Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Angle
Angle is formed when two rays are drawn with a common vertex. It shows the direction and
amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
e
s id
n al
i
erm
T
Vertex Initial side
ide
als
in
erm
T
Vertex
x
Initial side
Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation needed for the initial side to
become coincident with the terminal side. The two commonly used measures for angles are:
i. degrees
ii. radians
1
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Note:
e
sid
al For a circle of radius r, 1, the rays of a
min
p 180
Therefore: 1° = radians and 1 radians = degrees
180 p
Example:
Convert each angle in degrees to radians.
(a) 60 (b) 150 (c) 45 (d) 107
Example:
Convert each angle in radians to degrees.
3 3p 23p
(a) rad (b) rad (c) - rad (d)
6 2 4 12
2
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
The unit circle is a circle whose radius, r is 1 and whose center is at the origin of a
rectangular coordinate system and has a circumference of length 2 s r .
1
P (x,y)
x
-1 1
-1
Let (radians) be the angle in standard position whose terminal side is the ray from the
origin through P as shown above. The point, P x, y on the unit circle (r = 1) is
corresponding to the angle (radians).
3
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Example:
1 3
Let P , be the point on the unit circle that corresponds to . Find the values
2 2
of all six trigonometric functions.
4
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Trigonometric Functions of 30 and 60
6 3
30
30
The triangle is therefore equilateral, so
c=1 1 each side is of length 1.
b
2a 1
1
60 60 a
a a 2
3
b
2
Example:
Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions of 60 , 30 and 45
3 6 4
.
5
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
For an angle in standard position, let P x, y be the point on the terminal side of that
y x y
sin cos tan , x0
r r x
r r x
csc , y0 sec , x0 cot , y
y x y
Example:
Find the exact values of each of the six trigonometric functions of an angle if 4, 3 is
a point on its terminal side.
6
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
The definition of the ratios can be extended to include angles larger than 90
II I
sin All
x
III IV
tan cos
Figure: The x and y axes divide the plane into four quadrants.
Let 1 be an angle in quadrant I ( 0° £ q1 < 90°) and the basic trigonometric ratios are as
y x y
follows: sin 1 cos 1 tan 1
r r x
y
sin 3 sin( 180 1 ) sin 1
r
x
cos 3 cos(180 1 ) cos 1
r
y
tan 3 tan(180 1 ) tan 1
x
y
sin 4 sin( 360 1 ) sin 1
r
x
cos 4 cos(360 1 ) cos 1
r
y
tan 4 tan( 360 1 ) tan 1
x
7
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Cosine f cos All real numbers All real numbers from -1 to 1, inclusive
Tangent f tan All real numbers, except odd All real numbers
multiples of 90
2
Cosecant f csc All real numbers, except integral All real numbers greater than or equal to
Secant f sec All real numbers, except odd All real numbers greater than or equal to
1 or less than or equal to -1
multiples of 90
2
Cotangent f cot All real numbers, except integral All real numbers
multiples of 180
Even-Odd Properties
Example:
Find the exact value of:
3
(a) sin 45 (b) cos (c) cos
2
8
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Graph of y sin x , 2 x 2
9
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Graph of y cos x, 2 x 2
10
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Graph of y tan x, 2 x 2
11
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Periodic Function
A function f is called periodic if there is a positive number p such that, whenever is in the
domain of f, so is p , and
f p f
Note;
If there is a smallest such number p, this smallest value is called the ( fundamental ) period
of f.
The values of the trigonometric functions of 2 are equal to the values of the
corresponding trigonometric functions of .
Thus,
the sine, cosine, cosecant, and secant functions are periodic with period 2 .
sin 2 sin cos 2 cos
csc 2 csc sec 2 sec
Example:
Find the exact value of:
17 5
(a) sin (b) cos5 (c) tan
4 4
12
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric identities are identities that contain trigonometric functions such as sin,
cos or tan.
Each identity describes some property of some trigonometric function.
These identities can be used to:
Simplify trigonometric expressions.
Prove that two trigonometric expressions are equivalent.
Solve trigonometric equations that arise in various applications.
For example:
Identities
Conditional equations
5
2x 5 0 True only if x
2
sin x 0 True only if x k , k an integer.
13
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
1. Quotient Identities
sin x cos x
tan x cot x
cos x sin x
2. Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
csc x sec x cot x
sin x cos x tan x
3. Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 tan 2 x 1 sec 2 x cot 2 x 1 csc 2 x
4. Even-Odd Identities
sin x sin x cos x cos x tan x tan x
csc x csc x sec x sec x cot x cot x
Establishing Identities
14
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
1+ tan θ
c) = tan θ
1+ cot θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ
d) + = 2 cosec θ
1+ cos θ sin θ
1
a) cos 𝜃 = 2
15
Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
b) 2 sin 𝜃 + √3 = 0
1
c) sin 2𝜃 = 2
𝜋
d) tan (𝜃 − 2 ) = 1
e) 2 sin2 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0
f) 3 cos 𝜃 + 3 = 2 sin2 𝜃
16