A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Spot Test
B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
At the end of experiment, the students are expected to understand about:
1. Identification of Mercury with Cu (II) Iodide
2. Identification of Arsen with guetzeit method and silver nitrate
3. Identification of Cobalt with Ammonium thiosianate in acetone and existance
of Iron
4. Identification of Chloride with Silver chloride precipitate with existance of
other halide and isolatization
5. Sulphate tes by Barium carbonate and PP
C. LITERATURE REVIEW
Dealing with Analytical Chemistry in isolation is a gross error. In fact, real
advances in Science and Technology rather than redundancies with a low added
value on similar topics occur at interfaces, which are boundaries, crossroads rather
than barriers between scientific and technical disciplines mutually profiting from
their particular approaches and synergistic effects. Two belong to the realm of
Chemistry (the framework of reference), namely:
1. Internal interfaces with other chemical areas (e.g. organic, inorganic, physical
and applied chemistry, chemical engineering). Classifying Chemistry into these
disciplines or subdisciplines, which are related via “fading” interfaces (1), has
become obsolescent.
2. External interfaces with other scientific and technical disciplines such as biology,
biochemistry, mathematics, physics or engineering, where Analytical Chemistry
can play an active role (e.g. in the determination of enzyme activities or that of
drugs of abuse in biological fluids) or a passive one e.g. in chemometric
developments for data processing or the use of immobilized enzymes in analytical
processes (Krull, 2012: 93-94)
Analytical chemistry has bounds which are amongst the widest of any
technological discipline. An analyst must be able to design, carry out, and interpret
measurements within the context of the fundamental technological problem with
which he or she is presented. The selection and utilization of suitable chemical
procedures requires a wide knowledge of chemistry, whilst familiarity with and the
ability to operate a varied range of instruments is essential. Finally, analysts must
have a sound knowledge of the statistical treatment of experimental data to enable
them to gauge the meaning and reliability of the results that they obtain. Sometimes
information concerning the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule or
crystalline compound is required or confirmation of the presence or position of
certain organic functional groups is sought. Such examinations are described as
structural analysis and they may be considered as more detailed forms of analysis.
Any species that are the subjects of either qualitative or quantitative analysis are
known as analytes (Fifield and Kealey, 2000: 21)
Analytical chemistry involves the application of a range of techniques and
methodologies to obtain and assess qualitative, quantitative and structural
information on the nature of matter. Qualitative analysis is the identification of
elements, species and/or compounds present in a sample. Quantitative analysis is
the determination of the absolute or relative amounts of elements, species or
compounds present in a sample. Structural analysis is the determination of the
spatial arrangement of atoms in an element or molecule or the identification of
characteristic groups of atoms (functional groups). An element, species or
compound that is the subject of analysis is known as an analyte. The remainder of
the material or sample of which the analyte(s) form(s) a part is known as the matrix
(Kealey and Haines, 2002: 1)
Realizing that our data for the mass of a penny can be characterized by a
measure of central tendency and a measure of spread suggests two questions. First,
does our measure of central tendency agree with the true, or expected value?
Second, why are our data scattered around the central value? Errors associated with
central tendency reflect the accuracy of the analysis, but the precision of the analysis
is determined by those errors associated with the spread. Accuracy is a measure of
how close a measure of central tendency is to the true, or expected value, µ.†
Accuracy is usually expressed as either an absolute error. We introduce determinate
sampling errors when our sampling strategy fails to provide a representative
sample. This is especially important when sampling heterogeneous materials. For
example, determining the environmental quality of a lake by sampling a single
location near a point source of pollution, such as an outlet for industrial effluent,
gives misleading results (Harvey, 2006: 57-58)
In order to study and identify any unknown analytical sample using
spectrometric techniques, the analytical chemist must first obtain good quality
spectra and then use these to select the information from each technique that is of
most value. It is also important to recognize that other analytical observations
should be taken into account. For example, if the sample is a volatile liquid and the
spectral information suggests that it is an involatile solid, clearly, there is
conflicting evidence. Table 1 summarizes the information of most value that may
be obtained from the common spectrometric techniques.

(Kealey and Haines, 2002: 285)

Precipitation gravimetry can also be applied to the identification of
inorganic and organic analytes, using precipitants. Since this does not require
quantitative measurements, the analytical signal is simply the observation that a
precipitate has formed. Although qualitative applications of precipitation
gravimetry have been largely replaced by spectroscopic methods of analysis, they
continue to find application in spot testing for the presence of specific analytes. The
scale of operation for precipitation gravimetry is governed by the sensitivity of the
balance and the availability of sample. To achieve an accuracy of ±0.1% using an
analytical balance with a sensitivity of ±0.1 mg, the precipitate must weigh at least
100 mg. As a consequence, precipitation gravimetry is usually limited to major or
minor analytes, and macro or meso samples (Harvey, 2006: 254)
 The use of computerized library databases can assist in the matching of
spectra to recorded examples (Topic H4). If difficulties are found in distinguishing
between two possibilities for the sample identity, then it may be necessary to consult
reference texts or additional computer databases so that an exact match is found.
Some databases give information that helps when working with samples that are
new compounds or whose spectra are not present in the database. For example, the
presence of a strong peak in an IR spectrum near 1700 cm−1 should suggest a high
probability that the sample might be a carbonyl
compound (Kealey and Haines, 2002: 285-286)
One aspect in which column chromatography differs from counter-current
distribution is in the recovery of the separated components. In Tswett's original
method, the individual pigments were recovered from the column itself rather as
they would be collected from the glass separation units of the Craig apparatus.
Nowadays, the usual procedure is to remove the components of a mixture from the
column sequentially by sweeping them through with the mobile phase, a process
known as elution. A sample is introduced onto the top of the column and the pure
mobile phase passed through it continuously until all the components have been
eluted. The order of elution depends on the individual distribution ratios for each
solute, and incomplete separation may occur where these are not sufficiently
different. A plot of volume of eluting agent or time against concentrations of the
eluted species provides an elution profile from which both qualitative and
quantitative information can be obtained (Fifield and Kealey, 2002: 91)
The time factor is of vital importance in a busy analytical laboratory
schedule. Any method that saves time, or that can be operated automatically under
computer control on a sequence of different samples. Similarly, if this can be linked
to a computer search facility to aid structure determination, then this offers a further
time saving. The advantages are summarized below.
1. The combined approach often provides more information than could be obtained
by using the individual techniques in isolation.
2. Multidisciplinary analysis is a necessary tool in the work of the analytical
chemist, otherwise misleading or incorrect results may be obtained.
3. Hyphenated techniques provide a time saving because two or more analyses can
be run at the same time, since the instrumentation combines the features of both,
and sample preparation time is reduced.
4. Hyphenated techniques provide analytical information on exactly the same
sample, provided that the sample is truly representative of the material to be
analyzed. If comparisons between samples are required, then it is essential that
cross-contamination does not occur (Kealey and Hainers, 2002: 284)
Arsenic contaminated drinking water is a major threat to mankind. Although
in small quantities it is necessary, however, it is known to be highly toxic if ingested
in large dose. Thus, in order to reduce the health risk arising due to the direct
consumption of As contaminated drinking water or due to the consumption of
food/vegetables, grown in soil irrigated with As contaminated water, there is need
to develop strategies that could alleviate toxicity and availability of As from soil to
edible portions of food/vegetables. Removal of As highly depends on the chemistry
and composition of the As contaminated water. In most of the major reported
incidences As occurs as AsIII and oxidation of AsIII to AsV is deemed necessary to
achieve the satisfactory results of As removal. Here dealing with the presently
available technologies, especially oxidation, phytoremediation, coagulation
flocculation, adsorption, ion exchange, electrokinetics and membrane technologies
(Singh, at al. 2015: 6)
Extraction of mercury (II) with liquid membrane emulsion, relatively
selective against copper (II) and cadmium (II). The presence of copper (II) and
cadmium (II) up to 30 ppm decreased the percentage of 30 ppm of mercury (II)
extraction of 12.12% and 11.74% respectively. The presence of Cu (II) decreases
the percentage of extraction of Hg (II) more than Cd (II). This is because in acid-
base classification according to the theory of HSAB (Hard Soft Acid Base) Cu (II)
belongs to the group of intermediate acids while Cd (II) belongs to the soft acid
group. As a result Cu (II) is more likely to be attracted by benzoyl acetone ligands
which can be classified as hard bases, so that Cu (II) more influences the reduction
in percent extraction of Hg (II) This is also supported by the results which showed
that more Cu (II) was extracted, which was 5.90% (Hamzah at al. 2017: 20-21).
D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICAL
1. Apparatus
a. Spot plate (1 unit)
b. Drop pipette (20 units)
c. Spatula (1 unit)
d. Porcelain cruise (1 unit)
e. Bunsen burner (1 unit)
f. Tripod (1 unit)
g. Gauze (1 unit)
h. Wood clamp (1 unit)
i. Test tube (4 units)
j. Stirrer bar (1 unit)
k. Graduated cylinder 10 mL (1 unit)
l. Test tube rack (1 unit)
m. Beaker 100 mL (1 unit)
n. Spray bottle (1 unit)
o. Rough cloth (1 unit)
p. Smooth cloth (1 unit)
2. Chemical
a. Potassium iodide – sodium sulphite (KI – Na2SO3)
b. Copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4)
c. Mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2)
d. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
e. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
f. Silver nitrate 1 % (AgNO3)
g. Hydrogen peroxide 10 % (H2O2)
h. Cobalt (II) nitrate (Co(NO3)2)
i. Ammonium thiocyanate in acetone (NH4SCN)
j. Ammonium fluoride (NH4F)
k. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
l. Oxine (C9H7NO)
m. Nitric acid concentrated (HNO3)
n. Barium carbonate (BaCO3)
o. Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4)
p. Zink (Zn)
q. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
r. Aquadest (H2O)
s. Acetic Acid solution dilute (CH3COOH)
t. Amonia (NH3)
u. Filter paper
v. Matches
w. Label
x. Tissue

E. WORK PROCEDURE
1. Mercury test with Cu (II) iodide
a. A drops of KI-Na2SO3 was taken into spot plate, added a drop of CuSO4 and a
drops of HgCl2
b. The color was identificated
2. Arsen test
a. With Gutzeit mehode
3 drops of As2O3 was taken into test tube, added Zn solid, 3 drops of H2SO4
after that close with filtered paper and added AgNO3 1%. Identification the
color
b. With silver nitrate
3 drops of As2O3 was taken into crus porcelain and 3 drops of NH3 and 3 drops
of H2O2 was heated. And added 2 drops of CH3COOH. Identification the color
3. Cobalt test
a. With ammonium thiocyanate
A drops of Co(NO3) was taken into spot plate and 1 drops of NH4 was added.
Identification the color
b. With existence of iron
 A drops of Co(NO3) was mixed with NH4F into spot plate and added 1 drops
of NH4. Identification the color
4. Chloride test
a. With silver chloride
3 drops of HCl, oxine, H2O2 and HNO3 was taken, after that heated. And than
added 3 drops of AgNO3 1%. Identification the color
b. With existence of other halide and volatization
Crystal NaCl was taken and added 2drops of HNO3 concentrated and put in the
test tube. Put the stirrer after added AgNO3 1% on the mixed reaction and than
heated. Identification the color
5. Sulphate test by barium carbonate and PP
A drops of BaCO3 and a drops H2SO4 was taken into crus and heated till dried
and after that added PP 10%. Identification the color

F. OBSERVATION RESULT
No. Activity Result
1. 1 drop KI-Na2S2O3 + 1 drop CuSO4 + 1 The color is orange
drop HgCl2

2. 3 drops As2O3 + Zn solid + 3 drops H2SO4 Yellow Stein

Closed with filtering paper + AgNO3 1%
3 drops As2O3 + 3 drops NH3 + 3 drops Colorless
H2O2 + heated + 2 drops CH3COOH
3. 1 drop Co(NO3)2 + 1 drop NH4SCN The color is blue
1 drop Co(NO3)2 + 1 drop NH4F + 5 drop The color is green
NH4SCN
4. 3 drops HCl + 3 drops oxine + 3 drops
H2O2 + 3 drops HNO3 + Heated + 3 drops Have a precipitate
AgNO3 1%
 Crystal NaCl + 2 drops
HNO3 concentrated + AgNO3 1% + Have a bubble
Heated
5. 1 drop H2SO4 + 1 drop BaCO3 + heated
until dry + PP 10% Colorless

G. DISCUSSION
Spot test atau yang dikenal sebagai uji bercak merupakan metode analisis
kualitatif untuk mengetahui kandungan suatu zat dalam senyawa atau bahan yang
diujikan. Uji bercak atau spot test dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara
diantaranya pada suatu lempeng bercak dalam sebuh krus makro, tabung reaksi atau
sentrifuge atau pada kertas saring (Shevla, 1985: 193).
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengujian raksa dengan tembaga
(II) iodida, melakukan pengujian arsen dengan metode Gutzeit dan perak nitrat,
melakukan pengujian kobalt melalui pengujian dengan ammonium tiosianat dan
dengan adanya besi, melakukan pengujian klorida dengan pengendapan sebagai
perak klorida dengan volatilisasi asam klorida dan melakukan pengujian sulfat
dengan barium karbonat beserta indikator phenolphtalein.
1. Uji Raksa dengan Cu (II) Iodida
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menguji adanya raksa dengan tembaga (II)
iodida. Uji positif dari percobaan ini adalah larutan akan berwarna merah atau
orange. Pada percobaan ini, larutan yang diuji yaitu raksa (II) klorida yang harus
dalam keadaan asam karena semakin asam maka kepekaan larutan tersebut semakin
bagus. Percobaan digunakan kalium iodida-natrium tiosulfat yang berfungsi
membebaskan iodida yang akan beraksi dengan Cu2+ yang dihasilkan dari CuSO4
membentuk CuI2. Lalu ditambahkan larutan raksa (II) klorida yang merupakan
larutan uji kemudian warna larutan berubah menjadi orange. Hal ini telah sesuai
teori yang mengatakan larutan berwarna orange jika terdapat raksa.
Adapun persamaan reaksinya :
4KI.Na2S2O3 + 6 CuSO4 → 2CuI2 + 4CuSO3 + 4 Na2S2O4 + 2K2SO4
2Cu2I2 + HgCl2 → Cu2(HgI4) + Cl2 + 2Cu2+
 (orange)

2. Uji Arsen
a. Dengan Metode Gutzeit
Percobaan ini untuk menguji adanya arsen dengan menggunakan metode
gutzeit. Uji positif pada percobaan ini yaitu adanya terbentuk noda kuning pada
kertas saring. Larutan yang diujikan adalah arsen (III) oksida yang ditambahkan
logam zink dan asam sulfat encer yang yang berfungsi untuk memberikan suasana
asam pada larutan yang menghasilkan larutan berwarna hitam. Kertas saring yang
digunakan untuk menutup mulut tabung reaksi dibasahi dengan larutan perak
nitrat yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi adanya arsen dalam larutan. Hal ini
dikarenakan bila uap hidrida dialirkan dengan kertas saring yang telah dibasahi
dengan perak nitrat maka kertas saring menjadi berwarna. Lalu tabung reaksi
ditutup dengan kertas saring yang telah dibasahi perak nitrat lalu terbentuk noda
kuning. Hal ini telah sesuai dengan teori yang menandakan bahwa pada larutan
tersebut mengandung arsen. Reaksinya yaitu:
AsH3 + 6Ag+ → As3+ + 3H+ + 6Ag
(endapan hitam)
AsH3 + AgNO3 → AsAg3 + 3HNO3
(kuning)
b. Dengan Perak Nitrat
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menguji adanya arsen dengan menggunakan
perak nitrat. Uji positif pada percobaan ini adalah larutan berwarna merah
kecokelatan yang tidak larut. Percobaan ini menggunakan larutan arsen (III) oksida
yang terdapat dalam krus porselin ditambahkan dengan ammonia dan hidrogen
peroksida yang berfungsi untuk mengubah asam arsenit menjadi arsenat. Lalu
dipanaksan sampai larutannya hampir kering yang berfungsi untuk mempercepat
reaksi kemudian ditambahkan asam asetat yang berfungsi untuk mengasamkan
larutan. Menurut teori akan terbentuk endapan berwarna merah bata tapi pada
percobaan ini larutan tersebut tetap bening. Hal ini menandakan pada larutan yang
diuji tidak mengandung arsen. Ini disebabkan karena terdapat kesalahan saat
melakukan pengujian.
3. Uji Kobalt
a. Dengan ammonium tiosianat
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menguji adanya kobalt dengan ammonium
tiosianat. Uji postif pada percobaan ini adalah larutan berwana hijau hingga biru
tergantung pada kobalt yang ada. Pada spot plate dimasukkan larutan kobalt (II)
nitrat sebagai larutan yang akan diuji lalu ditambahkan ammonium tiosianat yang
berfungsi untuk membentuk kompleks tiosianat yang akan merubah larutan menjadi
warna biru hingga hijau. Penambahan larutan tersebut menghasilkan larutan
berwarna biru. Warna biru pada larutan tersebut menandakan kobalt yang ada
dalam kobalt (II) nitrat banyak. Persamaan reaksinya yaitu:
Co (NO3)2 → Co2+ + 2 NO3-
Co2 + 4 SCN– → [Co(SCN)4]2-
Co(NO3)2 + 4NH4SCN → Co(SCN)4(NH4)2 + 2NH4NO3
(biru)
b. Uji kobalt dengan adanya besi
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menguji kobalt dengan adanya besi. Uji
positif percobaan ini yaitu larutan berwarna biru sampai hijau. Pada spot plate
dimasukkan larutan kobalt (II) yang mana larutan tersebut merupakan larutan yang
akan diuji. Kemudian ditambahkan ammonium fluorida yang berfungsi untuk
mengubah garam ferri manjadi ion kompleks ferriflourida yang tidak larut dan tidak
berwarna. Lalu ditambahkan ammonium tiosianat yang akan mendeteksi adanya
kobalt pada larutan dengan memberikan warna pada larutan dari biru sampai hijau.
Adapun hasil yang diperoleh larutan berwarna hijau yang menandakan bahwa
sedikit kobalt yang terkandung ada larutan uji. Persamaan reaksinya yaitu :
Co (NO3)2 → Co2+ + 2 NO3-
Co2 + 4 SCN– → [Co(SCN)4]2-
Co(NO3)2 + 4NH4SCN → Co(SCN)4(NH4)2 + 2NH4NO3
(hijau)
4. Uji klorida
a. Pengujian dengan endapan perak klorida. Percobaan ini dilakukan bertujuan
untuk mengidentifikasi klorida dengan sebaal perak klorida dengan adanya halida
lain. Uji positif percobaan ini yaitu terbentuk kekeruhan atau endapan putih.
Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan larutan oksin digunakan larutan oksin dikarenakan
bila oksidasi dilangsungkan dengan adanya oksin, maka senyawa fenolik ini akan
terhalogenasi oleh halogen bebas tersebut. Kemudian ditambahkan
dengan hidrogen peroksida dimana digunakan hidrogen peroksida karena larutan
klorida dalam suasana asam tidak bereaksi dengan adanya penambahan hidrogen
peroksida ini. Selanjutnya ditambahkan asam nitrat yang berfungsi memberikan
suasana asam pada larutan selain itu juga berfungsi sebagai katalis untuk
mempercepat terjadinya reaksi dan ditambahkan perak nitrat yang berfungsi
sebagai bahan yang akan bereaksi dengan klorida membentuk perak klorida Hasil
yang diperoleh yaitu terbentuk endapan putih dan keruh dimana hasil tersebut telah
sesuai dengan teori yang mengatakan uji positif pada percobaan akan terbentuk
kekeruhan atau endapan. Terbentuk endapan putih dan keruh pada larutan
menandakan bahwa larutan yang diuji mengandung klorida. Adapun persamaan
reaksinya :
Cl- + C6H9NOH → C6H9NCl + OH–
C6H9NCl + H2O2 → C6H9NOH + HCl
HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + HNO3
Cl– + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3–
(endapan putih)
b. Pengujian dengan volatilisasi asam klorida
Pengujian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi klorida adanya kekeruhan asam
perak nitrat. Uji positif percobaan ini yaitu terbentuk kekeruhan atau endapan putih.
Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan kristal natrium klorida dimasukkan dengan tabung
reaksi dimana natrium klorida merupakan larutan yang akan diuji pada percobaan
ini dan ditambahkan dengan asam nitrat pekat yang nantinya akan menghasikan
asam klorida yang akan mengeruhkan larutan perak nitrat. Kemudian batang
pengaduk yang telah dibasahi dengan perak nitrat pekat diletakkan diatas campuran
reaksi. Larutan perak nitrat inilah yang akan mengidentifikasi klorida yang ditandai
dengan larutan menjadi keruh dan ada endapan putih. Kemudian larutan dipanaskan
yang berfungsi untuk mempercepat terjadinya reaksi dan menguraikan Cl dalam
bentuk HCl. Adapun hasil yang diperoleh larutan tidak larut sempurna dan
terbentuk endapan putih. Hasil yang diperoleh telah sesuai dengan teori yang
mengatakan uji positif pada percobaan akan terbentuk kekeruhan atau endapan.
Terbentuk endapan putih dan keruh pada larutan menandakan bahwa larutan yang
diuji mengandung klorida. Adapun persamaan reaksinya :
NaCl + HNO3 → NaNO3 + HCl
HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl (endapan putih) + HNO3
5. Uji sulfat dengan barium karbonat dan pp
Pecobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sulfat dengan barium karbonat
dan pp. Uji positif dari percobaan ini adalah larutan berwarna merah. Larutan asam
sulfat encer ditambahkan suspensi barium karbonat dimana larutan barium
karbonat ini yang akan bereaksi cepat dengan asam sulfat. Kemudian larutan
dipanaskan sampai kering dimana pemanasan ini berfungsi untuk mempercepat
terjadinya reaksi. Selanjutnya ditambahkan pp yang berfungsi sebagai indikator
asam-basa yang akan memberikan warna merah pada larutan. Hasil yang diperoleh
tidak sesuai dengan yang mengatakan bahwa larutan akan berwarna merah dimana
hasil yang diperoleh yaitu larutan bening. Hal ini disebabkan bahan yang digunakan
sudah tidak bagus yang mengakibatkan larutan tidak dapat bereaksi dan
menghasilkan larutan berwarna merah. Persamaan reaksinya :
H2SO4 + BaCO3 → BaSO4 + H2CO3

H. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1. Conclusion
Based on the experiments that have been carried out, it can be concluded
that:
a. The mercury test with Cu (II) iodide produced an orange solution which indicated
that the solution tested contained mercury which was in accordance with the
positive test of the test.
b. Arsenic test with Guitzeit method formed yellow stains on filter paper, which
indicated that the solution tested contained arsenic. But in testing with silver nitrate
the solution remained clear and there were no brown deposits which were not in
accordance with the theory
c. The cobalt test with ammonium thiocyanate produces a blue solution. Likewise,
the cobalt test in the presence of iron produces a green solution.
d. The chloride test also showed a positive test on the assay as silver chloride with
other halides and with volatilization which produced a cloudy solution and formed
a white precipitate which indicated that the solution tested contained chloride.
e. Sulfate test with barium carbonate and pp shows results that are not in accordance
with the theory where the solution produced in color is because the material used is
no longer good which causes the solution to not react to produce a red solution.
2. Suggestions
It is expected in the next practitioner to be more careful in conducting
experiments so that the results do not occur errors in the results of the experiment.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fifield, F. W and D. Kealey. 2000. Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry

Fifth Edition. United Kingdom: Blackwell Science Ltd

Hamzah, Baharuddin, Husnia Muchtar and Sitti Rahmawati. 2017. The Effect of
Copper(II) and Cadmium(II) on Mercury(II) Extraction Percent Using
Liquid Membrane Emulsion Type W/O Double Surfactant With Benzoyl
Acetone as Cation Bearer. Jurnal Kimia Mulawarman. Vol. 15 No. 1
ISSN 1693-5616

Harvey, David. 2000. Modern Analytical Chemistry. United States of America:

MC-Graw Hill

Kealey, D. and P.J Haines. 2002. Instant Note Analytical Chemistry. United
Kingdom: BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited

Krull, Ira. S. 2012. Analytical Chemistry. Croatia: IntTech

Singh, Rachana, Samiksha Singh, Parul Parihar, Vijay Pratap Singh and Sheo
Mohan Prasad. 2015. Arsenic contamination, consequences and
remediation techniques. Journal Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.
Vol. 112 ISSN 0147-6513
 APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Analytical Chemistry experiment with tittle “Spot Test”

arranged by:
name : Nurwahyuni
ID : 1713442008
class : Icp of Chemistry Education
group : III (Three)
after checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accept

Makassar, October 2018

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Desi Renika Betzy Ayu Omega Rampean

ID. 1413141005 ID. 1513440011

Known by
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Sitti Faika, S.Si., Apt., M.Sc. Ph.D

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