ABSTRACT

Self- Compacting Concrete is a special type of concrete that is able to flow and compact
under its own weight and can occupy all the spaces in the form without any vibration and
at the same time it is cohesive enough to be handled without bleeding or segregation. In
recent years, self-compacting concrete has been gaining wide range of application for
placement in congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. For
such applications, the fresh concrete must possess high fluidity and good cohesiveness. The
use of additive materials such as industrial wastes as mineral admixtures can ensure the
required concrete properties.
The initial experimental study aims at producing and evaluating SCC for ternary and
quaternary blends incorporating fly ash, GGBS, sugarcane bagasse ash and alccofine as
partial replacement of cement. Twelve number of SCC mixtures were investigated in this
study. The self-compacting mixes have cement replacement with different percentages of
mineral admixtures while keeping cement quantity fixed for 350kg/m3.The tests such as
slump flow test, V funnel test, T500 slump flow test, J ring test and V5min test were carried
on fresh properties of SCC mixes to check the prerequisites mentioned in EFNARC, the
mechanical properties of hardened concretes such as compressive strength, split tensile
strength and durability tests such as alkali attack test and sulphate attack test were also
carried on all the mixes. Incorporating these mineral admixtures resulted in producing
economical concrete and the workability requirements of SCC were satisfied, the strength
obtained was maximum when alccofine and GBBS were added in the concrete.
.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Concrete is the widely used material in any type of construction work. Concrete is
a composite material which incorporates cement and cementitious materials, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates, water and sometimes chemical admixtures. Concrete is
usually designed for certain strength. Compaction is one of the important criteria for a
concrete to reach its potential design strength.

Compaction is a process in which the air entrapped in the fresh concrete is expelled out
thus increasing the concrete density by packing the aggregate particles together.
Compaction enhances the bond with the reinforcement and increases the strength of
concrete. Conventional compaction process is usually done through external force usually
using machines and vibrators. Proper compaction difficult to be achieved in the structures
having congested reinforcements, scarcity of labours is also one of the problems for
compaction in construction sites. In the underwater construction, concrete is required to be
in its fresh state, which can be placed without compaction because in such circumstances
compaction or vibration is clearly impossible. To overcome these problems a special
concrete known as self compacting concrete (SCC) was introduced [1].

Self compacting concrete was first introduced in Japan in the view of a formative work at
the University of Tokyo [2]. The main focus was to eliminate the need of compaction by any
means, which led to the development of SCC by the researchers to counterbalance a
developing lack of labours. The idea of Self compacting concrete was proposed by
Okamura[1] in 1986. It is a high fluidic blend that can totally fill and compact under its own
weight. No vibration or compaction is required for this type of concrete. SCC has been
pretty much globalized over the most recent years and is picking up significance all around
the world.
 1.2 Self compacting concrete
Self compacting concrete is a type of concrete which does not need any type of
external compaction, as it is designed in such a way that it gets compacted by its own
weight. The property of the self compacting concrete is such that it allows the flow of
concrete through congested reinforcement and also fills every corner of the formwork
undergoing compaction on its own.
Self compacting concrete is also known as super workable concrete because of its high
flowability and self leveling property.
To accomplish SCC, the concrete must be extremely fluid and stable i.e., the self
compacting concrete blend must stay homogenous throughout the whole procedure from
plant to workplace without any segregation and bleeding.
Self compacting concrete contains large quantity of powdery materials. It requires hyper-
plasticizer to ensure flow and fluidity of the mix. Admixtures such as viscosity modifying
admixtures & high range water reducing admixtures (HRWR) are used in SCC to reduce
the yield stress.
SCC offers many advantages over conventional concrete. This includes:
 Reduction in manpower.
 Provides better working environment by eliminating the vibration noise.
 Reduces construction time.
 Improved durability and better structural performance.
 Extremely suitable for complicated and thinner concrete sections.
 Easier placing and better surface finish.
 Bleeding and segregation problems are almost nil.
 SCC resists segregation problems and also there will be no honeycombing.
 1.3 Need for the study
As self compacting concrete is not widely used even with its wide range of advantages
which includes reduction in labour, reduction of noise and also increase in pace of
construction. SCC is not widely used in India due to insufficient data and information.
As per EFNARC guidelines for mix design of SCC, the main difference in the design of
conventional concrete and SCC is the addition of mineral admixture.
As SCC contains large amount of cement content and thus to reduce heat of hydration
and to have economical concrete, it is necessary to replace cement with mineral admixtures
such as industrial wastes. SCC can replace cement with mineral admixtures for more than
200kg/m3 Hence the study includes replacement of cement with various industrial wastes
like Ground granulated blast furnace slag i.e., GGBS, Fly ash, Alcse and Sugarcane
baggasse ash.

1.4 Production of SCC

SCC is a type of concrete which can be produced by using a combination of several
mixes which have same characteristics. The three main aspects of SCC to be full-filled are

Filling ability: SCC should be able to fill the entire formwork and congested
reinforcement by maintaining its homogeneity in directions both horizontal and vertical.

Passing ability: SCC should maintain its ability to flow and pass through congested areas
of formwork and reinforcement.

Resistance to segregation: SCC should maintain its homogeneity throughout

transportation and casting. Its stability refers to resistance to bleeding and segregation.
1.5 Mix design methods in production of SCC
Table 1.1 Mix design methods

Classification Authors Year Main features

Okamura, and 1995 First the coarse and fine aggregates are fixed and
Ozawa then water cement raio is adjusted to obtain self
compactibility.

Edamasa, 2003 Here mortar is used to check the flow and then
Sugamata volume of fine aggregate and coarse aggregates are
Empirical and Ouhi, adjusted.
design
Method Domone 2009 Here trial mixes are carried out to prove that the
estimated mix proportions are correct

Girish 2009 Based on the volumetric proportion method by

fixing volume of paste and water-cement ratio.

Ghazi, and Al 2010 ACI 211.1 is used in the mix design proportion of
Compressive Jadiri concrete and then European codes are used for
strength testing.
method

Dinakar Sethy 2013 GGBS is used in the production of SCC based on

Sahoo the requirements of strength.
1.6 Mechanism of Self-Compacting Concrete
The major difference between conventional concrete and SCC is that there is a
presence of thin layer of paste between aggregates. The friction is reduced due to the
presence of this thin layer of paste which also helps in excellent workability. When
other fillers such as mineral admixtures are added to SCC, this friction is reduced during
flow of concrete. The grain diameter of the filler particles will be same as cement. The
presence of the thin lubrication allows the grains to move easily and roll over each other
making the concrete very flowable. The strength is high due to the dense grain packing.
Generally SCC has less coarse aggregates and more fine aggregates.

Fig. 1.1 Constituents of normal and self-compacting concrete

2 CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 General
In this chapter reviews have been made on few papers of past and recent researches
which were carried on self compacting concrete with cement replacement using
different mineral admixtures.

Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin and Kok Yung Chang 2014[3]: This investigation included
production of SCC using various materials used as partial replacement for cement.
Rice husk, fly ash and silica fume were used, where they replaced for about 20% for
weight of cement. The workability tests were carried out i.e. slump flow, L-box, V
funnel test were carried out with different replacement. Results showed that
replacement of cement with 10% fly ash and 10% rice husk ash gave the highest
compressive strength which was 34 MPa for 28 days.

Nabil Bouzouba 2011[4]: This paper includes the study of SCC incorporated with fly
ash. A total of 9 mixes were investigated. Cement content was fixed to 400 kg/m3 with
water cement ratio varying from 0.35 to 0.45. Class F fly ash was used where cement
was varied for about 40%, 50% and 60% to produce self compacting concrete. The
compressive strength after 28 days curing ranged from 26MPa to 48MPa. Results
showed that an economical self compacting can be produced when high volume of
class F fly ash is incorporated.

M. Mastali and A. Dalvand 2016[5]: This paper pointed the examination of the
impacts of bond with silica fume as admixture in the self compacting concrete with
reused steel fiber as reinforcement and furthermore the mechanical properties were
investigated. A total of 144 samples with various fiber volume parts, for 0.25% , 0.5%
, and 0.75% were prepared. Mechanical properties of the samples were tested i.e.
compression strength, flexural strength, split tensile,. Incorporating silica fumes in
SCC increased the flow period. Silica content when ranged from 7 to 14% gave the
highest flow period. The SCC incorporated with fiber for 0.75% had 25% increase in
flow time. The maximum compressive strength was achieved when silica fumes was
14% and steel fibers 0.75%.

Rahmat Madandoust and S. Yasin Mousavi 2012[6]: The hardened and fresh
properties of SCC were studied in this paper in which cement was partially replaced
with metakaolin. 15 mixes were designed in which metakaolin was varied from 0 to
20% by weight with three different water cement ratios of 0.45, 0.38 and 0.32.The
results revealed that the workability was normally maintained for about 60min of the
hauling time for SCC that had metakaolin of 15%. The addition of metakaolin
increased the strength of SCC upto 27% for 14 days.

O.R. Kavitha , V.M. Shanthi , G. Prince Arulraj and P. Sivakumar 2015[7]: This
paper contains the investigation of effects on fresh and hardened properties of concrete
when metakaolin was incorporated. 500 kg/m3 of cement content was fixed and
metakaolin was replaced with remaining cement content for 5% to 15% by weight. It
was found that the optimum content of metakaolin was 10% as the compressive
strength was maximum for the optimum content and the split tensile strength was also
maximum for 10% replacement.

Mostafa Jalal , Alireza Pouladkhan , Omid Fasihi Harandi and Davoud Jafari
2015[8]: This paper represented the effects of few admixtures i.e. silica nanoparticles,
Class F fly ash and silica fume on properties of (HPSCC) high performance self
compacting concrete. Compressive strength of concrete was observed to be increased
with increase in silica fume content. The compressive strength was 72MPa in the mix
which had 2% nano silica. The compressive strength also increased as there was
decrease in the fly ash and with increase of cement content.

T.Adhavanathan1 and V. Vinoth 2015[9]: This paper included investigation of

flexural strength, compressive and, split tensile strength of concrete with various
replacements of cement. The M30 grade concrete was designed. Fly Ash of 40% was
replaced for cement and strength properties were checked. Here 30% replacement of
fine aggregates with copper slag and 40% replacement of cement with fly ash showed
increase in the compressive strength of concrete mixtures. Split tensile strength
obtained was 5% to 12% higher when compared to direct tensile strength.

Mallesh M, Shwetha G C, Reena K and Madhukaran 2015[10]: In this paper,

experimental study was carried out on M30 grade self compacting concrete to obtain
target compressive strength and also durability requirements. Mixes were developed
by using Auromix-400 as super plasticizer, fly ash as a filler and OPC grade 43 for
Nan-Su coefficient of 11, with w/c ratio of 0.5 and super plasticizer dosage fixed for
0.8% the strength obtained was 39.56 MPa. As the Nan-Su co-efficient went on
increasing the cement content per m3 also increased thus the strength also got
enhanced, where as filler material per meter cube got decreased. Since, the filler
material does not participate in the strength. Thus it can be concluded that as the filler
material decreases, strength gets increased.

B.H.V. Pai, M Nandy, Krishnamurthy 2014 [11]: In this paper Silica fumes and
Granulated Blast furnace Slag were used in production of SCC. The results showed
that Nan Su et al. method can be adopted in designing SCC when these industrial by-
products are used as fillers. The SCC designed using GGBS has good Split tensile
strength, flexural Strength and compressive strength when compared to the concrete
having silica fume. Concrete strength was decreased due to high silica fume content
which was about 50.19%.

Morteza H. Beigi , Javad Berenjian and Omid Lotfi Omran 2013[12]: In this paper
a total of 40 concrete mixes were designed for varying content of nano silica of 0, 2
and so on upto 6 % by the weight of cement. Reinforcing fibers including steel,
polypropylenes were used. Where steel for 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% by volume and
polypropylene of 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2 % and glass 0.15%, 0.2% and 0.3% were also
evaluated. Results showed that the mechanical properties such as tensile strength ,
compressive, and flexure strength initially increased with the increase of nano silica
up to 4% by weight and then went on decreasing. The increase in strength is due to
pozzolanic reactions of nano silica while high specific surface of nano particle
decreases strength. Increase of 4% weight of nano silica was considered to as optimal
for the experiment.

Asha Deepthi, Deva1, Gopala Krishna Sastry. K. V. S 2015[13]: This paper

included the production of M30 grade SCC using both normally vibrated and self
compacted .where in normally vibrated concrete was designed according to IS code
and self compacting concrete according to Nan Su method. Self compacting concrete
was developed both with and without mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica
fume for different percentage like 10%, 20%, also 30% by using viscosity modifying
agent and super plasticizers. Silica fume gave maximum strength when replaced for
10% and fly ash for 30%.

Kali Prasanna Sethy and Dinakar Pasla 2015[14]: In this paper results from
experimental investigations were include in which , the study on compatibility and
strength were made on the influence on concrete when industrial slag was replaced upto
90% . Experimental investigation on effects of dosage of admixtures such as high range
water reducers and also self compactibility properties such as V funnel, T500 slump
flow, L box, slump flow, were tested. Where compressive strength results showed 100
MPa at 30% replacement and 20 MPa at 90% replacement .
 Table 2.1 Mix Details of various researchers world wide on Self-Compacting concrete

Total SP Volume fractions

SL Cemen
Filler Powde dosage/V
. Type of W/ t Wate
Mix reference Kg/cu FA CA r MA
No filler C Kg/cu r (lt)
m Kg/cu dosage(ltr Vpo
. m Vp Vag Vfa Vca
m s) w
Veerle Boel et. Lime
1 0.46 360 240 853 698 165 600 2.3 0.40 0.23 0.58 0.32 0.26
al., Belgium stone
Manuel Vieria Fly ash /
2 et. Lime 0.78 205 358 786 786 161 563 5.6 0.38 0.22 0.62 0.31 0.30
al.,Portugal stone
David C et. Al, Lime
3 0.39 396 256 723 760 155 652 5.3/4.7 0.42 0.25 0.58 0.28 0.30
France stone
Lime
Gomes
4 stone/sili 0.42 455 183 765 807 191 638 14.4 0.40 0.22 0.60 0.30 0.30
et.al.Spain
ca fume
Philippe et. Al, Lime
5 0.53 350 150 860 790 187 500 5.4 / 3.4 0.37 0.18 0.63 0.33 0.30
France stone
Collapardi et al
6 flyash 0.45 400 135 785 845 180 535 4.5/0.25 0.38 0.20 0.62 0.30 0.32
, Italy
Ho et. Al.,
7 limestone 0.55 330 170 820 820 180 500 5.7 0.36 0.17 0.64 0.32 0.32
Singapore
Wenzhong Zhu
8 GGBS 0.58 330 200 870 750 192 530 5.3 0.37 0.19 0.63 0.34 0.29
et.al., UK
A.A.Maghsoudi Lime
9 0.42 400 100 870 750 168 500 2.6 0.35 0.17 0.65 0.36 0.29
et. Al., Iran stone
Brouwers et.al., Lime
10 0.55 320 153 1016 687 174 473 5.21 0.34 0.17 0.66 0.39 0.27
Netherlands stone
Neil
11 Fly ash 0.48 400 150 765 795 190 550 6.0/6.0 0.39 0.19 0.61 0.30 0.31
Henderson, UK
Van K Bui et al
12 flyash 0.62 349 209 736 805 216 558 1.65 0.41 0.19 0.59 0.28 0.31
, America
Waller et al,
13 limestone 0.59 335 118 829 860 197 453 7.2 0.36 0.16 0.63 0.32 0.33
France
 Table 2.2 Mix design details of researchers in India on SCC

Tot Volume fractions

SP
Max al
Filler dosage
SL. Mix Type of Cemen size of pow Wate
W/C kg/m FA CA / VMA
No. Reference filler t kg/m3 C.Am . r (lt) Vpow Vfa Vca Vagg
3 dosage Vpaste
m kg/
,lts
m3

Vinod
1 Rajayogan 0.61 Fly ash 360 192 12.5 770 715 552 220 2.5/1.1 0.43 0.21 0.31 0.26 0.57
et.al.

Fly ash/
Praveen
2 0.64 micro 250 369 20 935 623 619 161 12.7 0.41 0.25 0.35 0.24 0.59
Kumar et.al.
silica

2.88/0.
3 Mahesh et.al. 0.61 Fly ash 360 237 12.5 714 717 597 220 0.46 0.23 0.28 0.26 0.54
09
S.Subramania
4 0.63 Flyash 352 238 20 790 696 590 220 3.12 0.45 0.22 0.29 0.26 0.55
n et.al.
Fly
Amit Mittal 12.6/0.
5 0.58 ash/micr 300 225 20 976 664 525 175 0.37 0.19 0.37 0.26 0.63
et.al. 05
o silica

6 Jagadish etal 0.56 Flyash 402 169 12.5 800 676 571 225 2.00 0.43 0.21 0.31 0.25 0.56

7 S. Girish et.al 0.65 Flyash 300 270 12.5 800 745 570 195 1.7/1.3 0.42 0.23 0.31 0.28 0.59
2.2 Out comes from review
Based on the published literature, SCC can be achieved with the volume of paste
ranging from 0.37 to 0.40, cement content ranging from 300 to 450kg/m3 and water
between 170 to 200ltr/m3. Higher value of paste and water can be considered for
crushed angular aggregates as can be seen from the published literature from India.
SCC mixes can be developed starting with mean value of the paste (with a variation
of ± 0.03) for the materials considered and proportioning the other materials on volume
basis. This approach of mix design involves less number of trials than the other mix
proportioning methods.

It is observed that the fine aggregate volume is predominantly more compared with
the coarse aggregate volume. The paste volume is generally higher due to aggregate
which demand more amount of water to coat the outer surface of aggregates. Until
now the researches carried out on SCC were on binary and ternary mixes. Therefore
the present study involves the production of ternary and quaternary mix blended self
compacting concrete.

2.3 Objectives
1. To develop a SCC based on absolute volume using different mineral admixtures.
2. To study fresh concrete properties such as workability of Self compacting
concrete as per the guidelines of EFNARC. To study hardened concrete properties
such as the compressive strength, split tensile strength and
3. To carryout durability tests such as alkaline attack and sulphate attack test by
partially replacing cement with fly Ash, alccofine, sugarcane bagasse ash and
GGBS in SCC.
3 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on different materials used in production of self
compacting concrete incorporating different mineral admixtures for evaluating
workability and strength properties. The mix mainly consists of ordinary
portland cement, mineral admixtures together called as binder or cementitous
material. Chemical admixture, fine and coarse aggregates are being used.

3.2 Materials
Different materials incorporated in self compacting concrete are:

 Ordinary Portland cement

 Fly Ash , GGBS, Alcofine , Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
 Fine aggregates (natural river sand) and coarse aggregates
 Water
 Super plasticizer

3.2.1 Ordinary portland cement

Type of cement and its choice depends on required strength. However it is essential
that the cement used should be compatible with the superplasticizer used. Cement used
in this present study is OPC , ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade.

Fig. 3.1 Cement

3.2.2 Fly ash
It is one of the main pozzolanic material among all the artificial pozzolanas,
which can be defined as "the finely divided residue which is obtained from burning the
powdered coal and which gets collected in electrostatic precipitator after mobilizing
through smoke ducts" the shape of the fly ash particle is normally spherical, ash is the
pozzlonic material which mainly contains silica, alumina, iron oxides and traces of
calcium oxides in it. Origin and shape of the particle generally decides the physical
properties of fly ash. The chemical properties of fly ash depend on type of coal burnt.
Depending on the type of coal burnt the fly ash is divided in to 2 types as per ASTM
C618, they are class F and class C type of fly ash. In the present study class F fly ash is
used.

3.2.2.1 Class F fly ash

It is obtained from burning bituminous coal. It is called as low calcium fly
ash as the lime content i.e calcium oxide is less than 6%. Class F fly ash exhibits
better pozollanic properties. The cementitious compounds are formed only when
agents like cement/quick lime is treated with water

Fig. 3.2 Fly ash

3.2.3 Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)

GGBS is an industrial waste obtained from rapid quenching or chilling of the molten ash
from the furnace. It meets the requirement of IS 12089:1987 as the slag is fragmented
which turns into granules, further the slag is ground to desired fineness to obtain GGBS.
GGBS reduces heat of hydration, increases durability, it is also better at resistance to acid
attacks such as sulphate and chloride attack comparative to other pozzolanas.
 Fig. 3.3 GGBS

3.2.4 Alccofine
Alccofine 1203 is a calcium silicate based additive for cement. It has unique
particle size distribution due to controlled granulation process. Alccofine has a very
good hydration process due to latent hydraulic property and also its pozzolanic
reactivity. Alccofine when added in concrete improves the packing density in paste,
however, it results in lower water demand and dosage of admixture therefore improving
the strength and durability of concrete. Its specific gravity range is 2.86 + 0.02.

Fig. 3.4 Alccofine

3.2.5 Sugacane bagasse ash

Sugarcane bagasse ash is the by product from sugar factory, it is obtained when the
sugar cane bagasse is burnt , where as sugarcane bagasse is formed after the extraction of
 sugar from sugarcane. Environment problems are caused due to large amount of waste
material dumped around the sugar factories, hence this by product can be burnt at a
temperature of 700°C for about 1 hour which then transforms the silica of the ash into
amorphous. The product so obtained is ground to required fineness which can be used as a
mineral admixture.

Fig. 3.5 Sugarcane bagasse ash

3.2.6 Fine aggregates

Sand is one of the important materials in concrete which plays major role in SCC.
It is used in filling the voids that are preseent between aggregates and the powder
content. It is important for the fine aggregate to be well graded in terms of particle size.
The particle size of about 150 micron helps in increasing cohesion also resistance to
segregation. In the present study locally available sand is used.

Fig. 3.6 Fine aggregate

3.2.7 Coarse aggregates

SCC can be obtained from aggregates used in conventional concrete. Aggregates
give dimensional stability to the concrete. The most important property of aggregates
to produce SCC is its shape and gradation. For better flowability it is essential to
 choose rounded aggregates which also produce better blocking potential. Use of flaky
and elongated aggregates cause blocking in confined areas. In the present
investigation, coarse aggregates passing through 12.5mm and 4.75mm retained and
conforming to IS383:1970 have been used.

Fig. 3.7 Coarse aggregate

3.2.8 Chemical admixture

A newly developed super plasticizer Poly Carboxylated Ether (PCE) is found out
to be very effective on SCC. They help in avoiding potential problems such as unwanted
retardation, excess air entrainment and provide high workability. In these present
research high performance super plasticizers PCE (polycarboxylic eather)
is used for self compacting concrete i.e. Master Glenium SKY8233.

Fig. 3.8 Super plasticizer

3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Mix design procedure to fabricate SCC

From the literature reviews studied so far, it can be said that SCC mix can be
developed by taking volume of paste Vp i.e. sum of volume fraction of cement, filler
and water with range of 0.38±0.03. the water cement ratio of 0.45 was adopted. It is
necessary to take more fine aggregates and lesser coarse aggregates. So the ratio of
55:45 FA:CA was taken. Fine aggregates and coarse aggregates were taken with ratio
of 55:45. The coarse aggregates had size passing through 12.5mm retained on 4.75mm.
Super plasticizer used was Glenium sky 8233. The dosage of super plasticizer was taken
as 0.5% of total weight of cementatious material.

Mix design method adopted was absolute volume method. Where volume of paste was
fixed to 0.4 and water cement ratio to 0.45. Further SCC mix were prepared for cement
replacement by fixing the cement content to 360kg/m3 which is the minimum cement
content for M40 grade concrete. The remaining cement content was replaced with fly
ash, bagasse ash , alccofine and GGBS.

A total of 12 mix were designed as listed in table below. 5 mixes were designed for
ternary blends and 7 mixes were designed for quaternary blends. The last 3 mixes of
quaternary blends had one of its admixture replaced with 50% of the total replacement
of cement. Cylinders of size 150mm diameter and length 300mm and cubes
150mm×150mm were casted and tested after 28 days of curing.

Table 3.1 List of mixes designed

MIX Type of mix Admixture used

MIX 1 Ternary blend Cement + GGBS +fly ash

MIX 2 Ternary blend Cement + fly ash+ alccofine

 MIX 3 Ternary blend Cement +fly ash+ sugarcane bagasse ash

MIX 4 Ternary blend Cement + GGBS + alccofine

MIX 5 Ternary blend Cement + GGBS + sugarcane bagasse ash

MIX 6 Quaternary blend Cement + GGBS + fly ash + alccofine

MIX 7 Quaternary blend Cement + GGBS + fly ash + sugarcane bagasse ash

MIX 8 Quaternary blend Cement + GGBS + alccofine + sugarcane bagasse

ash

MIX 9 Quaternary blend Cement + fly ash + alccofine+ sugarcane bagasse

ash

MIX 10 Quaternary blend Cement + 50% flyash+ GGBS+ alccofine

MIX 11 Quaternary blend Cement + 50% GGBS+ alccofine +flyash

MIX 12 Quaternary blend Cement +50% alccofine+ flyash+ GGBS

3.3.2 Test methods

Concrete can be called as self compacting concrete just on the off chance that it
fulfilling the prerequisites for the three fundamental qualities which are, passing
capacity, segregation resistance and filling capacity.
 For initial mix design of self compacting concrete, all the workability parameters are
needed to be assessed and ensured that all the responsibilities are fulfilled. Test
methodologies for fresh concrete properties are listed below

Table 3.2 Test methods for Fresh properties of SCC

SL.No. Property Method Acceptable values

1 Filling Ability Slump-flow 600mm to 800 mm

2 Filling Ability T50cm slump flow <2sec

3 Passing Ability J – ring 0-10mm

4 Filing Ability V-funnel <12sec

5 Segregation Resistance V-funnel at T5min <12sec+ 3 sec

4 CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
4.1 General
This chapter deals with the tests carried out on concrete and the methodology
adopted for mix proportioning of SCC mixes with various admixtures as replacement
to cement.
4.2 Workability test methods for SCC
4.2.1 Slump Flow Test
The slump flow test is the basic test which is carried out to find the horizontal
flow of concrete without any obstructions. This test can be easily carried out on site. It
provides assessment about filling ability of SCC. The slump cone used will have
diameter of 100mm at the top and 200mm at bottom and the height of cone will be
300mm.

4.2.2 T50 slump flow test

This test is the same as slump flow test, where in after the slump cone has to
be lifted, then the stop watch is started to check the time taken by the concrete to reach
500mm of flow. The time taken should be less than 2sec. this test gives the rate of which
concrete is spread and lower the time greater the flowing ability

Fig. 4.1 Abram’s slump cone for slump flow test

4.2.3. J Ring Test

 The passing ability of SCC is found out by J ring test. In this test the concrete is
poured in the slump cone and then allowed to flow and pass through the J ring from the
slump cone and the height of concrete flowed id measured inner side and outer side of
the J ring. The difference in height must not be greater than 10mm

Fig. 4.2 J-Ring apparatus

4.2.4. V- Funnel Test

This test is carried out in a V shaped funnel, which is mainly used to

determine the filling ability of SCC. Firstly the concrete is filled completely in the
funnel and then is made to flow out from the bottom opening, thus the time taken by
the concrete to flow completely down is noted, which should be less than 12sec.

4.2.5. V5min- Funnel Test

In this test the funnel is completely filled with SCC and left for 5min and
then the bottom plate is opened so that the concrete is flowed down. The time taken
to completely empty the funnel is then noted down. The time taken by the concrete
to flow down should not be more than 12+3sec. It gives the ability for resistance to
segregation of SCC.
 Fig. 4.3 V-Funnel

4.3 Hardened concrete properties of scc

4.3.1 Testing of cubes for compressive strength
In the present study cubes of size 150mm×150mm×150mm are tested after
7days and 28days curing in water. All the mixes were tested for compression test.

Fig. 4.4 Compression test

4.3.2 Spilt tensile strength test

This test is simple and gives uniform result Cylinders were tested after 7 days
and 28 days. In this test the specimen size is 150mm dia cylinder with height of
300mm and the SCC aggregate size does not exceed 12.5mm. usually the split
tensile strength results give 5 – 12% higher results than direct tensile strength.
 Fig. 4.5 Spilt Tensile Strength Test

4.3.3 Alkaline Attack Test

This test was done on the 150×150×150 mm Solid cube. concrete cubes are
cast and demoulded following 24 hours and at the finishes of 28 days of typical
curing period The cubes were taken out from the curing tank and initial weight
was taken. 5% of sodium hydroxide by weight of water was included with water
according to prior examiners. The centralization of the arrangement was kept up
all through this period by changing the arrangement occasionally. The cubes were
taken out from the sulfate solution following 28 days of soaking. The surface of
the Cube were cleaned, weighed and at that point tested in the compression testing
machine under the uniform rate of stacking of 120 kg/cm2/min. The changes in
quality of the cube were computed according to IS codes

4.3.4 Sulphate Attack Test

In this test the cubes are immersed in a solution containing 5% of the
sodium sulphate ( Na2SO4 )and 5% of the magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) by the
weight of the water. Concrete cubes of 150mm are then tested after 28days of
immersion and then the weight loss is determined. The compressive strength of
the cubes are also determined as prescribed in the code IS: 516-1959
 Fig. 4.6 Cubes immersed in acid solution

4.4 Mix Design

From the published literature it can be said that the SCC mixes can be developed
by taking the Vp (i.e., sum of volume fractions of cement, filler and water) with a
mean value of 0.38 with a variation of about  0.03 barring a few mixes. Exceptions
are seen, since, flow ability is also influenced by aggregate shape, gradation of sand,
type and amount of super plasticizer used. Assumptions made are, water cement ratio
0.45, volume of paste Vp as 0.4
Vpaste= Vcement+ Vfiller + Vwater
V Filler = Vpaste- (Vcement +Vwater)
Vagg = 1-Vpaste
The ratio of FA: CA (55:45)
Vsp = 0.5% of mass of cementitious material
Vconcrete = 1
Choosing Vpaste= 0.4 for SCC and W/C ratio = 0.45
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑋 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
W/C by volume= 𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.45
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑋 1
=0.45
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋 3.1

W/C by volume =1.404

w
Vp X by volume X 1000 0.4 X 1.404 X 1000
Mass of water= c
= = 233.610 L/m3
2.404 2.404
233.61
Volume of water = = 0.23
(1 × 1000)
233.6
Mass of cement = = = 519.13 kg/m3
0.45
Volume of cement =360/ (3.12 ×1000) = 0.113
Volume of filler to be found out by
Vpaste= Vcement+ Vfiller + Vwater
V Filler = Vpaste- (Vcement +Vwater)
V Filler = 0.4 – (0.113+ 0.233)= 0.055 m3
For 2 mineral admixtures each with volume 0.0275 m3
For 3 mineral admixtures added volume of each will be 0.01833m3
VFA=0.55 × Vagg
VFA=0.55 × 0.6 =0.33
VCA = 0.45 × Vagg
VCA = 0.45 × 0.6 = 0.27
Mass of Fine Aggregate = 0.33× 2.62×1000 = 864.6 kg/m3
Mass of Coarse Aggregate = 0.27 × 2.8 × 1000 = 764.1 kg/m3
SP = 0.5% of cementatious content
= 0.5/100 × 519.13 =2.149 L/m3 = 2.59 kg/m3
∴ Total mass of concrete = 2402.1 kg/m3
Further SCC mixes were prepared for cement replacement by fixing the cement
content to 360kg/m3. The remaining cement content was replaced with fly ash,
bagasse ash, alccofine and GGBS.
A total of 12 mixes were cast with varying mineral admixture including both ternary
and quaternary blends.
Then the mixes were all tested for both fresh and hardened concrete properties and
the results obtained are listed in the table below.
 Table 4.1 Mix proportion in mass

Sugarcane CA FA Optimum
MIX Vp W/C Cement Fly GGBS Alccofine 3 3
Bagasse (kg/m ) (kg/m ) Dosage
(kg/m3) Ash (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
Ash Of
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3) Sp(%)

MIX 1 0.4 0.45 360 74.25 79.75 - - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 2 0.4 0.45 360 74.25 - 81.4 - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 3 0.4 0.45 360 74.25 - - 59.4 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 4 0.4 0.45 360 - 79.75 81.4 - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 5 0.4 0.45 360 - 79.75 - 59.4 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 6 0.4 0.45 360 49.4 53.07 54.16 - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 7 0.4 0.45 360 49.4 53.07 - 39.6 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 8 0.4 0.45 360 - 53.07 54.16 39.6 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 9 0.4 0.45 360 49.4 - 54.16 39.6 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 10 0.4 0.45 360 74.25 39.8 40.7 - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 11 0.4 0.45 360 37.12 79.75 40.7 - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %

MIX 12 0.4 0.45 360 37.12 39.8 81.4 - 764.1 864.6 0.5 %
 Table 4.2 Mix design in terms of volume (m3)

MIX Vp VCEMENT Vflyash VGGBS VALCOFINE VSBA Vagg VFA VCA

MIX 1 0.4 0.113 0.0275 0.0275 - - 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 2 0.4 0.113 0.0275 - 0.0275 - 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 3 0.4 0.113 0.0275 - - 0.0275 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 4 0.4 0.113 - 0.0275 0.0275 - 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 5 0.4 0.113 - 0.0275 - 0.0275 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 6 0.4 0.113 0.0183 0.0183 0.0183 - 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 7 0.4 0.113 0.0183 0.0183 - 0.0183 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 8 0.4 0.113 - 0.0183 0.0183 0.0183 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 9 0.4 0.113 0.0183 - 0.0183 0.0183 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 10 0.4 0.113 0.0275 0.0183 0.0183 - 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 11 0.4 0.113 0.0183 0.0275 0.0183 - 0.6 0.33 0.27

MIX 12 0.4 0.113 0.0183 0.0183 0.0275 - 0.6 0.33 0.27

5 CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 General
This chapter contains the complete results of the fresh concrete properties and
hardened concrete properties of self compacting concrete mixes designed.

5.2 Results from tests on fresh properties of self compacting concrete

The fresh properties for workability are checked here. The tests include V
funnel, slump flow, T500 slump flow , J ring. The table below shows the results
obtained.

Table 5.1 Results of fresh properties of ternary blend SCC

SL. Mix
Slump Flow Test V- Funnel Test J- Ring Test
No.
Slump T 500 V at 0 V at 5 H1. Ht. H2. Ht Diff Ht
Flow min min (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) (sec) (sec) (sec)

1 MIX 1 680 1.6 6.4 7.1 9 14 5

2 MIX 2 690 1.8 7.3 8.1 12 18 6

3 MIX 3 660 1.7 7.6 9 11 17 6

4 MIX 4 700 1.5 6.2 7.9 11 16 5

5 MIX 5 660 1.5 7.8 8.6 13 18 5

 Slump flow

700

600

500
Slump flow (mm)

400

300

200

100

0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes

Graph 5.1 Slump flow of ternary blends

V -funnel test

10

8
Time (sec)

0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes V funnel
V 5min

Graph 5.2 V funnel and V5min results

 J ring test

6
5
Height (mm)

4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes

Graph 5.3 J- ring results of ternary blends

The above graphs represent the results obtained from the test conducted on fresh concrete
of ternary blend mixes. Graph 5.1 represents the slump flow of ternary mixes in which it
can be inferred that all the ternary mixes had slump flow above 600 which was required as
per EFNARC. Mix 4 which contained GGBS and alccofine had highest flow of 700mm.
Graph 5.2 represents the results obtained from V funnel test and T5min test, from which it
is clear that all the ternary mixes had passing time less than 12 sec and for T5min had
passing time less than 12+3 sec, which fulfilled the prerequisite of SCC.
Graph 5.3 shows the results obtained from J ring test in which the requirement for SCC as
less than 10mm and the results satisfied the requirements.
The flowability of the concrete depends on the fineness of the particles, as alccofine and
GGBS contains finer particles thus increasing the lubricating effect of cement paste and
provides better workability.
 Table 5.2 Results of tests carried on fresh concrete for quaternary blend.

Slump Flow Test V- Funnel Test J- Ring Test

SL. MIX Slump T 500 V at 0 V5 min H1. Ht. H2. Ht Diff

Flow min (sec) (sec) (mm) (mm) Ht
No. (mm) (sec) (mm)

1 MIX 6 700 1.4 7.2 8.8 9 13 4

2 MIX 7 650 1.5 8 8.9 10 16 6

3 MIX 8 660 1.6 8.3 9 10 15 5

4 MIX 9 640 1.6 7.9 8.6 10 17 7

5 MIX 10 690 1.5 7.3 8.1 9 14 5

6 MIX 11 680 1.5 6.9 7.6 11 15 4

7 MIX 12 700 1.5 7.1 7.4 10 14 4

Slump flow
700
600
Slump flow (mm)

500
400
300
200
100
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.4 Slump flow of quaternary blend mix

 V- funnel test

9
8
7
6
Time (sec)

5
4 V funnel
3 V 5min
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.5 V Funnel and V5min for quaternary blends

Graph 5.5 shows the results obtained from V funnel and T5min from which it can be
inferred that all the mixes satisfied the requirement of passing ability with passing time
less than 12sec and T5min with passing time less than 12+3sec.
Graph 5.6 represents the J ring results of quaternary blends which showed that all the
blends had height difference of less than 10mm as per requirement of SCC.

J ring test

7
6
Height (mm)

5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.6 J ring results from quaternary blends

The above graphs represent the results obtained from tests carried out on fresh properties of
concrete with quaternary bends. Graph 5.4 shows the flow of quaternary blends in which it is
clear that all the mixes had flow above 600mm in which MIX 6 and MIX 12 had highest flow
with 700mm. These mixes are incorporated with alccofine which have particles finer than
cement thus increasing the flowability of the concrete.
Graph 5.5 shows the results obtained from v funnel and t5min from which it can be inferred
that all the mixes satisfied the requirement of passing ability with passing time less than 12sec
and t5min with passing time less than 12+3sec.
Graph 5.6 represents the j ring results of quaternary blends which showed that all the blends
had height difference of less than 10mm as per requirement of SCC.
When compared to alccofine, GGBS and fly ash the particle size distribution is not uniform in
bagasse ash hence concrete flowabity is decreased when bagasse is used.

5.3 Results from tests on hardened concrete

Table 5.3 Results from compression and split tensile strength test

MIX Compressive strength (MPa) Split tensile strength(MPa)

7days 28 days 7days 28 days

31.39 54.06 3.18 3.65

34.88 53.19 2.58 3.58

MIX 1
33.13 53.19 2.97 3.9

33.13 52.32 2.47 3.97

34.88 54.90 3.18 4.02

MIX 2
39.24 53.19 2.58 3.65

30.52 49.70 2.1 2.58

28.34 42.68 2.5 2.6

MIX 3
28.34 47.9 2.1 2.58

37.49 56.68 2.09 3.7

36.62 54.50 2.47 3.97

MIX 4
35.75 54.06 3.58 3.68
 28.34 43.64 2.1 2.9

31.39 45.70 2.1 2.68

MIX 5
34.00 43.64 2.78 3.1

Table 5.4 Average compressive and split tensile strength

MIX Compressive strength (MPa) Split tensile strength (MPa)

7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

MIX 1 33.14 53.49 2.71 3.61

MIX 2 35.75 54.57 2.94 3.78

MIX 3 29.06 46.73 2.3 2.58

MIX 4 36.62 55.08 2.71 3.72

MIX 5 31.24 45.32 2.32 2.89

Compressive strength
Compressive Strength (MPa)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes
7days Strength(MPa)

Graph 5.7 7 days Compressive strength results of ternary blends

 Compressive strength

Compressive Strength (MPa) 100

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5

Ternary mixes
28days Strength(MPa)

Graph 5.8 28 days Compressive strength results of ternary blends

Split tensile strength

Split Tensile Strength (MPa)

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5

Ternary mixes 7days Strength(MPa)

Graph 5.9 7 days split tensile strength results of ternary blends

 Split tensile strength

Split Tensile Strength (MPa)

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes
28days Strength(MPa)

Graph 5.10 28 days split tensile strength results of ternary blends

The above graphs represents the results from tests carried out on harden concrete. In which
the graphs 5.7 and 5.8 represents the results from compression test on ternary blends from
which it can be inferred that MIX 4 has highest strength of 36.6MPa for 7days and
55.08MPa for 28days which included alccofine and GGBS with equal quantity of
replacement.
Graphs 5.9 and 5.10 represents the results obtained from split tensile strength carried out
on ternary blends from which it can be seen that MIX 2 and MIX 4 had nearly same values
of 3.7MPa for 28 days.
From which it can be inferred that incorporating alccofine with GGBS gave better strength
results when compared to fly ash and bagasse ash. Alccofine has high calcium silicate,
which is the main component that contributes to the strength of concrete; it has ultra fine
particle size with optimized particle size distribution. It has high Calcium oxide content
thus increasing the performance of concrete. When alccofine and GGBS are added to
concrete as fillers, there is increase in particle packing thus increasing the strength.
 Table 5.5 Compressive and Split tensile strength of quaternary blends

MIX Compressive strength (MPa) Split tensile strength (MPa)

7days 28 days 7days 28 days

MIX 6 35.76 56.68 3.6 4.2

36.62 54.50 3.1 3.9

35.75 54.90 3.1 3.6

MIX 7 28.43 43.6 2.5 2.8

28.43 47.90 2.1 2.6

30.52 47.90 2.1 2.9

MIX 8 31.39 47.90 2.74 3.09

30.52 49.70 2.5 2.9

30.52 50.52 2.1 3

MIX 9 31.39 49.70 2.78 3.28

30.52 49.70 2.5 2.8

33.13 43.6 2.7 2.9

MIX 10 34.00 55.80 2.1 3.7

33.13 54.50 2.78 3.9

34.88 55.80 3.1 3.9

MIX 11 36.62 54.06 2.9 3.7

36.62 55.80 3.7 4.01

34.88 56.68 3.1 3.6

MIX 12 39.24 56.68 3.6 4.2

37.49 58.40 3.1 3.9

37.49 56.68 3.1 4.01

 Table 5.6 Average compressive and split tensile strength of quaternary blends

MIX Compressive strength (MPa) Split tensile strength (MPa)

7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

MIX 6 37.03 55.96 3.26 3.9

MIX 7 29.12 46.46 2.26 2.98

MIX 8 30.81 49.37 2.48 3.01

MIX 9 31.61 47.66 2.68 3.03

MIX 10 34 55.33 2.66 3.88

MIX 11 36.06 55.51 3.24 3.79

MIX 12 38.07 57.25 3.26 4.03

Compressive Strength
Compressie Strength (MPa)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX MIX MIX
10 11 12
7days Strength(Mpa)
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.11 7 days Compressive strength of quaternary blends

 Compressive Strength
Compressive Strength 100
90
80
70
(MPa)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternery mixes
28days Strength(Mpa)

Graph 5.12 28 days Compressive strength of quaternary blends

Split tensile strength

10
Split Tensile Strength

9
8
7
6
(MPa)

5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternery mixes
7days Strength(Mpa)

Graph 5.13 7 days Split tensile strength results of quaternary blends

 Split tensile strength
10
9
Split tensile strength

8
7
6
(MPa)

5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12

Quaternery mixes 28days Strength(Mpa)

Graph 5.14 28 days split tensile strength results of quaternary blends

The above graphs represent the results obtained from test carried on hardened concrete
with quaternary blends in which graphs 5.11 and 5.12 represents the compression test
results from which it can be inferred that MIX 12 has highest compression strength of
38.07MPa for 7 days and 57.25MPa for 28 days. Graphs 5.13 and 5.14 represents the split
tensile strength results in which it is clear that MIX 12 has highest strength of 4.02MPa
for 28 days and MIX 7 has low tensile of 2.98MPa.

From these results, it can be concluded that the combination of fly ash and bagasse ash
gave the lowest strength when compared to the combination with GGBS and alccofine. In
the literature study the conclusions stated that the fly ash always gave high ultimate
strength when compared to early strength, which means that the pozollanic reactions were
slow in fly ash, which is the same in case of bagasse ash. Thus the strength is lower when
the combination of bagasse ash and fly ash are used in concrete
5.4 Durability test results
Table 5.7 Results from sulphate attack on ternary blends

Sl.No. MIX Initial Weight after Percentage Strength of Percentage

weight 28 days concrete
change in loss in
(kg) (kg) (MPa) strength(%)
weight(%)

1 MIX 1 8.36 8.20 1.91 52.1 6.33

2 MIX 2 8.23 8.09 2.20 51.4 6.22

3 MIX 3 8.21 8.05 2.80 43.6 6.69

4 MIX 4 8.28 8.23 2.60 53.1 6.11

5 MIX 5 8.32 8.08 2.78 48.5 6.58

Sulphate attack test

Percentage change in weight

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes

Graph 5.15 Percentage change in weight of ternary blends after 28 days from sulphate attack
 Sluphate attack test

Percentage change in strength

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes

Graph 5.16 Percentage change in strength of ternary blends from sulphate attack

The above graphs represent the results obtained from sulphate attack after 28 days. Graph
5.15 represents the percentage change of weight after 28 days in which MIX 3 and MIX 5
had highest loss of weight with 2.8%. Graph 5.16 represents the percentage change in
strength in which it can be inferred that MIX 3 had highest loss in strength of 6.7% .

Sulphate attack on concrete is a mechanism which involves chemical breakdown in which

sulphate ions attack the components of the cement paste. When sulphates combines with
the C-S-H or paste, they start to destroy the paste that holds concrete together. New
compounds are formed, often known as ettringite. These cause the paste to crack further
damaging the concrete. It has been known that incorporating pozzzolanic materials
reduces the sulphate attack. These pozzolanas helps in converting the leachable calcium
hydroxide into non leachable cementitious products, thus making the concrete
impermeable.

From the results it can be inferred that bagasse ash shows less resistance to sulphate attack
when compared to other admixtures.
 Table 5.8 Results from sulphate attack quaternary blends

Sl.No. MIX Initial Weight Percentage Strength of Percentage

weight after 28 concrete
days change in loss in
(kg) (MPa) strength(%)
(kg) weight(%)

1 MIX 6 8.38 8.21 2.1 54.7 6.2

2 MIX 7 8.41 8.21 2.3 45.2 6.8

3 MIX 8 8.39 8.17 2.5 47.5 7.1

4 MIX 9 8.51 8.29 2.7 46.1 7.5

5 MIX 10 8.48 8.26 2.6 54.1 6.2

6 MIX 11 8.32 8.16 1.9 51.3 5.3

7 MIX 12 8.33 8.15 2.2 54.2 5.7

Sulphate attack test

10
Percentage change in weight

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.17 Percentage change in weight of quaternary blends from sulphate attack
 Sulphate attack test
Percentage Change in strength 10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.18 Percentage change in strength of quaternary blends from sulphate attack

The above graphs represent the results from suphate attack test on quaternary blends.
Graph 5.17 represents the percentage loss in weight of SCC mixes with quaternary blends
in which it can be inferred that MIX 9 has highest loss of weight for 28days of 2.7%.
Graph 5.18 represents the percentage loss in strength in which it can be seen that MIX 9
had 7.5% loss in strength.

From the results it can be concluded that the GGBS, due to its high alumina and silica
content, produces more complex hydrates, which further helps in blocking of pores which
helps in high strength and low permeability. The disintegration of hydrated compounds
and leaching that takes place in presence of acids increases the effect of sulphate attack on
concrete. Hence GGBS and alccofine provides better sulphate resistance when compared
to fly ash and bagasse ash.
 Table 5.9 Results from alkaline attack test

Sl. No. MIX Initial Weight Percentage Strength of Percentage

weight after 28
days change in Concrete loss in
weight
strength

1 MIX 1 8.29 8.13 1.9 50.1 8.8

2 MIX 2 8.44 8.38 1.86 49.6 9.1

3 MIX 3 8.34 8.17 1.98 45.6 9.8

4 MIX 4 8.26 8.13 1.96 50.7 9.7

5 MIX 5 8.28 8.11 2.08 46.9 9.75

Alkali attack test

Percentage change in weight

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes

Graph 5.19 Percentage change in weight of ternary blends from alkali attack
 Alkali attack test

percentage change in strength

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3 MIX 4 MIX 5
Ternary mixes

Graph 5.20 Percentage change in weight of blends from alkali attack

The above graphs represent results from alkali attack test carried out on ternary blend
mixes in which graph 5.19 represents the percentage loss of weight after 28 days in scc
mixes in which MIX 5 had highest loss of weight with 2.08%.graph 5.20 indicates the
percentage loss of strength in which it can be seen that MIX 3 and MIX 5 had similar loss
in strength of about 9.8% and 9.75% respectively.

The Na2O and K2O known as alkalis, react with aggregates to produces alkali aggregate
reaction causing disintegration of concrete. Alkalis do not react with cement but react with
silica in the aggregates. The alkali silica gel thus formed swells in the presence of moisture,
which exerts osmotic pressure on the concrete internally further causing cracks and
reduction in strength. It is essential for the concrete to be impervious so that alkali attack
is decreased.

From the results it can be concluded that the alkali attack is more effective when bagasse
ash is used because of the particle size, there is no dense packing thus increasing
permeability and leading to the increase in alkali attack on concrete.
 Table 5.10 Results of alkali attack on quaternary

SL. No. MIX Initial Weight Percentage Strength of Percentage

weight after 28 concrete
days change in loss in
weight
strength

1 MIX 6 8.47 8.35 1.42 52.8 8.7

2 MIX 7 8.34 8.18 2.18 43.8 10.13

3 MIX 8 8.42 8.24 2.03 48.3 9.7

4 MIX 9 8.40 8.23 2.2 45.8 9.8

5 MIX 10 8.31 8.12 1.96 49.3 9.1

6 MIX 11 8.38 8.22 1.9 52.7 8.8

7 MIX 12 8.32 8.2 1.44 53.9 9.0

Alkali attack test

10
9
Percentage change in

8
7
6
weight

5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.21 Percentage change in weight of quaternary blends from alkali attack
 Alkali attack test

Percentage change 11
10
9
in strength
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MIX 6 MIX 7 MIX 8 MIX 9 MIX 10 MIX 11 MIX 12
Quaternary mixes

Graph 5.22 Percentage change in weight of quaternary blends from alkali attack

The above graphs represent the results from alkali test on quaternary blend mixes in which
graph 5.21 represents percentage change in weight in which the MIX 7 had highest loss of
weight. Graph 5.22 shows the percentage loss in strength of quaternary blends in which
MIX 7 had highest loss of strength.
From the results obtained it can be concluded that particle packing of GGBS and alccofine
is better than bagasse ash thus GGBS, fly ash and alccofine provides better resistance to
alkali attack when compared to bagasse ash.
6
 6.1 Conclusions
Based on the experimental investigation on ternary blended SCC and quaternary blended
SCC mixes following conclusions can be drawn:

1. SCC can be successfully designed based on the absolute volume method, this concept is
very simple and SCC can be achieved by very less number of trials.
2. The workability of SCC is high i.e. above 600mm and all the mixes satisfied the SCC
characteristics such as segregation resistance, flowability and passing ability as per
European standards. Thus mineral admixtures can be used in production of ternary and
quaternary mix blends for SCC.
3. Slump flow of all the mixes was above 600mm and within 800mm which were the
requirements of EFNARC.
4. The T500 of slump low of all the mixes had flow time less than 2 sec hence fulfilling the
prerequisite for filling capacity.
5. The V funnel test and T5min test carried out on the mixes gave the results in which both
ternary and quaternary blends satisfied the prerequisite of SCC for its filling ability and
segregation resistance.
6. The J ring test results showed that all the mixes satisfied the passing ability test requirement
for SCC with height difference of less than 10mm.
7. Incorporating alccofine in SCC gave better strength when compared to other mineral
admixtures. When sugarcane baggase ash was used the strength obtained was less thus it
can be concluded that alccofine should be incorporated for high strength concrete when
compared to bagasse ash.
8. Resistance to sulphate attack was very less for blends which were incorporated with
bagasse ash.
9. Resistance to alkali attack was better for fly ash and GGBS when compared to bagasse ash.
10. The replacement of cement with mineral admixtures results in economical concrete and its
utilization can minimize environmental impact by reducing the huge consumption of
natural resources used for concrete applications.