1nc

1
Education means the process of learning within schools – it’s distinct from the broader
‘schooling’
Cooch, 3 – Judge for the Superior Court of Delaware (Richard, UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Plaintiff-
Below, Appellant, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE and NEW CASTLE COUNTY
BOARD OF ASSESSMENT REVIEW, Defendants-Below, Appellees. C.A. No. 02A-03-001 RRC SUPERIOR
COURT OF DELAWARE, NEW CASTLE 2003 Del. Super. LEXIS 37, 1/30, lexis)

The Court's view that the placement of the Bank's facilities within the Student Center serves

AND

a commercial advantage in its favor, while colorable, is ultimately unpersuasive.

Violation – the plan acts on issues separate from the classroom

Voting issue

– to protect limits – expanding the topic to include the entire school systems makes
us debate anything tangentially related to education – nutrition, domestic violence,
construction, football fields, vaccines, security guards, and student health. Education
as the process of learning is a finite, more predictable literature base

--it’s a question of legal precision – our interpretation is more predictable because it’s
a court determination that education is more limited than schooling
 2
The United States federal government should establish a national teacher certification
program for elementary and secondary education in the United States, similar to the
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards and the Interstate New Teacher
Assessment and Support Consortium, including financial incentives for teacher
recruitment and retention, especially in high-need areas and establish a database and
analytic agenda for monitoring and responding to teacher supply and demand

the plan requires notice-and-comment, the counterplan doesn’t

ACE 15 – American Council on Education (RECALIBRATING REGULATION OF COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES Report of the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education,
https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/Regulations_Task_Force_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf)
Effective and efficient regulations are critical to ensuring that federal resources for higher education are

AND

when they believe more clarification is needed but does not require public participation.

Formal regulation politicizes the DOE—causes massive budget cuts

Raso 10 - JD @ Yale Law School and Ph.D. in Political Science @ Stanford University (Connor R.,
“Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents,” 119 Yale L.J. 782, Lexis)

A. Congressional and Presidential Preferences Guidance documents generally attract less attention from Congress and
AND

the President are divided because the agency cannot please both of its superiors.

Budget cuts turn the case

Robinson 16 - Professor, University of Richmond School of Law (Kimberly, “FEATURE: No Quick Fix for
Equity and Excellence: The Virtues of Incremental Shifts in Education Federalism,” 27 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev
201, *202, Lexis)//BB Before turning to this analysis, it is worth noting that in focusing on the need for
reforming school funding systems, I build upon the research that finds that money spent well matters
for student outcomes. 40 In my recent book coedited with Professor Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. we note that
the school finance debate has largely moved beyond questioning whether money matters to a
consensus that money spent well does, in fact, matter. 41 Further evidence that money matters is
presented in a 2016 study finding that when children from low-income families are provided with lower
pupil-to-teacher ratios and a more equitable distribution of staffing, they experience better academic
outcomes and exhibit a smaller gap in achievement with their more affluent peers. 42 This study also
found that greater spending leads to smaller class sizes. 43 Other research indicating that money spent
well matters can be found in a study by C. Kirabo Jackson and his associates published by the National
Bureau of Economic Research. The study found that although we find small effects for children from
affluent families, for low-income children, a 10% increase in per pupil spending each year for all 12 years
of public school is associated with 0.46 additional years of completed education, 9.6% higher earnings,
and a 6.1 percentage point reduction in the annual incidence of adult poverty. The results imply that a
25% increase in per pupil spending throughout one's school years could eliminate the average
attainment gaps between children from low-income … and nonpoor families… 44 [*209] Further
research also confirms the positive effect of increased funding for obtaining particular resources and
student outcomes. 45 In addition, a compelling body of research indicates that states that have
implemented substantial changes to the distribution and/or level of education funding typically observe
significant improvements in student achievement. 46
 3
The United States federal government should establish and regulate a national
teacher certification program for elementary and secondary education in the United
States, based on the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, including
pension portability, and financial incentives for teacher recruitment and retention,
especially in high-need areas and establish a database and analytic agenda for
monitoring and responding to teacher supply and demand.

First net-benefit is presumption---it’s less change because it PICs out of requiring

INTASC for certification.

Second net-benefit is racism---INTASC standards deploy colorblind pedagogical

standards and preclude anti-racist education---this directly accesses every element of
their framing contention
Vavrus 2 - PhD., a faculty member at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington in the areas
of teacher education and political economy (Michael, “Transforming the Multicultural Education of
Teachers,” p. 58-60)

The expectation expressed by NCATE Standard 1, "Candidate Knowledge, Skills, and

AND

McCarthy, 1998a, 1998b; McLaren, 1994; Nieto, 1997).

The colorblindness in that certification scheme turns educational equality and

cements segregation
Wells 14 – PhD in Sociology of Education, Professor of Sociology and Education at Columbia
University’s Teachers College, writer primarily on race and education (Amy, “Seeing Past the Colorblind
Myth of Education Policy,” National Education Policy Center, http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/pb-
colorblind_0.pdf)
This policy brief presents the most significant evidence-based critique of ostensibly “colorblind

AND

are not blind to the role that race plays in our educational system.
 4
Elementary and secondary education can never exceed grade 12 – they violate plan
teaches teachers
US Code - 20 U.S.C. 7801 (Department of Education, Title IX (20 U.S.C. 7801,
https://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg107.html
21) FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION- The term free public education' means education that is provided —
(A) at public expense, under public supervision and direction, and without tuition charge; and
(B) as elementary school or secondary school education as determined under applicable State law,
except that the term does not include any education provided beyond grade 12.

Voting issue –

1. limits – they include an entirely separate body of literature in the topic

2. Maintaining a strict distinction is key to precision and topic education

MEG 17 – Master of Education Degree Guide, “What Grades Can You Teach With an Early Childhood
Education Degree?”, http://www.master-of-education.org/faq/what-grades-can-you-teach-with-an-
early-childhood-education-degree/
What is the Primary Focus of an Early Childhood Education Program?
It is
AND
subject matter areas like social studies, math, science, and the arts
 5
Trump’s approval is inching up now---the plan supercharges Trump into overall
popularity
Miller 9-24-2017 - reports from the White House on politics, policy and political campaigns for The
Washington Times (SA, “Hurricane relief, ‘Chuck and Nancy’ talks help lift Trump’s job approval ratings,”
Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/sep/24/donald-trumps-job-approval-
ratings-rise-with-hurri/)

President Trump’s job approval numbers have been on the upswing in recent weeks, climbing

AND

something done on health care, you will really see his numbers spike.”

Popularity erodes judicial checks on Trump

Mickey 17 – PhD in Political Science @ Harvard, Associate Professor of Political Science at the
University of Michigan, research focuses on U.S. politics in historical perspective. He is interested in
American political development, political parties, racial politics, and policy responses to inequality. His
forthcoming book explores the post-war U.S. South as a set of transitions from authoritarian rule, his
current projects include racial politics in the urban North and West; racial appeals and the politics of
symbols; race and national party alignment; and the politics of national health insurance, et al (Robert
Mickey, Steven Levitsky, and Lucan Ahmad Way, “Is America Still Safe for Democracy? Why the United
States Is in Danger of Backsliding,” Foreign Affairs, Lexis)
The election of Donald Trump as president of the United States—a man who

AND

If American democracy manages to do that, it will prove exceptional indeed.

Judicial checks on Trump solve warming---courts play offense and defense

Burger 5-2-2017 – JD @ Columbia, MFA @ NYU, co-founder of the Environmental law collaborative,
executive director of Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law and a lecturer-in-law at
Columbia Law School (Michael, “The Battle Against Trump’s Assault on Climate Is Moving to the Courts,”
Yale 360, https://e360.yale.edu/features/stopping-trump-the-battle-to-thwart-the-assault-on-climate-
moves-to-the-courts) --- ability edited with Thesaurus synonym

A little more than 100 days into his administration, President Donald J. Trump

AND

Scott Pruitt, and the rest of the president’s team — in court.

The impact is extinction
Klein 17 - former Miliband Fellow, lectured at the London School of Economics on the anti-
globalization movement, social activist, and filmmaker known for her political analyses and criticism of
corporate globalization and of capitalism (Naomi, “No is not enough: Resisting Trump’s shock politics
and winning the world we need,” pg. 68-70)

The stakes in the 2016 election were enormously high for a great many reasons,

AND

the warming we have already experienced, so it’s by no means safe.

 Framing
Consequentialism key---ethical purity generates evil and wrecks the affirmative’s
politics
Isaac 2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of
Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means,
and Politics,” Proquest)

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It

AND

not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

They’re wrong about predictions and voting for them makes it worse
Fitzsimmons, 7 – Ph.D. in international security policy from the University of Maryland, Adjunct
Professor of Public Policy, analyst in the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division at the Institute for
Defense Analyses (Michael, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06/07)
In defence of prediction Uncertainty is not a new phenomenon for strategists. Clausewitz knew

AND

reinvigorate their efforts in the messy but indispensable business of predicting the future.

Reducing policies to moral intent shuts down debate – assessing consequences is key
to racial justice advocacy
Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American
Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L.
Rev. 1231, p. 1318

Second, reducing conversation on race matters to an ideological contest allows opponents to elide

AND

ideological exchange, which further exacerbates hostilities and deepens the cycle of resentment.

The Principle of Intervening Action is an excuse to prevent scrutiny of injustice – you

have an obligation to consider all consequences
McCluskey 12 – JSD @ Columbia, Professor of Law @ SUNY-Buffalo
(Martha, “How the "Unintended Consequences" Story Promotes Unjust Intent and Impact,” Berkeley La
Raza, doi: dx.doi.org/doi:10.15779/Z381664)
The recent economic crisis has breathed new life into policies of upward redistribution, even

AND

and economic hierarchy appear natural and necessary, beyond the reach of law.
 Case
The affirmative measures the determination of teacher quality explicitly on
standardized test performance. Their Black evidence is damning – it’s based upon
achievement as the result of national test scores

This epistemology is false – the achievement gap is based upon a moral panic designed
to enforce control of communities of color to prevent challenges to racial capitalism.
Reject the entire representation of the 1ac
Benson, 16 – PhD in Urban Education, The Graduate Center of the City of New York; professor at Rhode
Island College (Jeremy, “Constructing an Enemy Within: Race, Literacy and School Knowledge in the
Transition to Neoliberal Capitalism” https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/volume-iv-issue-2-spring-
2016/constructing-enemy-within-race-literacy-school-knowledge-transition-neoliberal-capitalism/

Black and Brown speakers of non-Standard English, and the teachers and schools

AND

better aligned to, and undergirding, the shift to neoliberal racial capitalism.

Ireland is wrong and locating the solution to poverty in education reinforces

narratives of individual failure that render populations disposable
Benson, 16 – PhD in Urban Education, The Graduate Center of the City of New York; professor at Rhode
Island College (Jeremy, “Constructing an Enemy Within: Race, Literacy and School Knowledge in the
Transition to Neoliberal Capitalism” https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/volume-iv-issue-2-spring-
2016/constructing-enemy-within-race-literacy-school-knowledge-transition-neoliberal-capitalism/

The political economic transformations described above created a vast surplus population of
unemployed and impoverished

AND

and thereby redistributes vulnerability upward to neoliberal racial capitalism’s elite architects and
beneficiaries.

US political economy inhibits education reform – poverty level wages, industrial policy
and transportation all maintain poverty regardless of educational attainment
Anyon, 14 – professor in the Doctoral Program in Urban Education at The Graduate Center of The City
University of New York (Jean, Radical Possibilities: Public Policy, Urban Education, and A New Social
Movement, p. 5) italics in the original
But in my view, low-achieving urban schools are not primarily a consequence

AND

—to the millions of urban poor who want, and need them.

Their ethics claims are backwards. Official state anti-racism in education serves to
legitimize the overall racist economy that renders populations disposable – vote
negative on the basis of their own framing contention
Benson, 16 – PhD in Urban Education, The Graduate Center of the City of New York; professor at Rhode
Island College (Jeremy, “Constructing an Enemy Within: Race, Literacy and School Knowledge in the
Transition to Neoliberal Capitalism” https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/volume-iv-issue-2-spring-
2016/constructing-enemy-within-race-literacy-school-knowledge-transition-neoliberal-capitalism/

Entrenched racial inequality remained during the transition to a neoliberal political economy, in spite

AND

and disposability requisite to racial ordering and capital accumulation under these new conditions.
2nc
Reg pic
 AT pdcp

The counterplan PICs out of notice-and-comment

Noah 14 - Professor of Law, University of Florida (Lars, “Governance by the Backdoor: Administrative
Law(lessness?) at the FDA, 93 Neb. L. Rev. 890)

By issuing a guidance document, an agency can obtain a rule-like effect

AND

than go through the effort of notice-and-comment rulemaking. 12

2-Mandatory standards---the plan is a binding and mandatory standard

Palladino 92 – Justice, Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania (Central Dauphin School District v.
Department of Education, Pa. Cmmw. Ct. 1992, Casetext,
http://law.justia.com/cases/pennsylvania/commonwealth-court/1992/147-pa-commw-426-1.html)

A regulation is a governmental agency's exercise of delegated legislative power to create a mandatory

AND

support the policy just as if the policy statement had never been issued.

3-CFR---the plan is legally required to be published in the CFR, the counterplan isn’t
US District Court 15 (Jarita Mesa Livestock Grazing Ass'n v. United States Forest Serv., 140 F. Supp.
3d 1123, Lexis)

Furthermore, HN58 agency policies are more likely enforceable when the agency promulgates them
according to the APA's procedural requirements. See River Runners for Wilderness v. Martin, 593 F.3d
1064, 1073 (9th Cir. 2010). "To have the force and effect of law, enforceable against an agency in federal
court," an agency's pronouncement must satisfy two tests:

(1) prescribe substantive rules -- not interpretive rules, general statements of policy or rules of agency
organization, procedure or practice -- and (2) conform to certain procedural requirements. To satisfy the
first requirement the rule must be legislative in nature, affecting [**158] individual rights and
obligations; to satisfy the second, it must have been promulgated pursuant to a specific statutory grant
of authority and in conformance with the procedural requirements imposed by Congress.

River Runners for Wilderness v. Martin, 593 F.3d at 1071 (

AND

than general policy statements, and should conform to the APA's procedural requirements.
 At link nu

It’s not new spending it’s just a new priority for existing money
Stratford, 9/26/17 - Michael Stratford is an education reporter for POLITICO Pro (Michael, “How will
Trump’s $200 million STEM investment work?” Politico, http://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-
education/2017/09/26/how-will-trumps-200-million-stem-investment-work-222480
HOW WILL TRUMP’S $200 MILLION STEM INVESTMENT WORK? The Trump administration on Monday
AND
computer science teachers and reach a diverse population of students, he said.

They use existing discretionary grant funds

Kullgren, 9/25/17 (Ian, “Trump directs $200 million to tech education for women and minorities”
Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/25/trump-stem-technology-grants-women-minorities-
243115
President Donald Trump on Monday directed at least $200 million a year to technology
AND
House officials said, because they will rely on existing Education Department funds.
 --DOE t/o

The plan requires significant DoE resources---the counterplan avoids it because no

public comment, OMB negotiation or personnel
Shapiro 14 – JD, Associate Professor and Director, Public Policy Program, Bloustein School of Planning
and Public Policy, Rutgers University (Stuart, “EXECUTIVE DISCRETION AND THE RULE OF LAW: AGENCY
OVERSIGHT AS "WHAC-A-MOLE": THE CHALLENGE OF RESTRICTING AGENCY USE OF NONLEGISLATIVE
RULES,” 37 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 523, Lexis)

Not having to devote personnel to responding to public comment and negotiating with OMB is

AND

about them, not to reach an unending series of discretionary judgments." 37

 i/l –zero-sum bca

education funding is a zero-sum game – constrained spending caps ensure the plan
forces cuts
Miller 15 Senior Director for Postsecondary Education at the Center for American Progress (Ben, Sept.
22, “Capped Out: Low Spending Limits, Pell Grants, and the Future of Labor and Health and Human
Services Appropriations,” Center for American Progress,
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/reports/2015/09/22/121671/capped-out/) AAB
For the past several years, Congress has pursued a budget-by-crisis
AND
let it happen and would therefore reach agreement on the additional spending cuts.

bca capped doe funding -- ensures trade-offs

McCann 14 deputy director for federal higher education policy with New America's Education Policy
program. She previously served as a senior adviser on higher education policy at the U.S. Department of
Education. (Clare, July 22, “Unaccompanied Children’ Crisis Has Implications for Education Budget,” New
America, https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/unaccompanied-children-crisis-
implications-education-budget/) AAB

That’s where the trouble starts for education spending. In 2011, Congress passed the
AND
for the immigration crisis could eat into the federal budget for education programs.

bca condifies zero-sum nature – education programs force big cuts

McCann and Delisle 13 Clare McCann is the deputy director for federal higher education policy with
New America's Education Policy program. She previously served as a senior adviser on higher education
policy at the U.S. Department of Education. Jason Delisle is the former director of the Federal Education
Budget Project, which is part of the Education Policy program at New America. (January 30, “Why March
27 Matters for Education and Sequestration Doesn't,” New America,
https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/federal-education-budget-project/ed-money-
watch/why-march-27-matters-for-education-and-sequestration-doesnt/) AAB
Watch the Spending Caps: Want to know what funding level Congress and the president
AND
make everything fit within the cap. It’s a zero-sum game.
 i/l – zero-sum trump

trump’s campaign pledge to shrink government forces trade-offs

Berke and Nudelman 3/16/17 (“Here are the biggest winners and losers in Trump's first budget,”
Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-budget-winners-losers-2017-3) AAB
President Donald Trump's administration released its first budget on Thursday that proposes to slash spending
AND
ultimately has to come from somewhere for Trump to avoid increasing federal debt.

gop under pressure to balance the budget – new spending forces trade-offs
Bade and Ferris 5/15
(Rachel Bade- covers house leadership for Politico. Sarah Ferris- covers budget and appropriations for
politico. “Republicans plan massive cuts to programs for the poor”
http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/14/republicans-cuts-programs-food-stamps-welfare-veterans-
238314)mba-alb
House Republicans just voted to slash hundreds of billions of dollars in health care for
AND
campaign fodder is much easier than backing a bill that could be enacted.

even if trump’s budget doesn’t pass it still creates the climate that ensures new
spending forces cuts
Huse 5/23
(Carl Huse- journalist the new York times “Republicans Will Reject Trump’s Budget, but Still Try to
Impose Austerity” https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/us/politics/trump-budget-republicans-
austerity.html) mba-alb
Mick Mulvaney, the White House budget director, on Tuesday in the press briefing
AND
going so far that voters decide to restore budget power to the Democrats.
 i/l – zero-sum – doe

limited resources means education funding is zero-sum

Spielhagen and Cooper 5 Frances R. Spielhagen is an American Educational Research
Association/Institute of Education Sciences postdoctoral fellow at the College of William and Mary's
Center for Gifted Education, in Williamsburg, Va. Bruce S. Cooper is a professor of education and the
chair of the division of educational leadership, administration, and policy at Fordham University, in New
York City. He is the author of the forthcoming book Homeschooling in Full View--A Reader (2005). (“The
unkindest cut: Seven stupid arguments against programs for the gifted,” Davidson Institute,
http://www.davidsongifted.org/Search-Database/entry/A10348) AAB

"It's not fair to offer special services for gifted students." Zero-sum
AND
services--have become regarded as frills that deduct from the common good.
 2nc reg links

The plan drains Department of Education resources, the counterplan doesn’t

Worthington 17 - graduate of Penn State University's joint J.D./M.A. program in Law and Educational
Theory & Policy, served as a legal intern with the Office for Civil Rights (Stephen, Beacon or Bludgeon?
Use of Regulatory Guidance by the Office for Civil Rights, 17 BYU Educ. & L. J. 161, Lexis)

C. Imposing additional procedures for issuing regulatory guidance will have effects which are adverse

AND

portion, but it will expand every other area of the balloon. 198

The plan triggers notice-and-comment, which drains resources---the counterplan

avoids this process
Seidenfeld 11 - Professor of Administrative Law, Florida State University College of Law (Mark,
“Substituting Substantive for Procedural Review of Guidance Documents,” 90 Tex. L. Rev. 331, Lexis)

Announcing a new policy or interpretation in a guidance document promises significant social benefits
when

AND

are in a much better position if they know the likely reaction. 57

Notice-and-comment trades off with resources for other priorities

Johnson 12 - Associate Dean and Professor, Walter F. George School of Law, Mercer University; B.S.,
J.D., Villanova University; LL.M., George Washington University School of Law (Stephen, “In Defense of
the Short Cut,” 60 Kan. L. Rev. 495)

Many reasons underlie the trend toward nonlegislative rulemaking. General consensus indicates that
the notice

AND

are also subject to less presidential and congressional oversight than legislative rules. 96

The counterplan solves without on-the-ground enforcement

Mendelson 7 – Professor of Law @ UM (Nina, “REGULATORY BENEFICIARIES AND INFORMAL AGENCY
POLICYMAKING,” 92 Cornell L. Rev. 397, Lexis)
Like legislative rules, all of these guidance documents announce broad statements of policy that

AND

legislators and scholars to complain about agencies' illegitimate use of guidance documents. 68
 T2

DOE funding is zero-sum

Weingarten 16 American Federation of Teachers president (Randi, April 19, “Equity and education
funding: When good intentions go bad,” American Federation of Teachers, https://aftvoices.org/equity-
and-education-funding-when-good-intentions-go-bad-d7ecc8ff86a8) AAB
Sadly, the discussion put on the table by Congress, and now taken up
AND
staff in order for others to gain. That’s neither equitable nor sensible.

Title 2 is on the chopping block---tradeoffs wreck student preparedness

Nicosia 8-9-2017 - senior reporter at The 74, published in The Atlantic among other quality
publications (Mareesa, “As Congress Mulls Slashing $2B in Title II Funds, Educators See Cuts Devastating
Critical School Leadership,” https://www.the74million.org/article/as-congress-mulls-slashing-2b-in-title-
ii-funds-educators-see-cuts-devastating-critical-school-leadership)

August 9, 2017 MAREESA NICOSIA Mareesa@the74million.org TALKING POINTS With $

AND

8 billion more than the House bill and could create room for negotiation.

Title 2 is key to teacher effectiveness and principal leadership---turns the case---no

other plan can succeed without it
Darling-Hammond 17 – Professor of Education Emeritus at Stanford University where she is Faculty
Director of the Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education, President @ Learning Policy
Institute (Linda, “Trump’s “Skinny Budget” Would Put Educators’ Learning On A Starvation Diet,” Huff
Po, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trumps-skinny-budget-would-put-educators-
learning_us_58ceb4a4e4b0537abd9571fb)
This week, President Trump released his “skinny budget” proposal, calling for

AND

is highly unlikely that the other ambitious goals of ESSA can be achieved.
Case
 2nc – achievement epistemology

Measures of teacher quality are grounded in academic achievement measured

through standardized testing
Casey, 15 – Assistant Professor of Educational Studies in the Department of Psychology at Rhodes
College (Zachary, A Pedagogy of Anticapitalist Antiracism, p. 140-142

A further way in which teacher education is culpable in the maintenance of neoliberal ideology

AND

in the form of performance, in this case, on standardized tests.

 2nc – political economy first

Musical chairs – Increasing education is irrelevant if there are limited jobs in an

economy that demands inequality
Backer, 16 – professor of education at Cleveland State University (David, “The False Promise of
Education” Jacobin Magazine, 11/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/education-reform-
inequality-jobs-economy/

But education cannot guarantee opportunity — it’s government policy and economic practices that
increase or

AND

Gintis set out two versions of the promise: democracy and technocratic meritocracy.

Out of school factors matter far more for future success – newest data
Cohen, 9/26/17 – journalist based in Washington D.C. (Rachel, The Atlantic, “Education Isn't the Key to a
Good Income” https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/09/education-and-economic-
mobility/541041/

A body of research has since emerged to challenge this national story, casting the

AND

not everyone agrees on what it means to be successful” in life.

Our argument is empirically correct – achievement has skyrocketed since the 1970s in
tandem with increasing inequality
Backer, 16 – professor of education at Cleveland State University (David, “The False Promise of
Education” Jacobin Magazine, 11/16, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/education-reform-
inequality-jobs-economy/

Everyone knows that income inequality has increased exponentially between the 1970s and today. Yet

AND

macro-level, there is no relationship between socioeconomic success and schooling.

1nr
 Overview

Teaching teachers using colorblind materials produces violent subjectivities and

increase the likelihood of colorblind pedagogy in classrooms
Husband 16 – PhD, Professor @ Illinois State University School of Teaching and Learning College of
Education (Terry, “But I Don’t See Color The Perils, Practices, and Possibilities of Antiracist Education,”
Ch 1)

A fifth reason that educators should abandon colorblindness concerns an individual’s sensitivity to racial injustice

AND

from colorblind approaches and perspectives and toward color-conscious approaches and perspectives.
 AT ITASC Good

INTASC is a tacit endorsement of racist exclusion

Vavrus 14 - PhD., a faculty member at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington in the
areas of teacher education and political economy (Michael, “Diversity and Education: A Critical
Multicultural Approach,” Kindle Edition)

Culture Abstracted from Social Justice. Under NCATE (2008b) standards, colleges and

AND

potential racist exclusionary practices. (Vavrus, 2002, p. 55).

Universally applied, their standards cement the worst elements of status quo racism
Moss 10 - EdD. School of Education. EdD, Doctorate in Educational Leadership, Stephen F. Austin State
University MEd, Curriculum (Glenda, “A Critical Analysis of Philosophies of Education and INTASC
Standards in Teacher Preparation,” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3.2)

As teacher educators interested in preparing teachers to address the complex issues presented by a

AND

that reflection may reproduce traditional teaching practices and the status quo in society.

Comprehensive studies prove there is zero pedagogical benefit from INTASC

requirements
Dee 16 (Amy, “Admissions Metrics: A Red Herring in Educator Preparation?,” Faculty Publications -
School of Education, 135)

In recognition of the potential repercussions that come with CAEP

Standard 3.2

AND

fails to account for myriad of factors outside the realm of educator preparation.
 AT Similar to Perm

It severs ‘similar to’ means the same

New York Supreme Court (Notice of Appeal State of New York Supreme Court County of Erie, p. 13)
In A New English Dictionary, by Sir James Murray, 1919, the word "similar" is defined ' 'of the same
substance or structure throughout ; homogeneous.