A

Project Report on
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Diploma Mechanical
Engineering

Submitted By:

TEGVEER SINGH PUNI 1602049

RUJVEE THENGDI 1602050

ABHISHEK THETE 1602051

ROSHAN UMATE 1602052

TANU USARE 1602053

Under The Guidance Of:

Prof. S.A. Dhankute

(Mechanical Engineering Department)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT PLOYTECHNIC, NAGPUR
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)
 SESSION: 2018-19
CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NAGPUR

(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)

This is to certify that

NAME EN.NO.

1. TEGVEER SINGH PUNI 1602049

2. RUJVEE THENGDI 1602050

3. ABHISHEK THETE 1602051

4. ROSHAN UMATE 1602052

5. TANU USARE 1602053

Of final year Mechanical Engineering students have submitted their project report on
Design and fabrication of stair climber trolley during academic session 2018-19 as a part
of project work prescribed by Government Polytechnic, Nagpur for partial fulfillment for
the diploma in Mechanical Engineering in sixth semester.

Signature of Guide HOD Mech. Engg. Principal

Date: Seal of Institute

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to our guide,

Prof. S.A. Dhankute, department of Mechanical Engineering for his generous guidance,
help and useful suggestions.
I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. P.V. Rekhade, Head of department of Mechanical
Engineering for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision
throughout the course of present work.
We are extremely thankful to Dr. C.S. Thorat, principal for providing us infrastructural
facilities to work in, without which thus work would not have been possible.
 ABSTRACT

This project aims at developing a mechanism for easy transportation of

heavy loads over stairs. The need for such a system arises from day-to-day

requirements in our society. Devices such as hand trolleys are used to relieve the

stress of lifting while on flat ground; however, these devices usually fail when it

comes to carrying the load over short fleet of stairs. In the light of this, the

project attempts to design a stair climbing hand cart which can carry heavy

objects up the stairs with less effort compared to carrying them manually. It also

endeavors to study the commercial viability and importance of such a product.

Several designs were conceived that would allow a non-industrial hand trolley

to travel over stairs, curbs, or uneven terrain while reducing the strain on the

user.

In our project, the trolley is equipped with Tri-Star wheels which enable

us to carry load up and down the stairs. It also eases the movement of trolley in

irregular surfaces like holes, bumps, etc.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

LISTOF SYMBOL5

LISTOFFIGURES6

LIST OF TABLES8

SYMBOL DEFINITION

F Force

M Bending Moment

R1, R2 Reaction Forces

I Moment of inertia

o Bending Stress

y Distance between neutral axis and centroidal axis

E Young’s Modulus

R Radius of Curvature

x Height of the trolley

y Distance between mid-point of the weight and trolley wheel

axis
W Weight acting on the trolley

W1 Weight of object to be carried

W2 Weight of the trolley

Re Reaction force on one side

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE PAGE NO.

3.1 Tri-Star wheel in motion 5

4.1 Close-up showing surface roughness 10

4.2 Co-efficient of kinetic friction of

various tyre materials and surface 11

4.3 Straight Wheel Frame 12

4.4 Curved Wheel Frame 12

4.5 Quasi-Planetary Wheel Frame 13

4.6 CAD model of trolley Side View 13

4.7 CAD model of trolley Front View 13

4.8 CAD model of trolley Isometric View 14

4.9 Plasma Arc Cut Tri-Star Wheel Web 16

4.10 Prototype of Stair Climber Trolley Side View 19

4.11 Prototype of Stair Climber Trolley Front View 19

7.1 Modified Wheel Frame Setup 26

LIST OF TABLES

TABLENO. TABLE PAGE NO

4.1 Various wheel materials 10

and co-efficientof friction

6.1 Accountstatement 25
INTRODUCTION

1. DESCRIPTION 1

HANDTROLLEY 1

TYPESOFTROLLLEY 2

WHEELEDTROLLEY 2

FOLDINGTROLLEY 2

GARDENTROLLEY 3

KITCHENTROLLEY 3

STACKTROLLEY 3

NEED FORSTAIRCLIMBERTROLLEY 3

2. STAIRCLIMBERTROLLEY 4

NEWCONCEPT 4

3.TRI-STARWHEEL 5

TRI-STARWHEELDESIGN 5

APPLICATION OFTRI-STAR

WHEEL INOURPROJECT 6

4.SELECTION ANDFABRICATION Of STAIRCLIMBERTROLLEY 7

MATERIALSELECTION 7

TROLLEYBODY
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

HANDTROLLEY

A hand trolley is a small transport device used to move heavy loads from
one place to another. It is a very common tool used by a large number of
industries that transport physical products. Also called a hand truck or a dolly,
the hand trolley is often used by stock persons who arrange and restock
merchandise in retail stores. When used properly, trolleys can protect people
from back injuries and other health problems that can result from lifting heavy
loads.

1.1.2 Description

A typical hand trolley consists of two small wheels located beneath a

load-bearing platform; the hand trolley usually has two handles on its support
frame. These handles are used to push, pull and maneuver the device. The
handles may extend from the top rear of the frame, or one handle may curve
from the back. An empty hand trolley usually stands upright in an L-shape, and
products are usually stacked on top of the platform. When the goods are in
place, it is tilted backward so that the load is balanced between the platform and
the support frame. Especially if heavy or fragile materials are moved, the person
operating the trolley should return it to an upright position carefully, to insure
nothing falls off the platform. The front of the frame may be squared off for
boxes or curved for drums and barrels. Sometimes, a hand truck also has straps
for securing loose freight duringtransport.

Professional material handlers prefer to use a hand truck when moving stackable
items such as boxes, crates or packages. Heavier items are usually
stackedonthebottomofthe hand truck, with lighterobjects saved for thetop.

1
 Hand truck users must be careful not to stack it so high that their vision is
blocked or the load becomes unstable. Generally, it is safe to load a hand truck
to the level of its handles or the top of the frame. The load is then shifted onto
the wheels with a backwards lifting motion. The user can maneuver the
cargo by steering it left, right or forward.

TYPES OFTROLLEY

Different types of these trolleys exist, and the type used is often chosen
based on what type of material it will move. Hand trolleys are made of various
types of hard materials, including steel, aluminum and high-impact plastic. Most
hand trolleys come in standard sizes and are used for general loads, but there are
some that are specifically designed for very small or larger products.

Wheeledtrolley

Wheeled trolleys made from stainless steel are the most common type of
hand trucks used. These are used in places with heavy loads to move, like retail
stores and factories, and typically have wheels made out of stainless steel as
well. Welded steel and metal wheel trolleys are typically much more
lightweight and are often used to carry lightermaterials.

Those with a frame and wheels made of a metal alloy are heavier and sturdily
made. Trolleys of this type usually have a wider platform for oversized loads.
Metal alloy hand trucks are typically used to transport heavy products, such as
items made of steel.

FoldingTrolley

A folding trolley is another type of hand tool, and is often made of rust-
proof aluminum. It is also lightweight but is usually able to carry heavy loads,
and can fold to take up less space when not in use. This feature also allows it to
be easily transported to places where it is needed.
2
GardenTrolley

The garden trolley is maneuvered with the use of a pull handle.

Garden trolleys tend to have narrow profiles so that they will fit easily on paths
and walks without damaging plants. These are designed so that they are capable
of lifting both dry and marshy loads which are most commonly found ingardens.

KitchenTrolley

A kitchen trolley is a serving cart that can also be used for storage. It is
designed that it has more than one section in it which enables people to carry
various utensils and for various purposes.

SackTrolley

Sack trolley or Sack barrow is a fairly generic term describing a range of

light, single operator hand trucks or trolleys used to move cartons, feed and
grain sacks, and other light, stackable goods. Lots of different materials are used
to make sack trucks. This includes high impact plastics, tube steel, aluminum
steel, and aluminum excursion.

NEED FOR STAIR CLIMBERTROLLEY

Lifting heavy objects to upper stories or lifting patients to upper levels

from the ground are not painless jobs, especially where there are no lifting
facilities (elevator, conveyer, etc.). Moreover, most of the buildings are
structurally congested and do not have elevators or escalators. This project can
introduce a new option for the transportation of loads over the stairs. The stair
climbing hand trolley can play an important role in those areas to lift loads over
a short height.

3
 CHAPTER 2

STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY

2.1 NEW CONCEPT

The stair-climbing hand truck is designed to reduce liability rather than

increase it. Conventional hand trucks work well on flat ground, but their
usefulness decreases when it becomes necessary to move an object over an
irregular surface. Package deliverymen, for example, often find it necessary to
drag loaded hand trucks up short flights of stairs just to reach the front door of a
building. The entire purpose of using a conventional hand truck is to avoid
having to lift and carry heavy objects around.

Lifting a hand truck up the stairs defeats the purpose of the device, since
the user must provide enough upward force to lift the entire weight of the cart
and its contents. Furthermore, the geometry of a hand truck makes it nearly
impossible to lift with one's legs, as is the proper form. Considerable strain is
placed on the back muscles and the risk of operator injury is sharply increased.
The pulling up of a standard hand truck up the stairs results in a bumpy and
jarring motion. This motion may damage the items loaded on the hand truck or
cause them to fall off entirely. A hand truck that could climb stairs without
requiring the user to lift would improve the safety of moving heavy objects over
irregular surfaces.

In our project, we are designing and fabricating normal hand trolleys with
Tri-Star wheel in order to enable the trolley to move up or down the stairs.

4
 CHAPTER 3

TRI-STAR WHEEL

TRI-STAR WHEELDESIGN

The Tri-Star wheel was designed in 1967 by Robert and John Forsyth of
the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. They were first developed as a module of
the Lockheed Tri star, a commercially unsuccessful amphibious military
vehicle. A Tri-Star wheel functions as an ordinary wheel on flat ground, but has
the ability to climb automatically when an impediment to rolling is encountered.
This wheel design consists of three tires, each mounted to a separate shaft.
These shafts are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The three
shafts are geared to a fourth, central shaft (to which a motor may be attached).
When geared in this quasi-planetary fashion, these triangular sets of wheels can
negotiate many types of terrain, including sand and mud; they can also allow a
vehicle to climb over small obstructions such as rocks, holes, and stairs. The
wheel assembly may be gear-driven, with two wheels in rolling contact with the
ground. The third wheel idles at the top until the lower front wheel hits an
obstruction. The obstruction prevents the lower front wheel from moving
forward but does not affect the motion of the driving axle. This causes the top
wheel to roll forward into position as the new front wheel. This wheel usually
lands on top of the obstruction and allows the rest of the assembly to vault over
the obstruction. Tri-Star wheel in motion is shown in figure3.1.

Fig3.1 Tri-Star wheel in motion

5
 APPLICATION OF TRI-STAR WHEEL IN OURPROJECT

In our project, we are using this Tri-Star wheel arrangement in a hand

trolley in the place of normal wheels setup to enable the trolley to climb up and
down the stair cases and also to up come small obstacles like holes and bumps
on its path.

6
 CHAPTER 4

SELECTION AND FABRICATION OF STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY

MATERIALSELECTION

Material selection is a step in the process of designing any physical

object. In the context of product design, the main goal of material selection is to
minimize cost while meeting product performance goals. Systematic selection
of the best material for a given application begins with properties and costs of
candidatematerials.

Trolley body Material

Used- Mild Steel

MildSteel

Mild steel, also called as plain-carbon steel, is the most common form of
steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that
are acceptable for many applications, more so than iron. Low-carbon steel
contains approximately 0.05–0.3% carbon making it malleable and ductile. Mild
steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable; surface
hardness can be increased through carburizing. It is often used when large
quantities of steel are needed, for example as structural steel. The density of
mild steel is approximately 7850 kg/cm3 and the Young's modulus is 210 GPa
(30,000,000psi).

Tri-Star wheelweb

Material Used- Stainless Steel Grade 304

Stainless Steel Grade 304:

Steel Type 304 is a variation of the basic 18-8 grade, Type 302, with a
higher chromium and lower carbon content. Lower carbon minimizes chromium
7
 carbide precipitation due to welding and its susceptibility to inter-granular
corrosion. In many instances, it can be used in the “as-welded” condition, while
Type 302 must be annealed in order to retain adequate corrosion resistance.
Type 304L is an extra low-carbon variation of Type 304 with a 0.03%
maximum carbon content that eliminates carbide precipitation due to welding.
As a result, this alloy can be used in the ”as-welded“ condition, even in severe
corrosive conditions. It often eliminates the necessity of annealing weldments
except for applications specifying stress relief. It has slightly lower mechanical
properties than Type304.

BEARINGSELECTION

Ball bearing
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to
maintain the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing
is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this
by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through
the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to
the rotating assembly. As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to
rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient
of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against eachother.
Selecting a ball bearing with minimum inner diameter of 30mm,
minimum load carrying capacity of 50kg radially and speed greater than
100rpm
Bearing Selected - SKF 6006 Open Deep Groove Ball Bearing
30x55x13mm
Inside Diameter: 30mm
Outside Diameter: 55mm
Width: 13mm

8
This 6006-2RS 30x55x13-millimeter sealed ball bearing has deep groove
geometry for high speeds and supporting both radial and axial loads. This bearing
has rubber seals on both sides of the bearing to keep lubricant in and contaminants
out, and comes pre-lubricated from the manufacturer so that no additional
lubrication is required. This deep groove sealed ball bearing is for use in
applications that involve combined radial and axial loads, and a need for high
running accuracy at high rotational speeds. Such applications include clutches,
drives, gearboxes, compressors, pumps, turbines, and printing and textile
machines, among others.

WHEELSELECTION

Wheel material selected – Filled rubber

Types of WheelMaterial
Filledrubbers
In tyres rubbers are usually filled with particles like carbon black or
silica. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread is the part of the tire that
comes in contact with the road surface. The portion that is in contact with the
road at a given instant in time is the contact. Treads are often designed to meet
specific product marketingpositions.

Polyurethane

Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is a polymer composed of a chain

of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. While most polyurethanes
are thermosetting polymers that do not melt when heated, thermoplastic
polyurethanes are also available. The main ingredients to make a polyurethane
are isocyanates and polyols. Other materials are added to help processing the
polymer or to change the properties of thepolymer.
9
 Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron, with carbon being the primary alloying element,
up to 2.1% by weight. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as
hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that naturally exist
in the iron atom crystal lattices.

Staticfriction
The surface of the wheel and what it is rolling on are not perfectly
smooth. They have irregularities shown in figure 4.1.

Fig4.1 Close-up showing surface roughness

In sliding friction, this surface roughness is the reason for the static and kinetic
resistance to motion. Although the wheel is not sliding, the surface roughness
causes a "jiggle" when the wheel is rolling.

Various Wheel Materials and their Co-efficient ofFrictions

Various Wheel materials and their co-efficient of frictions are tabulated in table
4.1 and shown graphically in figure4.2.

Table4.1 Various Wheel Materials and their Coefficient of friction

S.no Material Coefficient offriction

1 Rubber/concrete .85
2 Polyurethane/Concrete .5
3 Steel/Concrete .45

10
 0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Rubber Vs. Concrete
0.4
Polyurethane Vs. Concrete
0.3
Steel Vs. Concrete
0.2

0.1

0
Coefficient of
Kinetic Friction

Fig 4.2 Coefficient of kinetic friction of various tyre materials and concrete
surface

WHEELFRAME
A specially designed wheel frame is required to hold the three wheels
together on each side of the shaft. In the existing design, the power transmission
to the single or double wheel trolley is useless to climb the stairs due to height
factor of stairs. The design of the straight wheel frame became more
complicated and was needed to be modified with its curved- spherical shape to
give proper drive, which creates more frictional force. For these reason, three
wheel set on each side of vehicle attached with frame was introduced to provide
smooth power transmission in order to climb stairs without much difficulty.
Frame arrangement is suitable to transmit exact velocity ratio also. It provided
higher efficiency and compact layout with reliable service. Easier maintenance
was possible in case of replacing any defective parts such as nut, bolt, washer,
etc.

11
 Types of wheelframes
A few types of wheel frames are shown in the figure4.3, 4.4 and 4.5.

Fig 4.3 Straight WheelFrame

Fig 4.4 Curved WheelFrame

Fig 4.5 Quasi Planetary Wheel Frame

Wheel Frame Selected – Quasi planetary Model made of stainless
steel grade 304.

12
 CAD MODEL OFTROLLEY
The cad diagrams of trolley are shown in the figure4.6, 4.7 and 4.8.

Fig 4.6 Side View

Fig 4.7 Front view

13
 Fig 4.8 Isometric View

PROCESSES INVOLVED INFABRICATION

Gas cutting(Oxy-Fuelcutting)

Oxy-fuel cutting is a cost-effective method of plate edge preparation for

bevel and groove welding. It can be used to easily cut rusty and scaled plates
and only requires moderate skill to produce successful results. The oxy-fuel gas
cutting process creates a chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at
elevated temperatures to sever themetal.
We have used this cutting to cut the measured lengths of hollow mild
steel pipes and flat bottom plate as per ourdesign.

14
 Pipebending
Tube bending as a process starts with loading a tube into a pipe bender
and clamping it into place between two dies, the clamping block and the
forming die. The tube is also loosely held by two other dies, the wiper die and
the pressure die. The process of tube bending involves using mechanical force
to push stock material pipe or tubing against a die, forcing the pipe or tube to
conform to the shape of the die. Often, stock tubing is held firmly in place while
the end is rotated and rolled around the die. For some tube bending processing,
a mandrel is placed inside the tube to prevent collapsing. Much of the tooling is
made of hardened steel or tooled steel to maintain and prolong the tools life.
However wherever there is a concern of scratching or gouging the work piece, a
softer material such as aluminum or bronze is utilized. Pipe bending machines
are typically human powered, pneumatic powered, hydraulic assisted, hydraulic
driven, or electricservomotor.
We have employed human powered-tube bending process to bend two
mild steel hollow pipes to make 60o bent handles.
Plasma arccutting
Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals of
different thickness and sometimes other materials, using a plasma torch. In this
process, an inert gas is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an
electrical arc is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being
cut, turning some of that gas to plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt
the metal being cut and moves sufficiently fast to blow molten metal away from
the cut. Through the application of CNC technology in industrial production,
the technology cut a wide range of high accuracy, low-cost and high efficiency.
It gradually achieves its purpose of high- tech computer numerical control
cutting, with both computer- controlled and plasma arccharacteristics.

15
 We have used plasma arc cutting for cutting four stainless steel webs for
the Tri-Star wheel arrangement which is shown in figure 4.9.

Fig 4.9 Plasma Arc cut Tri-Star wheel web

Components of thesystem

CNC system CNC system is an important part of the cutting machine,

which consists of a computer system, servo system, the control unit, and the
executive agencies. The computer system is made up of a keyboard, a monitor,
and the unit. Servo system exploits a computer to implement a closed-loop
control of the motor and to achieve its variable speed. Now it usually adopts
communicate servo system. The control unit is central of sending a control
signal to realize the control of the computer, the motor and the solenoid valve.
The executive agencies include the electric motor and the solenoid valves and
soon

Programming system Programming system is parts of auxiliary

programming and nesting system for developing CNC cutting machine. It can
make the entire production process to form a whole, and to organize
systematically. After the programmed machine compiles the program on the
floppy disk, enter the cutting machine and start cutting, it can also be

16
 programmed in a simple cutter. Gas system Gas system include the gas pipeline,
pressure gauge, regulator, etc., which can be controlled by the control system to
realize the automatic on-off road of the gas. Mechanical operation system
Mechanical operation system consists of the beam, gear box, chassis, lifting
mechanism and other components.

Problems faced by theequipment

Due to the high frequency of CPU and large power and high heat of hard
drive, the internal parts of the system is subjected to overheating, making the
CNC system and cutting machine unable to work normally and increases the
requirement of industrial fans for cooling. When each part is not used
efficiently during cutting edges, taking sides, linking bridge etc., it results in
thermal deformation of the various parts and consequently results in low
efficiency. Automatic cutting cannot be achieved. There are no automatic
cutting on CNC system and parameter libraries, workers can only speak of their
own experience and observation of the eye, manually adjusting and controlling,
thus it cannot effectively play productivity of the CNC cuttingmachine

WELDING

Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials,

usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by
melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten
material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure
sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This
is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-
melting-point material between the work pieces to form a bond between them,
without melting the work pieces.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a

gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, andultrasound.

17
 While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different
environments, including open air, under water and in outer space. Welding is a
potentially hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to
avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and
fumes, and exposure to radiation. The main Types of welding used in industry and
by home engineers are commonly referred to as MIG welding, Arc welding,
Gas welding and TIGwelding.

Arcwelding

These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an

electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the
welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and
consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes
protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and
filler material is sometimes used as well.

We have used Arc-Welding to join trolley parts together. The completed

prototype of the trolley is shown in figure 4.10 and 4.11.

18
 PROTOTYPE OF STAIR CLIMBERTROLLEY

Fig 4.10 Side View

Fig 4.11 Front View

The modified hand truck was able to climb stairs while bearing a moderate load.

19
 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF TROLLEY

LOAD CALCULATION FORAXLE

Length of the axle =0.44m

Distance between welds = 0.40m

Load applied/ carried = 30 kg (distributed equally by the welds to the axle)

=15 kg through each weld = 147.15N

Weight ofthetrolley = 20kg (uniformly distributed throughout theaxle)

=196.2 N

Neglect the overhang beyond welded points since the wheel provides only
negligible reaction

From equilibrium equation∑ F = 0

And ∑ M = 0

Find reaction at the supports,

R1= 190.314N ; R2= 190.314N

Calculate the maximum bending moment for the beam,

M(max) =6.7155 N-m

Considering FOS =1.5,

M(max) =10.07N –m

20
Bending equation,

M o E
= =
I y R

Substituting M(max) =10.07 N-m

nr^4
I =
4

Y=D
2

N
o=3.8
NN2

Bending stress for the given material can be assumed to be 0.66×yeild strength

Thus, the allowable bending stress for the given material is 165 N/mm^2

The calculated bending stress for the material is within the allowable bending
stress for the material,

Thus the design is safe.

21
FORCE NECESSARY TO PULL THETROLLEY

W
x

Maximum load determination

F. x = W . y
y
F= .W

22
 FORCE ANALYSIS ON WHEELFRAME
Fsinθ

F cosθ
R
(Ro2-K2)1/2

K
Resinφ
Re

Recosφ

(W1+W2)/2

Forces acting on the system

Where,

W1= weight of object to be carried

W2= weight of the trolley

Re = reaction force on one side

F = force applied (on one lever)

23
 Ro= distance of centroid from centre of wheel

K = distance between centre of wheel and line of action of weight

W1 + W2
( − Fsin8) . k = Fcos8. ƒR2− k2
2

Recos+ = Fcos8
W1 + W2
R sin+ + Fsin8 =
e
2

W1+W2
R =J(Fcos8)2+( −Fsin8)2
e
2

W1 + W2 − 2Fsin8
tan+ =
-2Fcos8

24
 CHAPTER 6

COST ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECT

The total cost of the project is tabulated in table 6.1.

Table 6.1 Account Statement

ACCOUNT STATEMENT

S.No Item Description Rate Quantity Price

₹
1 Rubber Wheels OD=150mm 250 each 6 pcs 2000

2 Ball Bearing Deep groove, 60 each 4 pcs 500

SKF6006
3 S.S. grade304 250mmx900mm 200/kg 3.5kg 700

4 M.S. hollow pipe OD=30,ID=26 - 4m long 500

5 Pipe Bending Costs Handle Pipes 20 each 2 100

6 M.S. plate 300mmx400mm 55/kg 1.7kg 200

7 Pipe and plate cutting costs - 10 per 15 300

cut
8 Plasma arc Cutting - 50 each 4 500

9 M.S. L angle 1inch - 1 120

10 Material for Shaft & Bearing - - - 400

housings
11 Turning & Facing for Bearings - - - 700
housings & shaft
12 Washer and Cotter pin - - - 50

13 Welding and Finishing costs - - - 3000

Total
9070

25
 CHAPTER 7

INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION

INFERENCE

After its fabrication, we inferred few limitations like large noise

production while moving the trolley up and down the stairs. In order to reduce

the noise production the design of the wheel frame is to be modified such that

line passing through the mid-point of the trolley wheel should pass through the

mid-point of the step. The modified wheel CAD model is shown in figure 7.1.

Fig 7.1 Modified Wheel Frame Setup

26
 CONCLUSION
Though this project had some limitations regarding the strength and built

of the structure, it can be considered to be a small step forward, as far as Stair

Climbing Vehicles are concerned. During the test run of this project, it was

realized that it wouldn’t be a bad idea to consider this design for carrying heavy

loads up the stairs. This product will be well acclaimed if it can be

commercialized to suit the needs. Though the initial cost of the project seemed

to be higher but more accurate manufacturing would shorten this.

As far the commercial aspects of this product are concerned, if this

product can be fully automated and produced at a lower cost the acceptance will

be unimaginable. Presently, there are no competitors for such a kind of product

in our market.

27
28
REFERENCES

1. Dr. R.K. Bansal, A text book of Strength of Materials, Laxmi Publications (P)Ltd.

2. R.S.Khurmi,J.K.Gupta,AtextbookofMachineDesign,S.ChandPublishingHouse

(P) Ltd.

3. www.wikipedia.com

4. www.mit.edu

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