuli; the triggering of certain cell
activities; and the release of neurotransmitters and other
informational molecules.
Consist of three parts:
Axon
Dendrites Are multiple elongated processes Specialized in receiving stimuli from the environment,
sensory epithelial cells, or other neurons
Cell body (Perikaryon) The trophic center for the whole nerve cell; Cell bodies Receptive to stimuli
can be spherical, ovoid, or angular; some are very large,
measuring up to 150 um in diameter—large enough to be
visible to the naked eye. Other nerve cells are among the
smallest cells in the body; for example, the cell bodies of
granule cells of the cerebellum are only 4–5 um in
diameter.
Glial cells Have short processes; 10 times more abundant in the Support and protect neurons, and participate in neural
mammalian brain than neurons; they surround both cell activity, neural nutrition, and the defense processes of the
bodies and their axonal and dendritic processes that central nervous system.
occupy the interneuronal spaces.
Glial Cell Type: LOCATION
Oligodendrocyte Central nervous system Myelin production, electric insulation
Schwann cell Peripheral nerves Myelin production, electric insulation
Astrocyte Central nervous system Structural support, repair processes; Blood–brain barrier,
metabolic exchanges
Ependymal cell Central nervous system Lining cavities of central nervous system
Microglia Central nervous system Macrophagic activity

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