Topic:-

Carbon footprint of an intercontinental tourist

benefits Vs the cost of environmental damage.

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED
BY :

MR. PANKAJ KUMAR SAVINDER

SINGH

REGTRATION NO

11001972

ROLLNO A11
 Acknowledgement

It is my great pleasure to thank my tourism lecturer MR pankaj kumar for giving

me the term paper on such a nice topic “carban footprint of an intercontinental
tourist vs the cost of environment damage

I am deeply indebted to all my friends for his valuable comments and suggestion
and for raising critical question while writing this term paper. I would like give my
special thanks to my friend naveen for his great contribution during this period.

Finally, i wish to express my gratitude to my parents, sister, for their patience and
constant motivation during the preparation of this term paper.
 Contents
 Introduction
 By Aera,of porducts
 Kyto carbn offsetting
 India ,cremated leave ashes carbon foot print
 Measuring carbon footprint
 Carbon emissions
 Reducing the carbon footprint
 Decreasing carbon and other footprint in park tourism
 Carbon natural park tourism
 Cost of invironment damage
 Solution
 Creating awareness about carbon footprint
 Carbon foot print analysis
INTRODUCTION

A carbon footprint is the total set of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions caused
by an organization, event, product or person" For simplicity of reporting, it is
often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other
GHGs, emitted.

A carbon footprint is composed of both a direct or primary footprint, and an

indirect or secondary footprint. Our direct emissions arising from burning of fossil
fuels when measured give us the primary footprint, while emissions from the life-
cycle of products we use compose the secondary footprint. A company can
measure its carbon footprint through its product manufacturing cycle starting with
the sourcing of raw materials and ending with the finished product. Non-
manufacturing tasks like management, administration, sales, etc. contribute to the
footprint and must be taken into account. This process will help measure the
carbon produced through extraction of raw materials, producing the goods, and
transporting and distributing them for final disposal with the ultimate consumer.
This measurement process is called a carbon audit.

Typically, a carbon audit will list various activities relating to the business and
quantify them in terms of tonnes of carbon produced. For instance, a carbon audit
will take into account such factors as direct and indirect emissions from
manufacturing, packaging, visits to clients, traveling to work, electricity and
energy used in the office, the amount of waste produced in the office, and so on.
The total carbon produced out of these activities will be computed as the
company’s footprint.

The concept name of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint
discussion. The carbon footprint is a subset of the ecological footprint and An
individual, nation, or organization's carbon footprint can be measured by
undertaking a GHG emissions assessment. Once the size of a carbon footprint is
known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it, e.g. by technological developments,
better process and product management, changed Green Public or Private
Procurement (GPP), Carbon capture, consumption strategies, and others.

The mitigation of carbon footprints through the development of alternative

projects, such as solar or wind energy or reforestation, represents one way of
reducing a carbon footprint and is often known as Carbon offsetting.

By area Of products
Several organizations have calculated carbon footprints of products. The US
Environmental Protection Agency has addressed paper, plastic (candy wrappers),
glass, cans, computers, carpet and tires. Australia has addressed lumber and other
building materials. Academics in Australia, Korea and the US have addressed
paved roads. Companies, nonprofits and academics have addressed manufacture
and operation of cars, buses, trains, airplanes, ships and pipelines. The US Postal
Service has addressed mailing letters and packages. Carnegie Mellon University
has estimated the CO2 footprints of 46 large sectors of the economy in each of eight
countries. Carnegie Mellon, Sweden and the Carbon Trust have addressed foods at
home and in restaurants.

The Carbon Trust has worked with UK manufacturers on foods, shirts and
detergents, introducing a CO2 label in March 2007. The label is intended to comply
with a new British public available specification (i.e. not a standard), and is being
actively piloted by The Carbon Trust and various industrial partners.

carbon offsetting, and certificates

Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and the emissions of other GHGs,
are often associated with the burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, crude oil and
coal.

The Kyoto Protocol defines legally binding targets and timetables for cutting the
GHG emissions of industrialized countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Accordingly, from an economic or market perspective, one has to distinguish
between a mandatory market and a voluntary market. Typical for both markets is
the trade with emission certificates:

 Certified Emission Reduction (CER)

 Emission Reduction Unit (ERU)
 Verified Emission Reduction (VER)

Mandatory market mechanisms

To reach the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol, with the least economical costs,
the following flexible mechanisms were introduced for the mandatory market:

The CDM and JI mechanisms requirements for projects which create a supply of
emission reduction instruments, while Emissions Trading allows those instruments
to be sold on international markets.

- Projects which are compliant with the requirements of the CDM mechanism
generate Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs)

- Projects which are compliant with the requirements of the JI mechanism generate
Emissions Reduction Units (ERUs).

The CERs and ERUs can then be sold through Emissions Trading. The demand for
the CERs and ERUs being traded is driven by:
- Shortfalls in national emission reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol.
- Shortfalls amongst entities obligated under local emissions reduction schemes.

Voluntary market mechanisms

In contrast to the strict rules set out for the mandatory market, the voluntary market
provides companies with different options to acquire emissions reductions. A
solution, comparable with those developed for the mandatory market, has been
developed for the voluntary market, the Verified Emission Reductions (VER). This
measure has the great advantage that the projects/activities are managed according
to the quality standards set out for CDM/JI projects but the certificates provided
are not registered by the governments of the host countries or the Executive Board
of the UNO. As such, high quality VERs can be acquired at lower costs for the
same project quality. However, at present VERs can not be used in the mandatory
market.

The voluntary market in North America is divided between members of the

Chicago Climate Exchange and the Over The Counter (OTC) market. The Chicago
Climate Exchange is a voluntary yet legally binding cap-and-trade emission
scheme whereby members commit to the capped emission reductions and must
purchase allowances from other members or offset excess emissions. The OTC
market does not involve a legally binding scheme and a wide array of buyers from
the public and private spheres, as well as special events that want to go carbon
neutral.

India’s cremated leave ashes, carbon footprint

About 50-60 million trees, covering 1,500-2,000 sq. km of forest land, are cut
every year to burn the dead in India

Kanpur: Even the dead are adding big time to the carbon footprint.

And the preference of Indian Hindus for conventional cremation in a country of 1.1
billion is only exacerbating the global problem.

If you want to burn a body completely, it will 400-500kg of wood, says Kalu
Chaudhary, a body-burner at the Harishchandra ghat in Varanasi.
 Green option: A funeral pyre in Varanasi.
If India were to switch over entirely to
electric crematoriums, estimates place the
potential reduction in carbon emissions at
about five million carbon credits.

If you do the math, that means about 50-60

million trees, covering 1,500-2,000 sq. km
of forest land, are cut every year to burn
the dead in India, says , director of
Mokshda, a New Delhi-based non-
governmental organization (NGO) that is developing a technology to make
cremations more environment- friendly.

“The ritual produces half a million tonnes of ash and also releases 8 million tonnes
(mt) of greenhouse gases or carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is considered to be the single most important

cause of rise in global temperatures.

Mokshda derives the numbers from UN estimates that 10 million people die in
India every year and about 84% of India’s population being Hindu, most of them
are cremated.

Meanwhile, efforts by environmentalists and the Indian government to promote

electric crematoriums, which require no wood, produce no smoke, and leave
behind little ash, haven’t caught on beyond a small minority in cities because most
Hindus seem to reject the idea due to religious, sentimental, social and, sometimes,
practical reasons.

Measuring Carbon Footprints

With global warming dominating so many headlines today, it's no surprise that
many of us are looking to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases our activities produce.

By assessing how much pollution each of your individual actions generates -- be it

setting your thermostat, shopping for groceries, commuting to work or flying
somewhere for vacation -- you can begin to see how changing a few habits here
and there can significantly reduce your overall carbon footprint. Luckily for those
of us who want to see how we measure up, there are a number of free online
carbon footprint calculators to help figure out just where to start changing.

One of the best is the University of California at Berkeley's Cool Climate

Calculator. The free web-based tool takes into account daily driving mileage and
grocery and electricity expenses, among other factors, to assign a carbon score,
which users can compare to similar households across the 28 largest urban areas in
the U.S. Some of the results are surprising. For example, residents of eco-aware
San Francisco tend to have bigger carbon footprints than those in more
conservative Tampa, Florida. The reason: San Francisco has a higher cost of living
and colder, wetter winters (requiring more fossil-fuel derived heat).

Another great carbon footprint calculator "climate crisis community" that has
partnered with Al Gore's Alliance for Climate Protection and other high-profile
groups, companies and celebrities to spread the word that individual actions can
make a difference in the fight against global warming. Users just take a three-
minute survey and get back a carbon footprint score, which they can save and
update as they work to reduce their impact. The site provides some 150 lifestyle
change suggestions that will cut carbon emissions -- from hanging your clothes to
dry, to sending postcards instead of letters, to taking the bike instead of the car to
work a few days a week.

Carbon Emissions
As we all know, carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions work to catalyze
global warming. Thus, you only can combat global warming by reducing
emissions.

There are some clear ways of doing this. We need to identify the organisms that
produce these gases and reduce their number, change human lifestyles so as to
reduce the production of these gases, and slow down the rate of destruction of
rainforests, so as to enhance the sequestration process. Under the sequestration
process, on which scientists are working, carbon is locked up on a long-term basis.
In sequestration experiments, carbon compounds like CO2 are pumped into oil
wells or coal mines. The success of these experiments should help make fossil
fuels carbon neutral, though not comprehensively.

Population control measures are likely to help. So will reducing our intake of meat,
as it will cut down on emissions arising from processing of meat. Cleaner
transportation will also mean fewer emissions.

Reducing The Carbon Footprint:

After measuring its carbon footprint, the next aim for the business will be to reduce
the footprint. A company should analyze to see where and how it can reduce the
size of its footprint. Reduced use of gas, electricity, water, and oil apart from
sourcing raw materials locally to reduce transportation will all help achieve this
end. A major way a company can reduce the carbon footprint of a product is to
increase the product’s longevity, thus doing away with the need of producing a
replacement and increasing carbon emission.

Decreasing carbon and other footprints in park tourism ,

The scope of the problem
The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, a collaborative platform of
scientists that guides political decision-making and provides background to the
negotiations in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and
its Kyoto Protocol, declared in 2007 that global warming is unequivocal, and that
its main cause (this time around) is human activity. Global average temperatures
have already increased by around 1°C from 1850 to today, with the warming
trend escalating over the past 50 years. Furthermore, the Stern report indicated
that, if unmitigated, climate change will most probably cause, by then, a 20%
reduction in per capita income at global level. Along with habitat destruction and
pollution, climate change is contributing to the loss of biodiversity, at rates
unseen since the demise of dinosaurs 65 million years ago, in what can already be
called the latest extinction-level event on Earth. In fact, climate change is
projected to increase species extinction rates, with approximately 10 per cent of
the species assessed so far at an increasingly high risk of extinction for every 1 0C
rise in global mean surface temperature. With G-8 leaders recently readying
themselves to propose (at UNFCCC’s next Conference of the Parties in
Copenhagen) that a 2 degree increase is acceptable by the end of the century (as
against a 3-degree one, which would have too serious consequences), one can
gauge the threat faced by life on Earth.

In terms of carbon emissions, the world’s largest contributor to climate change is

the burning of fossil fuel (sources point to 80% of all emissions, divided between
energy generation’s 24%,industry’s 28%, transportation’s 14% and some lesser
uses) , but second in line is deforestation (18-25%).

As one of the largest global industries, travel and tourism has both negative and
positive effects on our climate, on the environment and particularly on
biodiversity – as Conservation International’s Karen Ziffer put it almost 20 years
ago, it is an “uneasy alliance”. There is a basic “positive” link between biodiversity
and tourism as around half of leisure tourists are attracted by unspoilt nature,
clean beaches and natural attractions – and, to a growing extent but still not
enough, tourism can indeed contribute to the establishment and management of
protected areas. It can help finance parks, and it can raise awareness and political
will to improve the number and management level of parks. At the same time,
while it is clear that parks can be “loved to death” by mass tourism, and that
benefits from park tourism can fail to accrue proportionately to local residents, it
is also clear that available technologies allow for the mitigation of most negative
impacts from visitation, and that governance mechanisms can help alleviate the
impacts of over-visitation of parks.

Table 1: Global terrestrial carbon storage in protected areas

Protected area % land cover Total carbon % terrestrial
category carbon
protected stored (Gt)
stock in protected

Areas

IUCN category I-II 3.8 87 4.2

IUCN category I-IV 5.7 139 6.8

IUCN category I-VI 9.7 233 11

All Pas 12.2 312 15.2

 Air travel, arguably the largest carbon footprint in tourism, contributes an

estimated 2% (out of the larger tourism industry’s proposed 5%) of global
CO2 emissions (and up to 3% in all greenhouse gas emissions). If nothing is
done to change fossil fuel consumption rates and traveler behaviour, given
the scenario of growth at an average annual rate of around 4% still forecast
by UNWTO (assuming the usual resilience shown by tourism in previous
crisis), this would mean an increase of 161% in global emissions by 2035.

 The tourism industry will be immediately affected by sea level rise,

increased severe weather conditions and ecosystem degradation from
climate change in natural destinations. Climate change has also become a
major public relations and motivational issue, with companies responding
to customer and employee requests for increased sustainability.
  Many countries have already begun integrating climate change adaptation
into the design and management of protected areas and associated
corridors, as climate change is impacting the geographic ranges of many
species and this impact is projected to escalate. As species distributions
shifts the natural areas targeted for tourism will also change and shift with
some species moving beyond the existing borders of protected areas.

 pay for carbon-neutral park tourism,

Basically, there are two avenues towards carbon-neutral park tourism:

 Offsetting unavoidable emissions in biodiversity-friendly ways, i.e.

compensating emissions through the use of a carbon sink that considers
biodiversity values.

 Reduction of emissions via biodiversity-friendly tourism (reducing energy

use, improving efficiency, increasing the use of renewables);

There are many successful examples within the voluntary carbon market of offset
schemes that could be adapted to protected areas. For example, Plan Vivo has
implemented a project in Uganda in which local farmers are compensated for
expanding tree cover on their land either through the creation of woodlots or
through reforestation projects. Furthermore, the World Bank is currently piloting
a number of investments under its $100 million BioCarbon Fund which is
dedicated to projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions while also promoting
biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

Considering the role played by parks as tourism attractions, the most natural
option would be to pursue ways for the tourism industry (in the broad sense) to
contribute. Discussions on who pays for carbon-neutral park tourism have led to
the following options, which can of course be combined (and which currently do
not fully consider biodiversity conservation as an additional value):
Costs and Benefits

 
The advantages and disadvantages of economic growth are fiercely debated by
economists, environmentalists and other commentators. In this note we consider
some of the economic and social costs and benefits from expanding levels of
production and consumption. In particular we focus on the idea of sustainable
growth.

The environment: Economic growth cannot be separated from its environmental

impact. Fast growth of production and consumption can create negative externalities
such as increased noise and air pollution and road congestion. Environmental
damage can have a negative effect on our quality of life and limits our sustainable
rate of growth. For example, road transport is responsible for 25% of UK CO2
emissions once emissions from fuel processing and vehicle manufacturing are taken
into account.

maximum value is 1), then greater the inequality.  Countries such as Japan,
Denmark and Sweden typically have very low values for the Gini coefficients;
whereas African and South American countries have an enormous gulf between the
incomes of the richest and the poorest elements of the population.

Regional disparities: Although average living standards may be rising, the gap
between rich and poor can widen leading to an increase in relative poverty and a
widening of the gap between different regions.

Sustainability of Economic Growth

Many of the world’s most valuable finite resources are being extracted at such a
rapid rate that it questions the long-term sustainability of growth. Renewable
resources are also being depleted because of over-consumption. Examples include
the destruction of rain forests, the over-exploitation of fish stocks and loss of natural
habitat created through the construction of new roads, hotels, retail malls and
industrial estates. Some of the main environmental threats include:

 The depletion of global resource base and the impact of global warming.
There are plenty of examples around of the “tragedy of the commons”, the
 permanent loss of what should be renewable resources that result from over-
extraction of some of our environmental resources.
 A huge expansion of waste and pollution of the environment
 Over-population (particularly in urban areas) putting pressure on scarce land
and other resources
 Species extinction leading to a loss of bio-diversity

Pollution in Guangzhou – China’s fast growth is creating huge environmental

concern

China hit by rising air pollution

Pollution problems have grown along with China's economy. Rising sulphur dioxide
emissions in China are causing environmental harm and economic loss according to
a new report from the Chinese government. China is already the world's largest
sulphur dioxide polluter, emitting nearly 26m tons of the gas in 2005. This was a
27% increase since 2000 and coincided with a rise in coal consumption. The gas
contributes to acid rain, which damages buildings, soil and crops, and can cause
health problems in humans. Much of the pollution came from burning coal. Coal
accounts for 70% of China's energy consumption. There is mounting concern over
the environmental impact of China's rapidly expanding economy. In July, China
announced it planned to spend 1.4 trillion Yuan ($175bn) over the next five years to
improve water quality, and cut air and land pollution and soil erosion. In July 2006,
the US Environmental Protection Agency estimated that on certain days nearly 25%
of pollution in the skies above Los Angeles could be traced to China.

Green National Income Accounts

National income accounts have not, until recently, made any adjustment for the
environmental impact of economic growth. Critics argue that because of this
omission, the statistics misrepresent improvements in social welfare. For example,
no allowance is made for environmental depletion or money spent on correcting
environmental damage that is actually recorded as an addition to GDP. GDP only
records marketed transactions - at present, there is no market for many important
environmental resources and it is also difficult to place monetary values on them.

One alternative measure is the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW)

developed by economists at the New Economics Foundation who have been at the
forefront of developing a system of environmental accounts that make allowance
for the impact of economic activity on the environment. The ISEW adjusts official
data on real national output and makes an allowance for defensive spending (i.e. that
incurred in cleaning up for pollution and other forms of environmental damage,
together with money spent commuting to work). Not surprisingly, the net growth of
ISEW is well below that of the official data for national income, output and
spending.

 Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone: Everyone should

share in the benefits of increased prosperity and a clean and safe environment.
Needs must not be met by treating others, including future generations and
people elsewhere in the world, unfairly.
 Effective protection of the environment: We must limit global
environmental threats, such as climate change to protect human health and
safety from hazards such as poor air quality and toxic chemicals and to
protect things which people need or value, such as wildlife, landscapes and
historic buildings.
 Prudent use of natural resources: We need to make sure that non-renewable
resources are used efficiently and that alternatives are developed to replace
 them in due course. Renewable resources, such as water, should be used in
ways that do not endanger the resource or cause serious damage or pollution.
 Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and
employment, so that everyone can share in high living standards and greater
job opportunities.

The UK government publishes an annual report on progress towards sustainable

development.

Growing interest in the impact of economic activity on our natural and man-made
resource base has led to the development of concepts such as ecological footprints
and carbon footprints.

Many environmentalists are inherently cautious about the long term impact of
growth on our living environment. They are deeply sceptical about the effects that
growth might have in preserving and or improving it. But others argue that the
pessimists are over-stretching their case.
 
 
 
Our Solution
Using our proprietary software tools and a streamlined life cycle assessment (LCA)
approach, including our Deep Carbon Footprinting™ methodology, we can evaluate carbon
footprints taking into account a number of critical factors in the life cycles of
products and services:

 Production and transport of raw materials, components, ingredients and

other supplies
 Production of the final product, including:
o Allocation and avoided impacts for multiple outputs
o Locational specificity of production operations
 Any additional processing and packaging of the product
 Transportation of the product through a distribution network, consisting of
various transport modes and storage locations
 Temperature control in transport and storage
 Delivery of the product or service to consumer
 Use of the product or service
 End-of-life disposal of the product
  Solid waste and waste water generated throughout the life cycle
 Land use impacts
 Carbon storage and sequestration in products and components
 Time-dependent GHG emissions and carbon sequestration throughout the
life cycle 

Creating awareness about carban footprint

An encouraging 88 per cent of the respondents feel that it is important to evaluate

their carbon footprint for making investment decisions. However there is low
awareness as to why it is important and how it can affect business. The recently
announced National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC-2008) and the
launch of India’s first carbon footprint calculator are steps in the right direction.

India’s development agenda focusses on the need for rapid economic growth as an
essential pre-condition to poverty eradication and improved standards of living.
According to the NAPCC-2008, India aims to limit its per capita GHG emissions
below that of developed countries — is this possible with the economy growing at
an annual average growth rate of eight per cent? Only time will tell, but the
country will definitely need to focus attention on adaptive capacity building,
identify and start implementing adaptation measures, and follow a low carbon
development pathway

Global climate change is upon us. There are still many questions to be answered
about what the future holds, but there are some things we do know:

 Global average temperatures are on the rise.

 Polar ice is melting at an historically high rate, raising global sea levels and
disrupting habitats and livelihoods.
 Deforestation continues unchecked around the world, as does fossil fuel
consumption, both contributing to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) concentration.
 The world has experienced recent increases in forest fires, desertification,
and hurricanes.
We know there are problems, but there are positive actions we can take to help,
too. A new movement is beginning, a way for individuals to reduce their impact on
the planet.

Carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, is one of the main contributors to global
climate change. CO2 occurs naturally, of course, but is also released into the
atmosphere by human activity. Burning fossil fuels for transportation and energy
generation is a major source of increasing CO2. So is the cutting and burning of
trees around the world.

To bring the issue down to a personal level, studies indicate that the average
American is responsible for generating 20 tons* of carbon dioxide yearly —
largely through driving and other travel.

The first step towards combating global warming is to reduce our consumption of
unsustainably-produced forest products and fossil fuels. There are many ways to
do this!

The second step is to reduce your "carbon footprint" by offsetting your remaining
CO2 emissions by supporting projects that reduce CO2 emissions or capture
CO2. You can determine how much CO2 you need to offset by either by using our
rough estimates or by looking up your electric bill, gas bill, and your average
vehicle mileage per month and plugging them into the CO2 calculator.

From fuelwood and emissions studies conducted by independent monitors, we've

determined that each of our forest-saving, fuel-efficient stoves saves 1.5 tons of
carbon emissions per year. Over the stove's minimum projected lifespan of 5 years,
that translates into 7.5 tons of carbon. We estimate that every five trees we plant
offset another ton of carbon.

Carbon Footprint Analysis

Poking around the web for the current standards of what is and what is not
included, and discovered their request showed up in my in-box days after the very
first Carbon Footprint for Consumer Products Conference had taken place. If folks
like Starbucks are meeting to define what the carbon footprint of a consumer
product is defined

It is started by doing a system analysis of the problem. A system analysis is a way

of figuring out which intersection of threads you want to confine yourself to in a
web. If generated a figure that reported the amount of CO2 emitted in
manufacturing the product and delivering it to the customer, that would be an
interesting number, but ultimately pointless. This is a unique product that is bought
because of what it delivers, not because it is the best of a set of similar products.
And because it is a unique product, its going to try to avoid giving any
specifically identifiable information about it.

Additionally, it isn't much of a stretch to say that any product's carbon footprint is
directly related to i's weight. We can see that in the formulas shipping companies
use for products. If it weighs more, it uses more fuel to move, and therefore
releases more carbon dioxide.

So we decided the best thing to look at was the carbon released to power the
product over its lifetime and to compare that to the carbon released to replace the
benefit of the product over its lifetime. Imagine a counter-top cappuccino machine.
We decided that since the same amount of coffee is going to travel similar
distances to get to your mouth, I should look at the energy consumed by the
machines. So compared the carbon in making the electricity to run our product to
the carbon released by going to the store for a similar amount.

Referance

http://www.tourismindia.com//

www.Carbon foot print org.com

http://www.irrawaddy.org/

WWW.SCRIBD CARBON FOOT PRINT.COM

http://www.miljogiraff.COM
http://www.globaltraveltourism.com/

and other side