Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CITY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION
CALCULUS I
Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Quan, PhD
Email: quannm@hcmiu.edu.vn
3 Rules of Differentiation
4 Implicit Differentiation
Hint:
(a)
distance travelled 180 km
velocity = = = 60km/hr
time taken 3 hr
(b) The graph of s(t) is a straight line.
The velocity is the slope of the line:
∆s s2 − s1
v= = .
∆t t2 − t1
∆y y2 − y1 f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
m= = =
∆x x2 − x1 x2 − x1
change in displacement
average velocity =
change in time
∆s s2 − s1 s(t2 ) − s(t1 )
vav = = =
∆t t2 − t1 t2 − t1
That is, average velocity = slope of secant line.
Note: With "distance" and "speed" we are not concerned with the
direction in which the movement occurs. To be more precise, we use
displacement (directed distance) and velocity, where speed = |velocity |.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 2. Differentiation Spring 2019 7 / 75
Instantaneous Rate of Change
The slope of the tangent line is said to be the limit of the slopes of the
secant lines as Q approaches P.
m = lim mPQ
Q→P
Definition
The tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(a, f(a)) is the line
through P with slope
f (x) − f (a)
m = lim
x→a x −a
provided that this limit exists.
Definition
Then the tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a)) has
equation (in point-slope form)
y − f (a) = m(x − a)
Definition
Derivative of a function f at a point a is
Example
If f (x) = x 2 + x, then
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
= lim (2x + 1 + h) = 2x + 1
h→0
Example
x
If f (x) = x−1 , for x 6= 1, then
−1
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 (x + h − 1)(x − 1)
−1
=
(x − 1)2
Example
Show that the function f = |x| is not differentiable at x = 0.
Hint: Consider the limit from the left and the limit from the right as
x → 0. Question: Find f 0 (x)? Answer:
1, ifx > 0
f 0 (x) = DNE , ifx = 0
−1, ifx < 0
f (a + h) − f (a) 0 f (a + h) − f (a)
f+0 (a) = lim+ , f− (a) = lim
h→0 h h→0− h
Note that: f 0 (a) exists ⇔ f+0 (a) , f−0 (a) exist and equal.
Definition
Then the tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a)) has
equation (in point-slope form)
y − f (a) = f 0 (a)(x − a)
We have
f (x) − f (5) x 2 − 52
f 0 (5) = lim = lim = 10
x→5 x −5 x→5 x − 5
Example
A manufacturer produces bolts of a fabric with a fixed width. The cost of
producing x meters of this fabric is C = f (x) dollars.
(a) What is the meaning of the derivative f 0 (x)? What are its units?
Example
It can be shown that for an object falling freely under gravity, taking
g = 10m/s 2 , the downward displacement s (in meters) after t seconds is
given by s(t) = 5t 2 . Suppose a ball is dropped from the top of a
skyscraper. Find the velocity of the ball after 5 seconds.
Example
The graph of a function f is given in the figure. Use it to sketch the graph
of the derivative f 0 .
dy df d
f 0 (x) = y 0 = = = f (x) = Df (x) = Dx f (x)
dx dx dx
The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation.
The symbols D and d/dx are called differentiation operators.
The Leibniz notation dy /dx is perhaps the most common.
Note: dy /dx is not a normal ratio but a symbol for a derivative,
dy ∆y
= lim
dx ∆x→0 ∆x
Theorem
If f is differentiable at a then f is continuous at a.
Proof:
Example
In the previous example, we showed that the function f = |x| is not
differentiable at x = 0. In the continuity section of Chapter 1, we already
saw that this function is continuous.
d 2y
d dy
=
dx dx dx 2
d 2y d 3y
000 000 d
y = f (x) = =
dx dx 2 dx 3
f (x + h) − f (x) c −c
f 0 (x) = lim = lim =0
h→0 h h→0 h
Therefore, we obtain the first rule of differentiation
d
(c) = 0
dx
Example
Find the derivatives of the following functions
(a) f (x) = x 7.2 ;
1
(b) g (x) = 2 ,
x
1
(c) x(t) = √
t t
S(A) = −0.882A0.842
d d d
[f (x) ± g (x)] = f (x) ± g (x)
dx dx dx
Example
d d d d
(2x 7 − 5x 4 − 8x) = 2 (x 7 ) − 5 (x 4 ) − 8 (x)
dx dx dx dx
= 2(7x 6 ) − 5(4x 3 ) − 8(1) = 14x 6 − 20x 3 − 8
g f 0 − f g0
d f
=
dx g g2
Example
Find the derivatives
√ of the given functions
(a) f (t) = t(1 − 3t)
x2 − 1
(b) f (x) = √
x +2
√
How to calculate F 0 (x) where F (x) = x 2 + 1? Note that F is a composite
√
function of the two simpler functions f (x) = x and g (x) = x 2 + 1, that
is, F = f ◦ g . We already knew the derivatives of f and g , can we
calculate the derivative of F ? The following theorem give you the answer.
Theorem
If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g (x), then the
composite function F = f ◦ g (defined by F (x) = f (g (x)) is differentiable
at x and F 0 is given by the product:
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
or
d du
f (u) = f 0 (u)
dx dx
Example
√
Find F 0 (x) if F (x) = x 2 + 1.
Solution
We have
F (x) = (f ◦ g ) (x) = f (g (x)) ,
√
where f (u) = u, g (x) = x 2 + 1.
1
f 0 (u) = √ , g 0 (x) = 2x.
2 u
By chain rule,
1 x
F 0 (x) = f 0 (g (x)) g 0 (x) = √ (2x) = √ .
2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Example
Find F 0 (x) if
2
x
(a) F (x) = cos x , (b) F (x) = tan
x +1
q p
(c) F (x) = x + x 2 + 1
Example
Find the derivatives: −1/3
(a) f (x) = x 3 + 9x + 2 ,
(b) f (x) = e cos x ,
2 √ 3
(c) f (x) = x + xe cos x .
Theorem
d 1 d 1
(loga ) x = , (ln x) = .
dx x ln a dx x
Example
d
(ln sin x) = cot x,
dx
d √ 1
ln x = √ .
dx 2x ln x
Example
Differentiate √
x 3/4 x 2 + 1
y= , (x > 0)
(3x + 2)5
dy
Solving for , we get
dx
√
x 3/4 x 2 + 1 3
dy x 15
= + 2 − .
dx (3x + 2)5 4x x + 1 3x + 2
Exercises
Differentiate
(x+1)2 (2x 2 +3)
(a) f (x) = √
x 2 +1
,
Example
sin x tan (x) arcsin (x)
Prove that (a) lim = 1, (b) lim = 1, (c) lim = 1,
x
x→0 x→0 x x→0 x
ln (x + 1) x
e −1
(d) lim = 1, (e) lim = 1.
x→0 x x→0 x
Solution
(b) By the definition of derivative, we have
tan x tan x − tan 0 1
lim = lim = tan0 (0) = = 1.
x→0 x x→0 x −0 cos2 0
One can prove other problems similarly.
Example
Find the limit
2x − 4
lim
x→2 x − 2
Answer: 4 ln 2.
Marginal Cost:
Example: A manufacturer produces bolts of a fabric with a fixed width.
The cost of producing x meters of fabric is C = f (x) dollars. What is the
meaning of f 0 (x)?
Example
Suppose it costs C (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 15x dollars to produce x stoves and
your shop is currently producing 10 stoves a day. Find the marginal cost.
About how much extra will it cost to produce one more stove a day?
Solution
The cost of producing one more stove a day when 10 are produced is
about C 0 (10). Since
C 0 (x) = 3x 2 − 12x + 15
Thus, C 0 (10) = 195 ($/stove).
Thus, the additional cost will be about $195 if you produce one more
stove a day.
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line at the point P = (3/5, 4/5).
Solution
dy
Substitute x = 35 , y = 4
5 into the equation dx = − yx , we obtain the slope
dy 3
=−
dx P 4
Example
Find an equation of the tangent line at the point P = (1, 1) on the curve
y 4 + xy = x 3 − x + 2.
Solution
Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x
4y 3 y 0 + xy 0 + y = 3x 2 − 1
3x 2 − 1 − y
0 dy 1
y = 3
. Thus, =
4y + x dx (1,1) 5
Exercises
Find y 0 if
(a) sin (x + y ) = y 2 cos x,
(b) 2x 3 + x 2 y − xy 3 = 2,
2
(c) y 5 + x 2 y 3 = 1 + ye x ,
(d) 1 + x = sin xy 2 ,
y
(e) tan (x − y ) = 1+x 2
,
(f) e xy = x + y .
f (x) = x 2 + 4
Solution
By technique of finding the inverse function, we obtain
√
g (x) = x − 4
Remarks
Note that the notations sin−1 (x),cos−1 (x),.. in the formula in the previous
slide mean arcsin x, arccos x,...respectively. They are respectively the
inverse functions of y = sin x, y = cos x,...[while (sin (x))−1 = sin1 x , be
careful, sin−1 x and (sin (x))−1 are two different functions, that is,
arcsin x = sin−1 x 6= (sin (x))−1 = sin1 x ].
Example
Differentiate
√
(a) f (x) = arcsin x, (b) f (x) = arctan (3x + 1)
Solution
By the chain rule:
(a)
√ 0
√ 0 x 1
√
arcsin x = q √ 2 = 2√x 1 − x
1− x
(b)
(3x + 1)0 3
(arctan (3x + 1))0 = 2
=
1 + (3x + 1) 1 + (3x + 1)2
Definition
The approximation
Example
(a) Find the linearization of the function f (x) = e x at a = 0 and use it to
approximate the number e 0.01 .
√
(b) Find the linearization of the function f (x) = x at a = 1 and use it to
approximate the number 1.001.
Solution
(a) We have a = 0, f (x) = e x ⇒ f 0 (x) = e x , f 0 (0) = 1.
By linear approximation,
f (x) ≈ 1 + 1 (x − 0) = x + 1
Example
Let D(t) be the US national debt at time t. The table below gives
approximate values of this function by providing end of year estimates, in
billions of dollars, from 1980 to 2000. Interpret and estimate the value of
D 0 (1990).
D 0 (1990) lies somewhere between 257.48 and 348.14 billion dollars per
year. Thus, D 0 (1990) ≈ (257.48 + 348.14)/2 = 302.86 billion dollars per
year.
Example
The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be 21 cm with a
possible error in measurement of at most 0.05 cm. What is the maximum
error in using this value of the radius to compute the volume of the sphere?
Hint: dV = 4πr 2 dr = 4π212 (0.05) ≈ 277 cm3 .
s = f (t) = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t
(c) v (t) = 0 ⇔ t = 1, t = 3
Theorem
The only solutions of the differential equation dy /dt = ky are the
exponential functions y (t) = y (0)e kt .
Example
Use the fact that the world population was 2560 million in 1950 and 3040
million in 1960 to model the population of the world in the second half of
the 20th century. (Assume that the growth rate is proportional to the
population size.) What is the relative growth rate? Use the model to
predict the population in the year 2020.
Solution
We measure the time t in years and let t = 0 in the year 1950. We
measure the population P(t) in millions of people. We have
1 3040
P (10) = 2560e 10k = 3040 ⇒ k = ln ' 0.0172
10 2560
the population in 2020 will be P(70) ' 8524 millions.
A (t) = A0 e rt
End of Chapter 2.