Road Accident Causes and Minimization Study

TO MINIMIZE ROAD ACCIDENT-A STUDY AND CAUSES ANALYSIS
1. Abstract :
Every year, we find more and more road accidents due to increased traffic
on the roads, and if you see the statistics, you will find that the causalities are more
every year than that of 1970 Indo -Pak war. Experts say, increased motorist
population, long working hours and stressful life are the major reasons for the rise in
road accidents. The factors are beyond one’s control, but if we could alert the driver
on the highway, could save many precious lives. We haven’t presented a very
complex solution for this; neither claimed to be expert traffic controllers. Usually
fixing some sort of transmitter system on the highways which can detect the speed of
the vehicle and convey to the driver that he is not in the permitted speed limit in a
particular area is quite common and expensive. As a simple solution, we have
preinstalled low cost transmitters on required locations to convey the speed limit
information, even further, if the automatic breaking system could be actuated on over
speed is a decent approach.
We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and
receiver modules. Receiver is kept in the vehicle and transmitter are set up on the
road side.
Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 1

2. INTRTODUCTION :
Road accidents are undoubtedly the most frequent and, overall, the cause
of the most damage. The reasons for this are the extremely dense road traffic and the
relatively great freedom of movement given to drivers. Accidents involving heavy
goods vehicles (especially coaches and lorries with trailers) occur all too frequently
despite calls for responsible behaviour, for respect of the loading regulations and the
highway code, as well as the obligation for drivers to adapt their speed, which affects
stopping distances, to the traffic and weather conditions (rain, ice, fog, etc.). The
prevention of road accidents is also extremely important and will be ensured by strict
laws, by technical and police controls, ongoing training for drivers (especially those
involved in the transport of dangerous substances) and, if need be, by legal and
administrative penalties for those responsible.
As per the surveys held, statistics stated by various governments of
different countries and states, every year, road accidents rate is continuously climbing
up due to increased traffic on the roads. The causality rate is progressively increasing
year by year. Experts say that the increase in motorist population is one of the main
reason for it. Long working hours is one more major concern of the city people. The
life is more and more stressful now a days. The above three points mentioned are
predominantly known as the primary and most common reasons for the road
accidents, and especially on highways in most of the states.
If we could alert the vehicle driver on the highway much ahead in time,
could save many precious lives and leads to reduction in death rate due to highway

accidents. It is quite common to fix up some sort of system on the highways which
can detect the speed of the vehicle and convey to the driver that he is not in the
permitted speed limit in a particular area. But in our solution, depending on the
geographical location, transmitter systems are permanently set up to transmit the
speed limit and no horn area kind of information, even further, if the automatic
breaking system could be actuated on over speed would be an excellent feature. We
have tried to attempt a simple solution which is of much similar to a prototype of its
kind. We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and
receiver modules.
3. CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENT :
3.1. Human factors :-
The statics show that 92% of road accident has been caused by road user
who infringed the traffic law, for instance driving faster limited speed ,driving
carelessly, getting drunk during driving etc.Human factors are responsible for large
number of accidents that occur in a workplace. The following human factors are
common causes of accidents:
 Memory - Memory lapse may occur at any time
 Judgment and reasoning power - May be reduced due to many factors
 Attention - Failure to remain attentive or lack of attention
 Delayed or false sensation of the sensory organs - Failed senses that could
otherwise stimulate a response to avoid the accident
 Competence - Lack of competence and experience

 Skills - Skill level of individuals is important in any accident avoidance
 Personality - Some are compromising while others are hardliner
 Attitude - Negligence, arrogance, boldness and overconfidence etc.
 Risk perception - Poor risk perception due to poor knowledge and experience
 Individual characteristics - Anger, temper, curiosity etc.
3.2.ROAD DEFECT :-
Road Defect are common issues on shared roadways and are the source of
a number of roadway accidents. Public roads should be maintained and held to certain
safety standards to ensure citizens are protected on roadways, and the government
should be held accountable when they fail to maintain public roads and keep their
citizens safe. Many road defects commonly lead to accidents, a few of which are
listed below.
 Potholes: Potholes are one of the main road defects that lead to
accidents. Driving over a pothole, especially at the high speeds of a
highway, can cause drivers to lose control of the wheel and hit other
vehicles. Potholes may additionally cause tires to blow out, which can
cause a variety of accidents on busy roadways. Motorcyclists have the
highest probability of a serious accident when met with potholes at
high speeds because they are more likely to flip or overturn as a result
and sustain serious injuries.
 Depressions: Depressions are major indentations in roadways that
have similar effects to potholes and can cause drivers to lose control
over their vehicle and get into accidents. Depressions are particularly

dangerous after it rains and are a common defect that often goes
unnoticed or takes a long time to get fixed, which increases the
likelihood of accidents on public roadways.
 Poor drainage: Poor drainage can result in standing water on
roadways, which can cause vehicles to hydroplane or drivers to lose
control over their vehicles. Additionally, if water levels are high, they
may flood engines, which can cause functional issues with the vehicle
and further increase the chances of accidents occurring.
3.3.VEHICLE DEFECT :-
Not properly maintain and regularly inspect the vehicle during the
operation. So the road accident occurred when brake failure, tire blowout , power
steering failure, headlight failure. Although automobile safety has improved
considerably over the last several decades, vehicle defects still cause accident .
Vehicle factors were the critical reason for 44,000 of the 2.2 million accidents
reviewed in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey, according to the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
One recent example of an auto defect involves problems with ignition
switches on some models of GM cars. According to a CBS News article, GM is
paying out compensation to the families of at least 64 people who died in accidents
caused by GM’s defective ignition switch. As reported, the switch could slip out of
the “on” position, cutting the engine and disabling the air bags and power steering.

3.4. DRINKING AND DRIVING :-
Any amount of alcohol in your bloodstream can impact your driving
ability. The effects of alcohol abuse vary greatly, putting you at risk for causing an
accident or highway injury. Safe driving requires the ability to concentrate, make
good judgements and quickly react to situations. However, alcohol affects these skills,
putting yourself and others in danger.
Here are several ways alcohol impairs your driving skills:
 Slow reaction time
When alcohol is in your system, it affects how quickly you’re able to respond
to different situations. Drinking slows your response time, which can increase
the likelihood of an accident. Therefore, if the car in front of you brakes
suddenly or a pedestrian crosses the street, it will take longer for your brain to
process the situation and prevent an accident.
 Lack of coordination
Heavy drinking affects your motor skills such as eye, hand and foot
coordination. Without crucial coordination skills, you may be unable to avoid
an impending harmful situation. Some signs of reduced coordination include
trouble walking, swaying and inability to stand straight. Too much alcohol can
even make it difficult to get in your car and find its ignition.
 Reduce concentration
Alcohol, no matter how much or how little, can influence your concentration.
With driving, there are many things that require your undivided concentration

such as staying in your lane, your speed, other cars on the road and traffic
signals. Your attention span is dramatically reduced with drinking, which
significantly increases the chance of an accident.
 Decrease vision
Excessive alcohol consumption can negatively impact your vision. After
drinking, you may notice that your vision is blurred or that you’re unable to
control your eye movement. Impaired vision can affect how you judge the
distance between your car and other vehicles on the road. Additionally, fewer
objects may be visible within your peripheral vision, or what you can see to
either side of you when looking straight ahead.
 Inhibit judgment
Your brain controls how you judge certain circumstances. When operating a
motorized vehicle, your judgement skills play an important role in how you
make decisions. For instance, you need to be able to foresee potential
problems and make clear decisions if another vehicle cuts you off. Your
judgement helps you stay alert and aware of surrounding conditions while
3.5. PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT :-
When on the road, the best way to assess surroundings and make decisions
is by eyesight. Since driving so fundamentally requires motorists to be able to see
well, most physical impairments that result in car accidents affect the eyes and related
nerves. Having bad eyesight can impair driving and cause accidents, which is why it
is always important to wear corrective glasses or contact lenses. Bad vision isn’t just

genetic, however, and can be brought about by bodily fatigue, advanced age, or sleep
deprivation as well. When eyes are tired, it becomes difficult to see pedestrians or
other cars, navigate through inclement weather, and follow road signs, often resulting
in a motor vehicle accident.
Loss of sight isn’t the only physical impairment that can cause accidents,
however. The ability to hear car horns is a factor that isn’t needed often, but is
extremely important when honking occurs. For the most part, horns allow drivers to
communicate that something dangerous is about to happen. Sometimes a driver is
merging and doesn’t see the car in his blind spot, but the other car’s loud honk can
alert that driver before a collision occurs. General bodily fatigue or physical injury
can also impair a driver’s ability to avoid a car accident, depending on where and how
extensive the injury is and if the fatigue is severe enough to affect the driver’s mental
state and sense of coordination.
3.6. Over Speed :-
Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. It is a natural
psyche of humans to excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed.
But when we are sharing the road with other users we will always remain behind
some or other vehicle. Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of
injury during accident. Faster vehicles are more prone to accident than the slower one
and the severity of accident will also be more in case of faster the severity of accident
will also be more in case of faster vehicles. Higher the speed, greater the risk. At high
speed the vehicle needs greater distance to stop i.e. braking distance. A slower vehicle

comes to halt immediately while faster one takes long way to stop and also skids a
long distance due to law of notion. A vehicle moving on high speed will have greater
impact during the crash and hence will cause more injuries. The ability to judge the
forthcoming events also gets reduced while driving at faster speed which causes error
in judgment and finally a crash.
3.7.OVERLOAD :-
Overloading has been recognized to be both a safety concern as well as a
cost concern, and the National Department of Transport has incorporated a campaign
against overloading in its Road to Safety strategy.
Economic growth demands an adequate transport infrastructure.
Overloaded vehicles, especially freight vehicles, are destroying our roads, impacting
negatively on economic growth – the damage caused grows exponentially as the load
increases. Damage to roads as a result of overloading leads to higher maintenance and
repair costs and shortens the life of a road which in turn places an additional burden
on the state as well as law-abiding road users who ultimately carry the costs of
careless and inconsiderate overloading. If the problem of overloading is not
controlled, this cost has to be carried by the road user, which will require significant
increases in road user charges such as the fuel levy, vehicles license fees, and
overloading fees to mention just a few. Overloading is a safety hazard that leads to
unnecessary loss of life, and also the rapid deterioration of our roads, resulting in
increased maintenance and transportation costs.

The Risks to Road Safety posted by Overloading
Overloaded vehicles threaten road safety and are contributing to many of
the fatal accidents on our roads. The overloaded vehicle will not only put the driver at
risk but also passengers and other road users.
Overloading a vehicle will pose the following risks:
The vehicle will be less stable, difficult to steer and take longer to stop.
Vehicles react differently when the maximum weights which they are designed to
carry are exceeded.
 Overloaded vehicles can cause the tyres to overheat and wear rapidly which
increases the chance of premature, dangerous and expensive failure or
blow-outs.
 The driver’s control and operating space in the overloaded vehicle are
diminished, escalating the chances of an accident.
 The overloaded vehicle cannot accelerate as normal – making it difficult to
overtake
 At night, the headlights of an overloaded vehicle will tilt up, blinding
oncoming drivers to possible debris or obstructions on the roadway
 Brakes have to work harder due to ‘the riding of brakes’ and because the
vehicle is heavier due to overloading. Brakes overheat and lose their
effectiveness to stop the car.
 With overloading, seat belts are often not used as the aim is to pack in as
many persons as possible into the vehicle

 The whole suspension system comes under stress and, over time, the
weakest point can give way.
By overloading your vehicle you will incur higher maintenance costs to
the vehicle – tyres, brakes, shock absorbers and higher fuel consumption
3.8. Disobeying Traffic Signals Leading To Road Accidents :
Ideally a vehicle has to stop when a traffic signal turns red and slow down
when it turns yellow. Most of the people have this habit of jumping the traffic lights
which results in severe accidents and even death.
Entering a One-Way Lane in Wrong Direction :-
People in India have a slightly different thought over the famous proverb
“Where there is a Will, there is a Way,” as they believe in “Where there is a Way,
there is a Will. People enter their vehicles on one way lanes in wrong direction which
stops the free traffic movement.
Taking a U-Turn in Low Traffic :-
Rather than using a traffic signal for taking a U-turn, drivers take chances
of taking it when the traffic is less which leads to unnecessary traffic blockage or road
accidents.

Indicators :-
Generally in a war, you don’t give an indication of your next move to your
enemies. Indians might have acquired this trait from their ancestors. They turn their
vehicles wherever they want without using the indicators. The enemy behind has a
rare chance of surviving this deadly move.
Helmets / Safety Belts :
Safety helmets are made for motorcyclists to avoid severe injuries in case
of road accidents, but generally people wear them as a medium to get through a traffic
policeman. No police, no helmets. Same is the case with the seat belt. It is one of the
most essential parts of a vehicle which strikes our minds the moment we see traffic
police around.
4. DATA OF ROAD ACCIDENT :
A Report on Road Accidents in India 2016, published by Transport
Research wing under Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India,
has revealed that more people died on roads accidents in India last year, as compared
to the number of deaths in 2015. The data has further revealed that the states of Uttar
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have accounted for maximum number of deaths this year.
As per the data cited in the report, the country recorded at least 4,80,652
accidents in 2016, leading to 1,50,785 deaths. The number suggests that at least 413

people died everyday in 1,317 road accidents. Further breaking down the statistics,
the data reveals that at least 17 deaths occurred in road accidents in 55 accidents every
hour in the given time period. Comparing the new recordings with data from previous
year shows that in spite of recording fewer accidents in 2016, more deaths have
occurred this year as in 2015. In 2015, 1,46,133 people had died in 5,01,423
accidents. The accident severity, which is measured as the number of persons killed
per 100 accidents, was recorded at 29.1 in 2015 which is lower than 31.4 in 2016.

The report further revealed that Highways are not the “biggest killers”. As
per the report, 34.5 per cent accident deaths occurred on National Highways, while
27.9 percent accident deaths took place on State Highways, while maximum
percentage of deaths occurred on other roads (37.6). Giving insight into the cause of
accidents, it further added, that speeding appears to the be the biggest cause of
concern, other than usage of mobile phones while driving vehicles. While speeding
led to 66.5 per cent of all road accidents and 61 per cent of deaths, usage of cellular
phones caused just below 5000 accidents and over 2000 deaths.
The study went on to list Chennai as the city with most dangerous roads,
as it recorded 7,486 accidents in 2016, followed by Delhi which recorded 7,375
accidents. Bengaluru, Indore and Kolkata, rounded up the top five positions in the list,
respectively. With 12.8 per cent of total road accidents, the state of Uttar Pradesh saw
the highest road accidents, followed by Tamil Nadu (11.4), Maharashtra (8.6) and
Karnataka (7.4).
An interesting discovery of the report was the fact that cities with a large
population saw majority of accidents. The report said that 50 cities with million-plus
populations accounted for 18.7 per cent of all road accidents and 11.8 per cent of all
accidents deaths. The report also found that newest vehicles featured in most of the
accidents. Vehicles with usage age of 0-5 years featured in 40.3 per cent of the
accidents, while those of 5-10 usage years featured in 32.7 per cent of accidents.
In terms of deaths caused by speed bumps and potholes, the report said
that just below 10,000 road accidents were caused by speed breakers, which led to
death of 3,396 people. The potholes were held responsible for at least 6,424 road
accidents out of which 2,324 proved to be fatal, the report said.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW :
Review of literature is important in any research work.Many researchers
have carried out research work in the areaof road accidents. Some of them have
analysed accident data in different ways. Some of them Identification of Blackspot
zone. Some of them have developed accident modelsfor forecasting future accident
trends.
They have also proposed strategies for road safety. In the present
chapterliterature revie is carried out covering the different issuesrelated to road
accident and road safety.Yannis T.H (2014)was presented.
A review ofthe effect of traffic and weather characteristics on roadsafety.
Despite the existence of generally mixed evidenceon the effect of traffic parameters, a
few patterns can beobserved. For instance, traffic flow seems to have a non-linear
relationship with accident rates, even though somestudies suggest linear relationship
with accidents. Regardingweather effects, the effect of precipitation is quite leads
generally to increased accident frequency but doesnot seem to have a consistent effect
on severity. The impactof other weather parameters on safety, such as visibility,wind
speed and temperature is not found straightforward sofar. The increasing use of real-
time data not only makeseasier to identify the safety impact of traffic and
weathercharacteristics, but most importantly makes possible theidentification of their
combined effect. The more systematicuse of these real-time data may address several
of theresearch gaps identified in this research.K. Meshram and
H.S.Goliya(2013)Were presented an analysis of accidents on small portion NH-
3Indore to Dhamnod. The data for analysis is collected for the period of 2009 to
September 2011. More accidents occurredin Manpur region by faulty road geometry.
The trend ofaccidents occurring in urban portion (Indore) is more than35 % to rate of

total accidents in each year.This may due tohigh speeds and more vehicular traffic. In
the present studyarea the frequency of fatal accidents are 2 in a week and 6for minor
accidents in a week. More number of accidentobserved in 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. duration
because in that timemore buses are travels between villages and city. One fatal and
five casualties are occurring per km per year in thestudy area. The volume of the
trucks passing through studycorridor is increasing by year. At Rajendra Nagar from
2000onwards the traffic is reduced due to the construction of by passes in that
area.Rakesh Mehar and Pradeep Kumar Agarwal(2013)were highlighted the
deficiencies in the present stateof the art and also presents some basic concepts so
thatsystematic approach for formulation of a road safetyimprovement program in
India can be developed.
E.S. Park et al (2012) studies the safety effect ofwider edge lines was
examined by analysing crashfrequency data for road segments with and without wider
edge lines. The data from three states, Kansas, Michigan, and Illinois, have been
analysed. Because of different natureof data from each state, a different statistical
analysisapproach was employed for each state: an empirical Bays, before
after analysis of Kansas data, an interrupted timeseries design and generalized linear
segmented regressionanalysis of Michigan data, and a cross sectional analysis
ofIllinois data. Although it is well-known that causation ishard to establish based on
observational studies, the resultsfrom three extensive statistical analyses all point to
the samefindings. The consistent findings lend support to the positive effects of wider
edge lines installed on rural, two-lanehighways. In conclusion, this study lends
scientific supportto the positive safety effects of wider edge lines installed onrural
two-lane highways. Although the magnitudes of crashreductions were somewhat
different from state to state,the resultspoint same in the direction.

On a positive side DSL and MSL strategies have reduced the number of
car-car overtakes at different volumes, hence increasing safety. This latter relationship
suggests a calming effect of slower trucks on the speed of the traffic stream, which
results in fewer interactions between cars. No significant effect was observed
concerning differential speed control strategies and both average TTC and PTDO. The
effect on TTC was due to volume; highest TTC for car-car and car-truck interactions
at very low volumes, decreasing to a minimum in the range between 500 vph to 800
vph and increasing slightly thereafter. This indicator suggests the highest head-on risk
is experienced in the mid volume region. The average speed of traffic decreases in a
nonlinear fashion with volume with differential speed strategies indicating a
downward shift in this relationship. Michael Williamson and Huaguo Zhou (2012)
werethe development of calibration factors for crash prediction models in the
newHighway Safety Manual (HSM) for rural two-lane roadways in Illinois. The crash
prediction modes (so called Safety Performance Functions (SPF)) in the HSM were
developed using data from multiple states, therefore the models must be calibrated to
account for local factors, such as weather, roadway conditions, and drivers’
characteristics. In this study, two calibration factors were developed for two different
SPFs to give a better prediction of crash frequencies on rural two lane roadways in
Illinois. This study determined the SPF that best predicts the crashes was developed
specifically for rural two- lane-two-way roadways in Illinois.

6. APPARATUS USE :
6.1 Battery operated engine
6.2 Vehicle overload sensor
6.3 Electric speed control transmitter(E S Ctransmitter)
6.4 Electric speed control receiver (E S Creceiver)
6.5 Battery
6.6 Remote
6.1 BATTERY OPERATED ENGINE :-
Here we will use a couple of ICs and a motor fixed to a chassis to
make a remote control car. The brief idea is to transmit control signals through radio
frequency and receive it through a receiver module in the car. We will have two
switches in our remote control to power each motor of the car. The state of the
switches (ON/OFF) is the control data. This data from the remote control is encoded
before transmission, received back, and decoded again to be sent to the motor drivers.
This is achieved using an RF module and an encoder (HT12E) decoder (HT12D) pair.

Using the combination of different states of the two switches, you can
control the direction of motion of your remote control car. If both switches are off,
both motors will be off, and the car will not move. If both are on, the car will move
straight ahead. And to turn the car, switch on only the motor on the side you want the
car to turn .to

 Making Power Supplies for the Remote Control Car:
First, we will start with the power supply circuits. Both the RF transmitter
and receiver circuits need separate power supplies. The receiver circuit needs to be
powered with a 12V supply and transmitter circuit with a 9V battery.
We can see the circuit for the receiver power supply on the right. Using
this diagram, wire up the supply circuit. You can also add an LED via a 1K resistor to
indicate the state of the power supply.
 IC 7805 regulates the 12V
supply to 5V (you can also use a
9V supply here
 You can also use 0.1uF
and 470uF capacitors in the
circuit and 1K resistor for status
LED.

 Making the Transmitter (Remote Control):
DPDT Switches for Remote Control

The transmitter circuit consists of -
1. HT12E encoder (Pin Out)
2. RF transmitter module (Pin Out)
3. DPDT switches
4. Supply circuit
5. Resistor
You can see I have marked A, B, C, D in the transmitter circuit after the
switch. The same has been marked on the DPDT switch diagram. Connect the
A,B,C,D on the transmitter circuit to the A,B,C,D on the two DPDT switches.
 Making the Receiver Circuit :

The receiver circuit consists of three ICs:
 HT12D decoder (Pin Out)
 L293D motor driver (Pin Out)
 RF receiver module (Pin Out)
Wire the circuit as per the above receiver schematic. There are two
LEDs in the receiver board. One lights up when power supply is given to the receiver.
The other one near the IC HT12D should light up when power supply is given to
transmitter circuit. This provides you with a valid transmission (VT) when power is
given at the transmitter. If not, there is something wrong with your connection or your
RF TX RX module.

Choosing the Right Motor
Choosing a motor is very important, and totally depends on the type of
robot (car) you are making. If you are making a smaller one, use 6V Bo motor. If you
are making a larger one, which will need to carry heavy load, then use a 12V DC
motor.
Choosing the Right RPM for the Motor
I have used a 12V 300RPM (revolutions per minute) motor. RPM is the
number of times the shaft of a DC motor completes a full spin cycle per minute. A full
spin cycle is when the shaft turns a full 360°. The amount of 360° turns, or
revolutions, a motor does in a minute is its RPM value. You should be careful not
to choose motors of higher RPM because it will be difficult to control. And
remember, speed is inversely proportional to torque.
POWER SUPPLY
Most problems that arise in the power supply circuit are due to a short
circuit. So power off the circuit and use a multimeter to check whether there is any
connection between negative and positive

6.2 VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR :-
A weight overload is provided including a plurality of shock absorbers
with at least one having a limit switch. The limit switch is adapted to transmit an
actuation signal upon the detection of an excessive weight on the vehicle. A light and
an audible alarm are included for actuating upon the receipt of the actuation signal.
VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR
CLASSIFICATIONS:
B PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B60 VEHICLES IN GENERAL
B60R VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT
OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

B60R16/00 Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise
provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted
for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for
transmission of signals between vehicle parts or subsystems
B60R16/0231 Circuits relating to the driving or the functioning of the vehicle
B60R16/0232 Circuits relating to the driving or the functioning of the vehicle for
measuring vehicle parameters and indicating critical, abnormal or dangerous
conditions
G01G19/08 Weighing apparatus or methods adapted for special purposes not
provided for in the preceding groups for incorporation in vehicles
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to weight sensors and more particularly
pertains to a new VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR for providing an alarm upon
detecting an excessive weight being transported.

2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of weight sensors is known in the prior art. More specifically,
weight sensors heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of
familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad
of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the
fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
In these respects, the VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR according to the
present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of
the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the
purpose of providing an alarm upon detecting an excessive weight being transported.
In these respects, the VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR according to the
present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of
the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the
purpose of providing an alarm upon detecting an excessive weight being transported.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of
weight sensors now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a new
VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR construction wherein the same can be utilized for
providing an alarm upon detecting an excessive weight being transported.
The general purpose of the present invention, which will be described
subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new VEHICLE OVERLOAD SENSOR
apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the weight sensors

mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new VEHICLE
OVERLOAD SENSOR which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or
even implied by any of the prior art weight sensors, either alone or in any combination
thereof.
6.3 Electric speed control transmitter(E S Ctransmitter) :-
The block diagram of the transmitter section consists of switches
connected to an encoder and RF transmitter. Four switches are provided for giving
details regarding the speed limit of a particular zone in the highway. Switch 1
represents speed limit of 80kmph, switch 2 represents a speed limit of 40 kmph,
switch 3 represents a maximum speed limit of 20 kmph and finally switch 4
corresponds to a zone where blowing horn is prohibited. For the purpose of prototype
we have combined 4 transmitters with above individual feature into a single
transmitter to lower the prototype development cost.

6.4 Electric speed control receiver (E S Creceiver) :-
The block diagram of the receiver section consists of a receiving antenna,
a microcontroller, an LCD display, a DC motor and a buzzer as shown in the diagram.
The antenna receives the transmitted speed limit information or no horn zone related
data. It is fed to the decoder and the decoder decodes the information andgives it to
the microcontroller. Depending on the received information, i.e. whether speed limit
or no horn zone data, the microcontroller controls the speed of the DC motor and or
activates the buzzer. The same information can also be seen on the 16x2 LCD display
also. By observing the above or hearing the beep sound of the buzzer, the driver gets
alerted.

The block diagram of the power supply section consists of a step down
transformer, a bridge rectifier, a filter and a voltage regulator.The a.c. input i.e., 230V
from the mains supply is given to the step down transformer. The step down
transformer steps down the applied 230v ac to 12V ac. The 12v ac is applied to the
bridge rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in
order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to
remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given
to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage. The voltage regulator
produces a constant 5v dc output.
RF Module:-
A RF Module is a small circuit pre built and tested. They comes in Pair.
One is RX or the receiver and other is a TX or Transmitter. The one we will be using
is a low cost module of about Rs. 300 (US$ 6.00) per pair in India. They have
reasonable range and works very good.

As you can see they have very low pin count. This is because they are
highly modular in design. The transmitter module consists of an antenna, power
supply and data input pins (Vcc, DATA, GND). Whereas the Receiver module
consists of an antenna, power supply pins and data output pins (VCC, GND, DATA).
RF Module sample
The HT12E encoder is a 18 pin DIP IC. The 212 encoders are a series of
CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. The HT12D decoder is a 18 pin
DIP IC. The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS Large Scale Integrations for remote
control system applications. They are paired with Holtek’s 212 series of encoders.
A pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data
format should be chosen for proper operation. The decoders receive serial addresses
and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier
using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three
times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are
found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins.

The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212 series
of decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of N bits of address and
12_N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and
4 data bits.
We have used AT89S52 micro controller. Its features are best given in the
above figure. We have implemented an algorithm in its flash memory to drive the DC
Motor according to information received by the Rf Receiver module. They are
capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits.
Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed
addresses/ data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE
trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12E further enhances the
application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders.
Experimental Results :
The results obtained after the development of the individual modules are
presented in the form of photographs below :-
The RF transmitter is placed in speed limited areas over the highways.
This transmitters transmits the information signalscontinuously in to the air. The four
switches represent the four continuously in to the air. The four switches represent the
four different zones.

RF transmitter block
8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits
of data at a time. This micro controller is interfaced with the breaking system , display
unit, buzzer system and coded in such a way that to activate theis units based on the
received information signal from the transmitter.
Micro controller board

The RF receiver is placed in vehicles , when the vehicle entre in to the
range of the transmitter it receives the information signals passes to the
microcontroller .
receiver section
The dc motor is connected to micro controller which shows the variations
in the speed according the breaking system instruction.
DC motor
The dc motor driver circuit is used to drive the DC motor effectively. The
motor driver is connected to the p3 port of the micro controller.

DC motor driver circuit
The buzzer is used for indicating the driver when the vehicle exceeds the
limitations of the zone . The buzzer section is also used to indicate the horn .
6.5 Battery :-
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such
as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The
terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external
circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected
to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the
chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to
the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows

current to flow out of the battery to perform work.[3]Historically the term "battery"
specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has
evolved additionally to include devices composed of a single cell.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded;
the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples
are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple
times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can
be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in
vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such
as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to
large lead acid batteries used in cars and trucks, and at the largest extreme, huge
battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centres.According to a 2005 estimate, the
worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6%
annual growth.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than
common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher
efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to combustion
engines.

Cell types -
Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with varying
chemical processes and designs, including galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells,
flow cells and voltaic piles.
Wet cell -
A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell,
since the liquid covers all internal parts, or vented cell, since gases produced during
operation can escape to the air. Wet cells were a precursor to dry cells and are
commonly used as a learning tool for electrochemistry. They can be built with
common laboratory supplies, such as beakers, for demonstrations of how
electrochemical cells work. A particular type of wet cell known as a concentration cell
is important in understanding corrosion. Wet cells may be primary cells (non-
rechargeable) or secondary cells (rechargeable). Originally, all practical primary
batteries such as the Daniell cell were built as open-top glass jar wet cells. Other
primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell,
Clark cell, and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was adapted to the first dry
cells. Wet cells are still used in automobile batteries and in industry for standby power
for switchgear, telecommunication or large uninterruptible power supplies, but in
many places batteries with gel cells have been used instead. These applications
commonly use lead–acid or nickel–cadmium cells.

Dry cell -
A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow
current to flow. Unlike a wet cell, a dry cell can operate in any orientation without
spilling, as it contains no free liquid, making it suitable for portable equipment. By
comparison, the first wet cells were typically fragile glass containers with lead rods
hanging from the open top and needed careful handling to avoid spillage. Lead–acid
batteries did not achieve the safety and portability of the dry cell until the
development of the gel battery.
A common dry cell is the zinc–carbon battery, sometimes called the dry
Leclanché cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same as the alkaline battery
(since both use the same zinc–manganese dioxide combination). A standard dry cell
comprises a zinc anode, usually in the form of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode
in the form of a central rod. The electrolyte is ammonium chloride in the form of a
paste next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between the electrolyte and carbon
cathode is taken up by a second paste consisting of ammonium chloride and
manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a depolariser. In some designs, the ammonium
chloride is replaced by zinc chlori
Molten salt -
Molten salt batteries are primary or secondary batteries that use a molten
salt as electrolyte. They operate at high temperatures and must be well insulated to
retain heat.

Reserve -
A reserve battery can be stored unassembled (unactivated and supplying
no power) for a long period (perhaps years). When the battery is needed, then it is
assembled (e.g., by adding electrolyte); once assembled, the battery is charged and
ready to work. For example, a battery for an electronic artillery fuze might be
activated by the impact of firing a gun. The acceleration breaks a capsule of
electrolyte that activates the battery and powers the fuze's circuits. Reserve batteries
are usually designed for a short service life (seconds or minutes) after long storage
(years). A water-activated battery for oceanographic instruments or military
applications becomes activated on immersion in water
7. WORKING PRINCIPLE :
We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and
receiver modules. Receiver is kept in the vehicle and transmitterare set up on the road
side. The receiver can sense the speed limit and make the vehicle slow where it is
necessary.
And also we used a vehicle over load sensor which can sense the load , if
the vehicle is over loaded then the car did not move.

7.1 FLOW DIAGRAM :-
 General Diagram:-
Key Engine
 Our Project Diagram:-
Key vehicle over load sensor Speedsensor
Engine
8. MAKING PROCEDURE :
 At first we make a battery engine.
 Then make a ‘vehicle over load sensor’ which is attached bed of the vehicle .
If the vehicle is over loaded then the circuit will break down and vehicle did
not move.
 Next make an ‘Electric Speed Control Transmitter’ which set up on the road
which transmit the speed limit (Like hospital, school, bridge, market area,
office, ) to receiver.
 After that make an ‘Electric Speed control Receiver’ which attached to the
vehicle which receive the speed limit and control the speed of the vehicle
where it is necessary.
 At last attached all the stuff in a battery engine.

9. RESULT AND DISCUSSION :
9.1 Load Limit :-
Various loads acting on vehicle:-
1. Short duration Load – While crossing a broken patch.
2. Momentary duration Load – While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads – Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load – While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads – Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads – Beyond Design capacity
THAW PERIOD -
The maximum gross vehicle weight of a road vehicle or combination of vehicles is the
lowest of the three following values :-
1. The sum of the authorized maximum loads for each of the axle classes of vehicle
or a combination of vehicles;
To calculate this sum, the maximum load of the front (steering) axle class of the
vehicle or combination of vehicles must not exceed the following loads:
• 5 500 kg for the front single axle (B.1) of a tractor;
• 7 250 kg for the front single axle (B.1) of a vehicle other than a tractor;
• 14 000 kg for a front tandem axle (B.2);
• 13 000 kg for a front multiple axle (B.3).
2. Gross vehicle weight limit authorized in normal period;

3. 59 000 kg. The gross weight of a combination of vehicles is limited to 41 500 kg
when it is equipped with a self-steering axle not located in front of a group of 3 or 4
axles under a semitrailer nor in front of a group of 3 axles under a trailer.
In our project we work up to mainly over load. Because over load is the main
causes of road accident. In our project we try to minimise the road accident. In
general vehicle there is a maximum load limit which is 100-120 kg, we design a
vehicle over load sensor which is sense the load limit if the load is upto 120 kg the
vehicle did not start. Although we fix this sensor in a prototype demo engine which
load limit upto 150gm.
9.2 Speed Limit :-
In our prototype demo project we have developed a speed control receiver
and transmitter. The receiver is kept in the vehicle and transmitter is kept in the road
side. The transmitter has three point
I. No limit condition (where the vehicle is free to move).
II. Speed limit ( means the vehicle run only limited speed. It applied in the
School , Hospital etc. area).
III. Zero speed ( where the vehicle did not move).
10. FUTURE PLAN :
In future we will try to fix a alcohol sensor on this car which sense the
alcohol limit of the driver .If the driver is alcoholic then the car did not move.

11. DEMO IMAGE :
Electric Speed Control Transmitter
Remote Control
Demo Vehicle

12. CONCLUSION :
The prototype work “HIGWAY VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL
,AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM AND REDUCE OVER” has been successfully
designed and tested in a battery operated demo vehicle. Integrating features of all the
components have used developed it .Presence of every module has been reasoned out
and placed carefully thus contributing the best working of the unit. Secondly using
highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology has been implemented
successfully.
13. REFERENCES
1. Automated emergency Brake systems: Technical requirements, costs and
benefits. C Grover, I Knight,I Simmons, G Couper, P Massie and B Smith,
PPR 227, TRL Limited
2. Bishop, R. (2005) Intelligent Vehicles Technology and Trends, Artech
House.
3. Sussman, J. M. (1993) Intelligent vehicle highway systems: Challenge for the
future, IEEE Micro, 1(14-18), pp. 101-104.
4. Autonomos Intelligent Cruise Control. Petros A,Member, IEEE,and C.C.
Chien, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol 42, No.4, Nov 1993.
5. R. E. Fenton, “A Headway safety policy for automated highway operations”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-28, Feb. 1979.
6. Data of road accident “ The Hindu”, “Indian Express”, and “Ministry of road
transport and highways ,government of India”.

7. Avvaru Subramanyam 1, K.Satya Rajesh2, L.Bharhav Kumar, 3 1,3 Assistant
Professor, Dept. of ECE , 2 IV Year B.Tech., Dept. of E.C.E. Mekapati
Rajamohan Reddy Institute of Technology and Science, Udayagiri, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
8. Mayoogh Girish “Mayoogh Girish is a electronics engineer, and a DIY Maker
by passion. He is interested in open source technology”.
9. Wikipedia.

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TO MINIMIZE ROAD ACCIDENT-A STUDY AND CAUSES ANALYSIS

particular area is quite common and expensive. As a simple solution, we have

speed is a decent approach.

We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 1

relatively great freedom of movement given to drivers. Accidents involving heavy

administrative penalties for those responsible.

As per the surveys held, statistics stated by various governments of

accidents, and especially on highways in most of the states.

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 2

geographical location, transmitter systems are permanently set up to transmit the

breaking system could be actuated on over speed would be an excellent feature. We

kind. We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and

3. CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENT :

3.1. Human factors :-

common causes of accidents:

 Memory - Memory lapse may occur at any time

 Judgment and reasoning power - May be reduced due to many factors

 Attention - Failure to remain attentive or lack of attention

otherwise stimulate a response to avoid the accident

 Competence - Lack of competence and experience

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 3

 Skills - Skill level of individuals is important in any accident avoidance

 Personality - Some are compromising while others are hardliner

 Attitude - Negligence, arrogance, boldness and overconfidence etc.

 Individual characteristics - Anger, temper, curiosity etc.

accidents. Driving over a pothole, especially at the high speeds of a

cause a variety of accidents on busy roadways. Motorcyclists have the

highest probability of a serious accident when met with potholes at

and sustain serious injuries.

 Depressions: Depressions are major indentations in roadways that

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 4

unnoticed or takes a long time to get fixed, which increases the

likelihood of accidents on public roadways.

 Poor drainage: Poor drainage can result in standing water on

roadways, which can cause vehicles to hydroplane or drivers to lose

and further increase the chances of accidents occurring.

steering failure, headlight failure. Although automobile safety has improved

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).

One recent example of an auto defect involves problems with ignition

switches on some models of GM cars. According to a CBS News article, GM is

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 5

3.4. DRINKING AND DRIVING :-

Any amount of alcohol in your bloodstream can impact your driving

putting yourself and others in danger.

Here are several ways alcohol impairs your driving skills:

 Slow reaction time

the likelihood of an accident. Therefore, if the car in front of you brakes

process the situation and prevent an accident.

coordination. Without crucial coordination skills, you may be unable to avoid

an impending harmful situation. Some signs of reduced coordination include

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 6

signals. Your attention span is dramatically reduced with drinking, which

significantly increases the chance of an accident.

Excessive alcohol consumption can negatively impact your vision. After

either side of you when looking straight ahead.

make decisions. For instance, you need to be able to foresee potential

3.5. PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT :-

is by eyesight. Since driving so fundamentally requires motorists to be able to see

Mechanical Engineering Department, DIET Page 7

in a motor vehicle accident.

communicate that something dangerous is about to happen. Sometimes a driver is