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PROBABILITY OF ERROR
BY
Submitted To
Dr. Dinesh Bhardwaj
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INDEX
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INTRODUCTION
AIM- Probability of error analysis of PSK,FSK and QPSK digital modulation techniques
THEORY-
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the
carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency
modulation.
The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in
frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.
The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated waveform along with its
input.
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Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely
used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth
communications.
PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are −
BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, for
message being the digital information.
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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals
such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
BPSK is able to transmit one bit per symbol, while QPSK transmits two bits per symbol.
For the same bit error rate, the bandwidth required by QPSK is reduced to half as
compared to BPSK. Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission rate of
QPSK is higher.
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PROBABILITY OF ERROR-
The probability of error in a digital communication system due to additive Gaussian noise and is
calculated in a closed form using the error function.
The transmitted waveform gets corrupted by noise , typically referred to as Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
Additive: As the noise gets ‘added’ (and not multiplied) to the received signal
White: The spectrum of the noise if flat for all frequencies.
Gaussian : The values of the noisefollows the Gaussian probability distribution function,
with and .
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The code performs the following:
CODE-
clear
N = 10^6;
a= imread('sajan.jpg');
b=rgb2gray(a);
c=im2bw(b);
ip = c(:);
x = randn(numel(c),1);
s = 2*ip-1;
n = 1/sqrt(2)*(x + 1i*x); Eb_N0_dB = (-3:10);
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
ipcap = real(y)>0;
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theoryproberrqpsk =erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10)));% theoretical probability of error for qpsk
close all
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryproberr,'b.-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,proberr,'mx-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryproberrfsk,'g--');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryproberrqpsk,'y*-');
OUTPUT-
OBSERVATIONS:
The image taken was first converted from truecolor image RGB to the grayscale intensity
image and then to black-white image. This was done to achieve binary form of the image
data.
The graph shows parabolic curves for the probability of error. The value of the probability
of error in each case decreases with increase in Eb/No.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
FSK>QPSK>PSK
In PSK system the distance between the two message points is equal to 2√Eb ,whereas in
FSK system that corresponding distance is √2Eb .This shows that , in an AWGN channel,
the detection performance of equal energy binary signals depend only on the distance
between the two pertinent message points in the signal space. In particular, the larger we
make this distance, the smaller will the average probability of error be.
In coherent binary FSK system we have to double the bit-energy-to-noise density ratio,
Eb/No, in order to maintain the same average error rate in a coherent binary PSK system.
The symbol duration T, of a QPSK wave is twice as long as bit duration Tb, of input
binary wave, that is for a given bit rate, a QPSK wave requires half the transmission
bandwidth of the corresponding binary PSK wave. This implies a QPSK wave carries
twice as many bits of information as the corresponding binary PSK wave.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://www.gaussianwaves.com/2015/06/how-to-generate-awgn-noise-in-
matlaboctave-without-using-in-built-awgn-function/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_of_error
https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/html
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