NATURAL VEGETATION

Forest
A large area of land covered with trees and under growth either naturally or artificially.
Trees are most important to human because they supply timber and fire wood. They
also help to reduce surface runoff, soil erosion and air pollution.
Infect it is claimed that 20 – 25 % of a country should be covered by forests in order to
maintain a balanced economy. So trees must be planted extensively and promoted
widely for future generation.
In Pakistan only about 4.8 % of total area is forested which is very less. Every year we
import large quantity of wood from other countries of the world. In 1947 forest covered
only 1.7 % of total land area. So the increase in forest area was achieved by reforestation
(re-afforestation) or regeneration programmes.
The arid conditions and reckless cutting of the trees account for the low percentage of
forest covered areas in Pakistan.

Forestation
Forestation is the planting of new forest on a new location. This process is done with
careful planning. The selection of plant species depends upon the type of soil, climatic
condition and availability of water.

Reforestation
Reforestation is the planting of a forest in an area where deforestation was done.

Contribution of Forest by Different Provinces

NWFP 32 %
Northern Areas 25 %
Sindh 18 %
Punjab 17 %
Balochistan 08 %

Types of Forest
There are two types of forest:
1. Productive Forests 2. Protection Forests

1. Productive Forest (Production Forest)

Production forests are those forests which are exclusively grown for production of fruits
and medicinal purposes.
One third of forest area in Pakistan is covered by productive forests. These forests have
great commercial value because they are mainly used for the extraction of timber and
other products.
2. Protection Forest
Protection forests are those forest which either exists naturally or grown in particular
area for the protection of environment.
These forests cover two third area and planted along roads, railway track and in parks.
The main function is to protect the soil from erosion and to keep the environment
pleasant by lowering the temperature and providing shade.
Importance of Forest /Advantages
1. Forest prevent soil erosion.
2. Forests regulate water supply in river to prevent floods.
3. Forests check the pollution and provide clean environment.
4. Forests provide raw material for wood based industries.
5. Forests provide employment opportunities in the forest department..
6. Some plants are used for medicinal purposes.
7. Forests provide recreational facilities and develop tourism.
8. Forest provide natural habitat for wild life.
9. Forest provide oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.
10. Forest provide shade and fruits.
11. Leaves and branches intercept the rainfall.
12. Leaves fall, decompose and mix with the soil.

Determinants
There are number of factors that determine the type and density of forests.
1. Areas with different altitude have different types of forests.
2. The arid and semi arid conditions prevailing over the Balochistan Plateau and the
southern part of the Indus Plain is not favorable to support plant growth and results
in thorny bushes and scrub.
3. Higher precipitation in the northern mountains encourages the growth of trees.
4. In Indus and Hub deltas the deposition of alluvium in the salt water has
encouraged
the growth of mangrove vegetation.
5. The diversity of topography (type of soil) also determine the type and density of
forests in different areas of Pakistan.

Tree Line:- The altitude above which no trees grow on a mountain. (below 4500
m)

Snow Line:- The altitude above which snow never melts. (above 4500 m)
Fig.1

Types of Forest in Pakistan

1. Alpine Forest ( 4000 m )
2. Coniferous Forest ( 1000 – 4000 m )
3. Sub Tropical Dry or Scrub Forest ( up to 1000 m )
4. Tropical Thorn or Rakh Forest ( below 1000 m )
5. Mangrove Forest ( below 1000 m )
6. Riverain or Bela Forest ( below 1000 m )
7. Irrigated Forest ( below 1000 m )

Tree line: The altitude above which no trees grow on a mountain i.e. above 4000
m.
Snow line: The altitude above which snow never melts i.e. 4500 m.
Determinants
1. The arid and semi arid conditions prevailing over most parts of Indus Plain and
Balochistan Plateau.
2. The humid conditions prevailing over parts of the northern hills and mountains.
3. The diversity of topography, ranging from low plains to lofty mountains.

Alpine Forest
Alpine forest are found at an altitude of 4000 meters, alpine forests are found in the
districts of (Distribution) Chitral, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Kohistan and the northern
areas. Long severe winters and frequent freezing temperature prevent trees from
attaining their full height. The dwarfed and stunted growth of (Species) silver fir,
juniper and birch takes place in sheltered nooks. Often, the trees are prostrate. As the
mountains rise to the height of the treeline, they become craggy and steep and there is
limited area for tree growth. In such a severe climate and difficult topography, alpine
forests are found in a limited area. They are not of much economic importance.
Features or Characteristics
1. These are evergreen forest.
2. They have long needle shaped leaves.
3. Their branches sloping downwards to prevent the snow accumulation.
4. These trees do not attain their full height.
5. The wood of these trees very soft.
Study Photograph A,

Photograph A
-For Photograph A,
Q.1. Name the main type of natural vegetation shown.
Ans. Alpine / Coniferous forests.
Q.2. Describe the natural vegetation.
Ans. These are coniferous forests.
These are evergreen, tall and straight.
Their branches sloping downwards.
Their leaves are long and needle shaped.
These are soft wood trees with thick bark protection from cold.
Q.3. Explain why there is little or no natural vegetation in area X in the
background of Photograph A.
Ans. In area X there is permanent snow exist due to low temperature.
Above the tree line.
Coniferous Forest
Coniferous forests are found between 1000 and 4000 meters altitude.These forests are
found in (Distribution) northern areas districts of Swat, Dir, Malakand and
Kohistan. In NWFP, Mansehra and Abbotabad. In Punjab Province Murree,
Islamabad and Rawalpindi. In Balochistan Province Quetta and Kalat divisions.

Species
Fir, Spruce, Deodar, Kail, and Chir.

Features or Characteristics
1. These are evergreen forest.
2. These are in conical shape.
3. These forests have sloping branches which prevents snow accumulation.
4. These forests are needle shaped leaves and check excessive transpiration.
5. Trees of these forests are full in height and straight.

Photograph of Coniferous Forest

Photograph of Coniferous Forest

Importance
1. Source of timber, the timber is put to industrial use and for making into furniture
and
boxes..
2. These forests protect the environment.
3. These forests are good breeding place for birds and wild life.
4. Add to the scenic beauty of the area.
5. Attract the tourist and promote the tourism industry.
Photograph of Thick Bark

Photograph of Thick Bark

Study Photograph B

Photograph B
For Photograph B,
Q.4. Describe in not more than two words the topography (relief) shown in the
Photograph.
Ans. Mountainous / Wooded / Coniferous / Steep slopes.
Q.5. What type of trees are shown in the Photograph?
Ans. Coniferous.
Q.6. At what altitude do these trees grow in NWFP?
Ans. 1000 - 4000 m.
Q.7. How is this type of tree adapted to the climate of this area?
Ans. Evergreen to take advantage of short growing season and can save energy.
Conical shape to shed snow.
Small leaves.
Thick, leathery leaves to reduce transpiration.
Can shed snow with sloping branches.
Can tolerate cold with a thick bark
Can absorb water from melting snow with shallow roots.
Study Fig.2, which shows a map of forest type in Pakistan.

Fig.2
Q.8. Name the forest types found in each of the areas A,B and C.
Ans. A. Coniferous / Alpine
Q.9. Explain why the forest type A grows naturally in cool, hilly areas.
Ans. Evergreen to take advantage of short growing season and can save energy.
Conical shape to shed snow.
Small leaves.
Thick, leathery leaves to reduce transpiration.
Can shed snow with sloping branches.
Can tolerate cold with a thick bark
Can absorb water from melting snow with shallow roots.
Sub Tropical Dry Forest or Scrub Forest
These forests are located up to a height of 1000 meter.These forests are found on the
hills and foothills of Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock districts in Punjab and
the Mansehra, Abbotabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts in NWFP and
are covered with dry, evergreen forests. In Balochistan, vegetation in the form of
scattered patches of dry mixed scrub, is confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other
hilly areas.
Over grazing and heavy firewood cutting, bad agricultural practices, urbanization and
lopping had badly affected the original vegetation. Due to shortage of vegetational
cover, the area is suffering from excessive rate of soil erosion. The open areas are
covered with grass and are useful for grazing. The dominant trees in this region are
Phula and Kao. Among the deciduous trees found in this region are the Chestnut,
Juniper, Walnut and Oak.

Features or Characteristics
1. Dry ever green forest
2. Trees have broad leaves and have umbrella shape with long canopy.
3. Their height is up to 1000 meters.

Importance
Fire wood
Timber
Grazing purposes.
Study Photograph C

Photograph C
For Photograph C
Q.1. Name the type of natural vegetation shown.
Ans. Sub-tropical dry forest / scrub.
Q.2. Describe the natural vegetation.
Ans. The natural vegetation consists of small trees and shrubs.
Small rounded bushes and clumps of dry grass with bare patches of soil.
Photographs of Scrub Forest.
 Photograph of Scrub Forest

Irrigated Forest
These forests are man made and are planted under the supervision of Government
especially Forest Department. First irrigated forest was planted in 1866 at Changa
Manga. The main purpose was to supply wood for railway engines. Some other
irrigated forests have been planted in various parts of the country. e.g.
Chichawatni. Sahiwal. Thal. Gudu Barrage. Kotri Barrage. Khanewal. Shorekot.
Bahawalpur and Sukkur Barrage.
After the partition the government of Pakistan has taken special interest for the
extension of these forests. But there was a problem for the extension of these forests,
that was shortage of water especially between November to March.

Common Species
1. Shisham 2. Babul 3. Mulberry

Importance
Used as a fire wood.
Timber.
Provide shade in the form of linear plantation.

Features / Characteristics
Planted in rows / lines.
Equal distance between species.
Same age / height.
Same species.
Study Fig.3, the map showing Irrigated forests.

Fig.3

For Irrigated Forests

Q.3. Name an area;
Ans. Bahawalpur. Khanewal
Changa Manga Kotri
Chichawatni Taunsa Barrage
Guddu Barrage Thal
Hyderabad Shorkot
Q.4. For irrigated forests describe their main features.
Ans. Man made and planted in rows
Equally spaced. Same age and single species are planted in one block.
Near rivers and canals. Main species are Shisham / Babul / Eucalyptus
Q.5. For irrigated forests explain why they were developed in Pakistan.
Ans. Lack of fuel in the past.
Firewood for steam engines / railways. Wood for railway sleepers.
Timber for construction / furniture / paper.
Firewood for domestic use. To reduce timber imports.
Study Fig.4.

Fig.4
Q.6. Describe the distribution of Both the areas with natural forests and the
irrigated forests shown on Fig.3.
Ans. Northern mountains / northern KPK / northern areas.
Potwar plateau / Salt Range.
Western highland.
Indus delta / Sindh coast.
Below snowline / 4500 m
Areas with wet climate
Irrigated Forests
Most by rivers / by Indus
6/7 in Punjab / most in Punjab / UIP
1 in lower Sindh / LIP
1 on the border of Punjab and KPK / confluence of river Indus and Gomal.
Q.7. Why are there irrigated plantations of trees in the Indus Plain?
Ans. Prevent soil erosion of banks. Reduces air pollution. For shade. Reduce timber
import. For construction. For firewood. For furniture. For boxes. For
agricultural implements.
Study Photograph D

Photograph D
Q.8. What evidence in Photograph D shows that this is a plantation?
Ans. Trees in lines / rows.
Same age / height.
Same species.
Q.9. Why is the plantation being irrigated?
Ans. Depends on irrigation schemes like tube well and canals.
Low rainfall / there is not enough rainfall.
High rate of evaporation.
Q.10. There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and
Sindh using irrigation. Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations of
trees?
Ans. Low rainfall / high evapotranspiration.
Seasonal rainfall.
Irregular rainfall.
Keeps the soil wet / prevents soil erosion.
Root system needs to grow.
Q.11. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated
plantations of trees in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh.
Ans. Advantages
Timber for named use e.g. construction, fencing, Firewood.
Food for animals / people.
Leaf fall for humus / fertility.
Rainfall / humidity.
Shade / shelter / reduce temperature.
Clean air / more oxygen.
Scenic beauty / promote tourism.
Protection from soil erosion.
Employment.
Habitat for wildlife.
Eucalyptus trees can reduce water logging and salinity.

Disadvantages
High cost / long term investment.
Cost of maintenance / care.
Need for irrigation / more demand on water supplies.
Loss of land for housing / farmland.
Problems caused by roots, leaves etc.

Linear Plantation
Planted by man but in a lane.
These are found alongside canals / rivers
Alongside roads / railways
Along field boundaries.
Photograph of Linear Plantation.

Photograph of Linear Plantation

Purpose of Linear Plantation

Prevent soil erosion
Lower the temperature
Provide shade
Fruit / food
Firewood / timber
Leaves / roofing
To reduce air pollution / make clean air.

Tropical Thorn or Rakh Forest

Tropical thorn forests are open, low forests dominated by thorny hardwood trees. In
Punjab, especially in the plains, they are characterized by scrub called Rakh which can
survive on very small amounts of water. They are also found in Sindh, with scattered
patches in southern and western Balochistan. In general, the scrubs are 6 to 10 meters
high. Common species include acacia, tamarisk and salvadora. They are primarily used
as firewood.

Features or Characteristics
1. These forests are thorny hard wood trees.
2. Their height is 6 to 10 meters.
3. They can survive in small amount of water.
Importance
Fire wood
Timber

Riverain or Bela Forest

These forests are located along the banks of river Indus and its tributaries. Mostly
forests are found in Sindh Province and cover the active flood plain. Important species
are Babul and Shisham. These are hard wood trees.
Fig.5, a map showing the Bela Forest.

Fig.5
Mangrove Forest
These forests are found in Indus Delta, Hub delta and its adjoining areas.
These forests can survive easily in salty water, trees are stunted and only a limited
number of species grow, due to dumping of industrial, agricultural and chemical waste
into the Arabian sea. Important species like Timar, Kirani and Kuni. The general
height is about three to four meters. These are called low trees. These forests are good
breeding place for fish and shrimps and protect the fish from big waves. The roots of
these trees protect the young fish from the predators.
Photograph of Mangrove Forest.

Indus Delta

Importance
Wood is used as a fuel.
Coastal communities use wood for making boats.
Mangrove forests are good breeding place for fish and shrimps.
Leaves of these used as a feed for animals (camel).

Characteristics
These are low trees grown on mud flats.
Survive in salty water.
General height is about 3 to 4 meter.
Stunted growth of trees due to dumping of industrial waste.
Q.1. Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected?
Ans. Breeding ground for fish.
Feed amongst roots / protected by roots.
Shelter from storms / cyclones.
Prevent coastal erosion.
Resources for local people e.g. wood for houses, boats, food.
Habitat / shelter for wildlife.
Under threat from oil spills / over cutting / polluted effluent.
Q.2. Suggest how mangroves help to reduce erosion of the coast.
Ans. extensive / large root system / many roots
reduces water flow / movement
roots work as wave break.
Q.3. Why is this type of forest only found in this area (Sindh Coast)?
Ans. Tidal regular flooding.
Saline soil / salt water in soil.
Trees are adapted to this environment / roots filter.
Salt secreted.

Deforestation
Cutting of trees or reckless cutting of trees.

Causes of Deforestation
Urbanization
Timber for industry
Clearing land for farming
Clearing land for fuel purposes
Building of roads
Over grazing of land.

Photograph of Deforestation.

Photograph of Deforestation
Methods (To overcome the problem of Deforestation)
1. Creating awareness among the people.
2. Supplying irrigational facilities.
3. Improving the techniques of raising nurseries.
4. Planting trees along roads and open places.
5. Provision of Gas to Northern areas.
6. By selective cutting method.
7. Restricting the use of bulldozers during selective cutting method.
Study Fig.6, a map of deforestation in Pakistan.

Fig.6
Q.1. Name the areas of deforestation A and B.
Ans. A. Sulaiman range B. Safed Koh

Selective Cutting
Cutting of selected single or group of trees known as selective cutting.

Advantages ( Selective cutting )

1. Reduce over crowding.
2. Save valuable species.

Disadvantage ( Selective cutting )

1. Expensive
Effects ( Deforestation )

1. Soil Erosion due to water and wind.

2. Increase surface runoff.
3. Floods.
4. Loss of crops and property.
5. Silt in reservoir.
6. Disturb of water supply.
7. Less yield.
8. Loss of inhabitant.
9. Pollution.

Q.1. In many parts of Pakistan forests have been cut down. Describe and
explain the effects this deforestation has had on the land and people of
Pakistan.
Ans. No roots to hold soil.
Soil erosion.
Loss of nutrients.
Silting of rivers / reservoirs
Rain not intercepted.
Floods.
Houses destroyed.
Bridges washed away.
Road / railways washed away.
Loss of wood for fuel.
Loss of timber for furniture and paper.
Q.2. There has been deforestation within the areas with natural forests. How
has this caused problems for:
1. Communication in the mountain areas,
2. Farming on valley floors and plains,
3. Hydro-electric power supplies?
Ans. 1. Communication in the mountain areas:
Soil erosion.
Land slides.
Flooding.
Telephone wires grounded.
2. Farming on valley floors and plains:
Soil erosion.
Flooding.
Canals blocked.
Less rain.
Crops destroyed.
 3. Hydro-electric power:
Soil erosion.
Silt in reservoirs.
Less rain.
Silt in pipes.
Landslides may break power lines.
Study Photograph E

Photograph E
Q.3. Study Photograph E, trees have been cut down in area X. What effects
may this have on the soil there?
Ans. Leaching.
Soil erosion.
Gullying.
Land sliding.
Q.4. How can deforestation affect water supplies?
Ans. Muddy water undrinkable / polluted.
Reduced evapotranspiration so less rain.
Silt in reservoirs reduce storage capacity.
Silt blocks irrigation channels.
Flooding / increase surface runoff.
Q.5 Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural
areas.
Ans. Firewood
Raw material e.g. timber / ephedra / fruit
For cottage / small scale / pharmaceutical industries
Forests attract tourism
Goods can be sold to tourists
Creates employment e.g. forest guide / forest department.
Study Fig.7, a map of environmental damage in Pakistan.

Fig.7
Q.5. Locate the areas most affected by deforestation.
Ans. North West Borders.
NWFP.
Northern Balochistan. FATA.

Q.6. State three causes of deforestation in these areas.

Ans. Firewood.
Industry.
Road building.
Housing / Construction.
Mining.
Dams.
Farming.
Study Photograph F

Photograph F
Q.7. Study Photograph F and describe the scene.
Ans. Bare ground / rocky / barren
Steep Slopes.
Gullies.
Small amount of vegetation.
Red colour.
Mountains / hills.
Badland area.
Q.8. Explain why scenes such as this are caused by deforestation.
Ans. No roots to hold the soil together.
Soil erosion.
No interception.
More runoff.
Loss of leaf fall.
Lack of decomposition.
Loss of fertility.
Less rainfall.
More exposure to sun and wind.
Leaching.
Q.9. With reference to Fig.6, explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion.
Ans. Soil is exposed / lack of protection from leaves and branches.
Surface water flow carried soil away.
Lack of infiltration into ground.
Less water absorbed by roots / less evapotranspiration.
No roots to hold soil.
No leaf fall to add humus / fertility.
Leaching of nutrients / nutrients lost.
No new plants grow.

Soil Erosion
It is defined as the wearing away of topsoil by natural agents i.e. wind, water, rain and
glacier. Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the
most organic, nutrient-rich materials.

Causes of Soil Erosion

Erosion by natural agents i.e. wind, river, rain and glacier
Deforestation by humans
Over grazing by livestock
During mining
Effects of soil erosion
Loss of fertile soil and nutrients
Output reduced
Income of the farmer reduced
Eroded material deposited in dams, reduce the storing capacity of water
Less generation of power
Cause flooding.

Types (Erosion )
1. Sheet / surface Erosion
This occurs when rain falls on bare soil, loosening fine particles (silt, clay and humus)
that are carried downhill in surface run-off.
2. Rill Erosion
It is the removal of soil by concentrated water running through little streams.
3. Wind Erosion
The removel of topsoil by wind. It occurs mostly in flat, bare areas; dry, sandy soils;
or anywhere the soil is loose.
4. Gully Erosion
It is the removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff.
Methods (To overcome the problem of Soil Erosion)
1. Planting the trees.
2. Terracing.
3. Laid the layer of stone.
4. Contour farming
5. Strip farming
6. Cover cropping.

Photograph of Replanting.

Photograph of Terracing.
Photograph of Terracing and Layer of stones.

Photograph of Terracing and layer of stones

Study Fig.9, a map of natural hazards in Pakistan.

Fig.9
Q.1. Describe the distribution of soil erosion in Baluchistan.
Ans. Scattered / widespread / in mountains.
Especially in south west of Punjab Province.
Central and western part of Khayber Pakhtunkwah.
Chagi hills.
Northern part and north eastern part of Balochistan.
Southern side of Balochistan Province.
Central part of Sindh Province.
Q.2. Explain why the dry climate of Balochistan increases the risk of soil
erosion.
Ans. Lack of natural vegetation / bare soil.
Slow to re-grow.
Wind blows soil away.
Over cultivation.
Dry soil less cohesive.
Q.3. Where does eroded soil go to?
Ans. Into rivers / canals.
Reservoirs / dams / lakes.
On foot hills of the mountains.
Q.4. How can soil be protected in areas of low and unreliable rainfall?
Ans. Afforestation.
Irrigation of the trees.
Prevent over grazing.
Fill gullies / improved cultivation.
Terracing.
Laid the layer of stone.
Contour ploughing.

Forest Products
There are two types of products.
1. Major Products ( used as a fuel and timber ) The main sources of timber are
Coniferous, Irrigated and Riverain. Fire wood is obtained from trees in general.
2. Minor Products Minor products are the following.

1. Resin
It is useful for the manufacturing industries and particularly for the production of
Varnish. It is extracted from the Chir which is generally found in NWFP.

2. Ephedra
It is used in the manufacture of ephedrine, a drug which is used to treat asthma.

3. Mazri
It is used for making mats, Basket and packing material.
Sustainable (Meaning)
The available forest resources (wood and wood products) meet the needs of growing
population for present and future generation but not harm the environment.

Sustainable Forestry
1. Replanting trees that have been cut down.
2. Looking after forests / maintaining.
3. Action against illegal logging / fines / penalties
4. Selective cutting
5. Use of alternative fuel / natural gas instead of burning wood
6. Government protection of forest areas / national parks / reserves
7. Planting species that do not need irrigation.
8. Cutting of mature trees
Q.1. Why is afforestation called a ‘long-term investment’?
Ans. Trees take many years to grow.
Many years before financial return / start production.
High cost of planting.
Costs during growth.
Q.2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area
for tourism?
Ans. Advantages
Employment opportunities
Source of income.
Provision of named infrastructure / electricity, roads, water, sanitation.
Provision of other modern facilities e.g. shops.
Reduces the effects of deforestation / destruction of habitats / soil erosion.
Disadvantages
High cost of development.
Damage to trees / effects on habitats.
Litter / garbage.
Resettlement of local people.
Tourist may not come due to problem of security.
Loss of culture.
Study Fig.10, a map of Pakistan.

Fig.10
(i) Name the forest type which grow in Area A, Area B and Area C.
A. Coniferous / Alpine
B. Irrigated / Bela / Rakh / Tropical Thorn
C. Mangrove forest.

Q.1. To what extent is it possible to save and even increase the area of forests
in Pakistan?
Ans. Possibilities
Action of illegal logging / fines / penalties
Government protection of forest areas / national parks / reserves
Selective cutting
Use of alternative fuel / natural gas instead of burning wood
Public awareness campaign
Planting trees
Providing alternative grazing area
Action against pollution [which affects mangroves]
Problem
Cost / lack of finance
Security issues
Lack of government will
Demand for timber / firewood / wood for construction
Land needed for housing / industry / agriculture / roads
Very long term project.
Q.2. Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural
areas.
Ans. Firewood / charcoal
Named raw material e.g. timber / roots / leaves / ephedra / fruit / nuts
For cottage / small scale / craft / pharmaceutical industries
Named product e.g. furniture, toys, souvenirs
Forests attract tourism
Goods can be sold to tourists
Creates employment e.g. forest guides / rangers / forest department / forestry.
Study Fig. 11 which is a map showing different forest types in Pakistan.

Fig.11
Q. In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map.
Ans. (Top to bottom) Mangrove, Riverain / Bela, Irrigated, Coniferous / Alpine
Q. For one of the forest types you have named in (i):
• Describe the features of the forest.
• Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there.
Ans.