The Future of Digital Well-Being and Social Media

Figure 1 Associazione Luca Coscioni

Janna Anderson
COM 339
November 30, 2018
By: Katie Conlin

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I. Abstract

It is not uncommon to see an individual with a smart device, or even two or three in the
21st century. The way that humans and technology interact and communicate with one
another is exponentially increasing. With the Internet of Things “(IoT)” also rapidly
growing, there is a pervasive presence of technology created to make life easier and
more convenient for the user. From smartphones to smart cars and even smart
appliances, the IoT can be seen all over the world. While these technologies were made
to help, the unforeseen implications of them cast a dark future for digital well-being.

As the global population rises so does the number of social media users. As of 2018,
there are approximately three billion active social media users, and the constant access
to technology means 24/7 access to social media. While the global population stops
using certain social media platforms such as MySpace, Tumblr, and AOL messaging,
there will always be new platforms that gain popularity such as Twitter, Instagram,
Snapchat and Facebook. Despite the rise and fall of platforms, there will always be an
addiction associated with them, and while societally viewed as positive aspects of the
IoT, can also lead to negative side effects such as depression and anxiety.

This report aims to explore the implications of social media and its effect (based on use)
on the mental well-being of individuals - specifically younger generations. It looks at
studies and reports completed on the effect of mental well-being in a digital world and
predicts where the industry is headed. Rather than look at social media mental apps like
HeadSpace, Calm, Happify, and Mind Shift, that are designed to make therapeutic
techniques more accessible and cost-effective, this study will go into detail about the
perceptions that people have about the effects of social media on mental health. It will
look at concepts such as excessive social media use and how that, in turn, leads to
depression, loneliness and anxiety due to unintentional self-appointed isolation. Being
aware of the perceptions and landscape of social media and the role it plays in mental
well-being is pertinent to understanding the long-term effects of social media and how it
applies to the future.

In the future, social media addiction will exponentially increase, which will also lead to
the number of mental health issues individuals experience to increase. Some of the
mental health issues that will increase are depression, anxiety and loneliness. Certain
experts are also concerned about the rise in social media use, saying that the IoT will
be more harmful than helpful to digital life. Some of the concerns expressed by them
are a rise in individuals experiencing duress, distrust and a decrease in cognitive ability
as a result of the IoT and extensive social media use.

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II. Introduction

“Humans need tools. Humans need and want augmentation. And as the
saying goes, ‘First we make our tools, then our tools form us.” – Paul
Jones

The technology landscape is ever-

changing, and with it so are individual
consumption habits. Social media was
previously correlated with computer or
TV use which constrained users to a
certain period of time and place in which
they could access social media sites. But
once smartphones were introduced,
social media platforms were constantly
accessible. Use shifted to become more
associated with smartphones because
they were a more convenient and
Figure 2 Index Journal
portable device. Social networks
dominate the time spent on portable devices. Mesmerized by platforms such as
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and many more, individuals are paying less
and less attention to their mental health because they are addicted to keeping up with
the next trend. Not to mention that being in this endless state of connection leads to
mental health issues. Those who are digitally native are more prone to the negative side
effects of social media as these types of users are more dependent on technology.
Adolescents specifically were reported to have increased their social media use
because of the increase in access that smartphones brought these digital citizens.
However, some experts on the future of digital well-being are apprehensive about this
increased usage, arguing that digital life will be more harmful than helpful in the coming
decade and that implications will be centered around digital addiction, duress, distrust
and individuals’ behaviors. The future of mental well-being largely depends on a change
in individuals behaviors surrounding social media use. Without implementing changes in
behavior now – such as teaching young adults how to be a responsible digital citizen
and use social media mindfully – users can expect to experience a rapid rise in the side
effects that are detrimental to their mental health.

III. Factors that Affect Mental Health as it Pertains to Social Media

Addiction to technology and social media

Expert in technology addiction and emeritus professor of psychology at California
State University, Dominguez Hills, states that technology addiction is no different than
any other type of addiction. “It becomes a serious problem when you need more of the

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addictive substance – in this
instance, it could be social
media, surfing, apps, gaming
or all of the above – in order to
feel the same happiness and
satisfaction.” As with any
addiction, time spent away
from the “substance” can lead
to withdrawal symptoms that
can be characterized by
“depression, anxiety or
stress.” Continuously using
social media sends signals to
the brain that reaffirm its use.
The rush of dopamine and
serotonin that lead to the
brain’s pleasure center may
be satisfying in the short term,
but long term can be
detrimental. Many are already
Figure 3 Business Insider
experiencing the process of
short-term gratification but may not know because the long-term effects of it have not
been fully discovered yet. David S.H. Rosenthal – a retired chief scientist of the
LOCKSS Program at Stanford University notes that addiction not only affects the brain
but also habits and behaviors. He discusses the competition for human attention and
how it drives current profit margins. One way to capture attention is presumably through
social media since roughly 43 percent of the global population actively uses social
media. However, technological addiction is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to
social media use factors. It is the starting place for the foundation of several
consequences of social media as it is one of the “easiest” to acknowledge and develop.

Time spent on social media

Addiction stems from time. In terms of this report, the substance is social media
and extensive use of it leads to addiction. A report from the Pakistan Journal of Medical
Research that surveyed students from the University of Swat and Peshawar sought to
answer the degree of the relationship between social media and depression among
university students. This report defined social media as “interactive media where users
receive and send messages, post comments…upload photos, videos, and update
status’.” It ultimately concluded that students who spent more time on social media
described more depressive symptoms than those who spent less time, noting that it is
the type and frequency of use that determines its positive or negative effects. Mere
exposure is not sufficient enough to cause an addiction. Rather, it is the repeated action
of exposure that creates an addiction. Additionally, social media is not inherently good
or bad, but it is dependent on the user.

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The Pew Research Center surveyed teens’ social media and technology use in 2018
and how they are navigating the social media landscape. The article reported how
teens’ time spent online is rapidly increasing. From 2014-2015, 24 percent of teens said
that they went online almost constantly. This jumped to an impressive 45 percent in
2018. This trend of increased use of social media platforms online is evidence of
technological addiction to come for this generation. It can be theorized that the more
time spent on social media leads to social media/technology addiction and therefore
leads to negative effects such as depression – as the Pakistan Journal of Medical
Research found. Noting that teens have increased their online and social media
presence, it is also important to note their views on the platform they are using. A trend
that emerged from perceptions was that teens have mixed feelings about social media.
45 percent reported that they have experienced neither positive nor negative effects of
social media. This is sure to negatively shift in the coming years as a result of the long-
term effects of social media previously mentioned emerging and more knowledge on the
subject matter.

How social media is used

How social media is used is pertinent to the potential experienced side effects. A
study on social media use and mental health among young adults suggested that it is
not the sole use of social media that leads to decreased mental well-being but instead
how it is used. Those who used it for more “authentic” reasons such as self-presentation
and genuine connections experienced little to no symptoms of mental illness. But when
individuals used it for “vaguebooking” – social media posts that contain little actual or
clear information but are worded in a way that solicits attention and concern from
readers – they exhibited negative impacts from social media. Furthermore, the social
comparison of lives and content on social
media platforms also leads to loneliness
and depressive symptoms. It is these
behaviors that have a large part in
understanding why some technology
users display negative side effects and
others don’t. These examples emphasize
how it is not merely the quantity at which
social media is used but also the quality
that is important in identifying those at
risk of developing damaging symptoms
Figure 4 business.gov.au
that decrease mental well-being.

Simply put, a mindful and present acknowledgment of social media use is needed in
order to deter from adverse consequences. Creating and emphasizing real-life
interactions on social media platforms has highlighted that the effects are large
contributors to well-being in the digital age of the IoT. The Pakistan Journal of Medical
Research also delved into this research. In addition to the findings on the positive
relationship between time spent on social media sites and depression, the authors

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found that students who used them to connect with friends and family experienced
fewer depressive symptoms than those who played games or searched for health
information. It is also noted that emphasizing real-life interactions with or trying to get as
close to this online is the best way to use social media platforms.

IV. Future Implications of Social Media on Digital Well-Being

Fundamentals of mental well-being

According to a study on well-being by Emily Weinstein – a postdoctoral fellow at
the Harvard Graduate School of Education – well-being is defined as “optimal
psychological experience and functioning.” This means that an individual’s well-being is
based on that person’s perceptions of others versus perceptions of self along with other
psychological indicators. The indicators regard the perceptions of happiness and life
satisfaction, stress and quality of life, decreased depression and body image. Overall,
well-being is a complex construct that is defined and measured in a variety of ways.

Perceptions of social media and how they lead to depression and anxiety
In a Pew Research Center article about teens social media and technology use
in 2018, it stated that 31 percent of participants found that social media had a mostly
positive effect on people their age. This was because it allowed them to connect with
friends and family more easily, meet with others who had the same interest, easier to
find news and a form of
self-expression. On the
other hand, 24 percent
said that it has a mostly
negative effect on social
media because it
contributed to bullying and
rumor spreading, harmed
relationships, gave
unrealistic views of others’
lives, is distracting/
addicting and caused
mental health issues. The
larger portion of
contributors – 45 percent
– recorded that social
Figure 5 Katie Conlin media had neither a
positive nor negative
effect on people their age. While a larger portion of individuals recorded that social
media had a mostly positive effect on people their age, these details were subjective to
that user and individually motivated. Alternatively, the negative effects recorded had
invoked a more societal response and therefore had greater repercussions. In a study
about digital health practices, social media use, and mental well-being among teens in

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the U.S. researchers found that more than half of respondents reported experiencing
some degree of social comparison pressure. With 57 percent saying they feel like other
people are doing better than they are (15 percent “often” and 42 percent “sometimes”
feel that way when using social media), and 53 percent say they feel like they always
have to show the best version of themselves on social media (14 percent strongly
agree, and 39 percent somewhat agree with that statement). The overarching theme of
social comparison leads to teens and young adults feeling “less than” their peers
prompting future depression and anxiety.

Students and young adolescents don’t fully acknowledge or understand the potential
harm of excessive social media use. Yet, in the future, they are the most at risk for
experiencing depressive symptoms and anxiety as a result of this usage. Being able to
spot negative side effects of social media use early on is crucial in the future of mental
health as it can help users adapt more easily to early intervention programs, which will
ultimately decrease the effect that depression and anxiety will have on the user.
Furthermore, perceptions that young adults have surrounding social media are
important to understand so that behaviors around social media use can be changed to
create more mindful users.

The social media see-saw and how it contributes to mental well-being

As well as feeling “less than”, social media users can also display symptoms of
what Emily Weinstein calls a social media see-saw. This see-saw is indicative of the
positive and negative experience with social media, specifically looking at what factors
make it tilt one way or
the other. It is
important to note that
the weight of each
influence is what can
tip it in a positive or
negative direction.
While the individual
dictates which values
get more weight than
others, it is telling of Figure 6 Sage Journals
the mental process
that goes into social media use. Weinstein also discusses how the see-saw illustrates a
tilt when not one, but several elements are experiences. When this occurs, it can lead to
a wholly negative, or positive experience. In addition to the outlined negative influences
in figure 7, Weinstein also incorporates “FOMO” or the fear of missing out. This side
effect is the result of anxiety and negative experiences with social media that arise
when a user sees others doing something that they deem “better” than what they are
doing and wish they could take part in. This phenomenon along with “less than”,
“vaguebooking” and the social media see-saw are factors that greatly impact the mental
well-being of social media users. In the future, the social media see-saw model will have
to adapt to contain more factors as the number of both negative and positive affect

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influences will increase. This increase in factors will leave social media users with even
more decisions to make when determining whether they view their social media
experience as wholly positive or negative. This plethora of information and decisions to
be made can lead to users not only experiencing the negative and positive influences
that dictate the social media see-saw, but also an information overload. Information
overload is the result of bombarding messages that lead to a digital burnout, which is
viewed as a negative implication.

A correlation of social media use and projected number of individuals with mental illnesses
As formerly described, there are many influences that account for the mental
well-being of an individual in this digital age. From a preset addiction to technology to
time spent on social media and even how it is used, these factors are a precursor for
the long-term effects that technology – specifically social media – have on the user.
Briefly touched on in
the Pakistan Journal
of Medical Research,
students who spent
more time on social
media expressed
more depressive
symptoms than those
who spent less time
online. Additionally,
inauthentic reasons
behind social media
use led to loneliness
and depression in
users. These explicit
implications are not
uncommon findings in
the research. Figure 7 eMarketer/Statista

In a report by the Bedford Borough Council in the UK, researchers projected that by
2020 16,542 people aged 18-64 are predicted to have a common mental disorder which
includes depression and anxiety. By 2025 the number will increase to 16,916 and by
2030 it is predicted to reach 17,288 individuals. These numbers coincide with the
growth rate of social media users worldwide. According to figure 5, the number of users
is anticipated to positively increase, which correlates with the numbers of individuals
predicted to have a common mental disorder.

When analyzed together, the study from the Pakistan Journal of Medical Research and
the report from the Bedford Borough Council in the UK exhibit a trend of social media
use and how it affects mental health. The trend that depicts a positive relationship
between the future anticipated number of social media users, the negative side effects
of social media platform use and the projected number of individuals to be diagnosed

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with a mental illness. As the number of social media users increases in the future, so
will the negative effects such as depression and anxiety, which will lead to an overall
increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with a mental illness. While these
forecasts are indirectly related, correlation does not imply causation. These predictions
merely show how trends that are parallel can reveal relationships of how the future of
mental well-being in a digital world will be.

V. Future Actions

Opening up the conversation surrounding mental health and social media

Since social media has become a huge communication tool and plays an active
role in relationships in the 21st century, the way in which individuals use it dictates the
negative or positive experiences linked with it. More often than not interactions online
lead to isolation and loneliness because there is a lack of in-person contact and
emotion. Hiding behind a screen where mood and tone of a message are hard to
recognize and leads to a divide between reality and fantasy. Because many users have
social media at the center of their motivations it leads to the feelings of always having to
curate feeds and thinking that others’ lives are better than your own. Ultimately, how
individuals use social media is more critical than time spent online in regard to mental
health and by controlling how one uses it they can control the effects of mental well-
being in a digital life. A study on the potential of social media in promoting mental health
in adolescents suggests that early intervention, targeting vulnerable groups, community
development programs and anti-stigma campaigns are some ways to promote a
positive use of social media platforms in the future. Since social media is used for
creating relationships and connecting with others, this study hypothesizes that social
media is the ideal inexpensive way to have conversations about mental health and
impart information. By penetrating the three dimensions of social media – informational,
media-related and social – promotion of help-seeking information can disseminate
quicker than it would on any other type of platform because social media is all-
encompassing.

While social media isn’t often depicted in a positive light, it does have the potential to
promote adolescent mental health, and this can already be seen in the use smartphone
apps such as Calm, HeadSpace and Mind Shift. The discussion around the future of
digital well-being entails a greater understanding of the stigma surrounding mental
health and how it pertains to social media. Smartphone apps in addition to controlling
how social media is used will create a conversation around how this combination can
decrease depressive symptoms and anxiety stemming from using social media
platforms. A crucial step in fixing a problem is acknowledging it exists. By opening up
the conversation, individuals are more likely to seek help for their mental illness and
share with others their experience in hopes of helping others decrease their own
susceptibility to the negative implications of social media.

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Incorporating digital citizenship in classroom curriculum
Younger generations and digital natives are more disposed to the negative side
effects of social media because of their increased usage. In order to tackle and
decrease the implications, it is more important than ever for them to develop critical
skills such as media literacy and Internet safety that will enable them to find, evaluate,
and share information responsibly. These skills will also help individuals engage in
constructive conversation with others enhancing authentic relationships, minimizing
negative side effects of technology. The integration of digital citizenship is an up and
coming trend that aims to teach students to utilize the critical skills learned so that they
can navigate the Internet in a more
constructive way. This type of a
curriculum also emphasizes the real-
life experience, values, and personal
interests and engagements of young
people themselves which research
showed is an effective way to combat
the negative side effects of social
media use. By highlighting how
creating more authentic relationships
can lead to a better overall
experience of social media, users
have a better chance to decrease
Figure 8 Online Learning Consortium developing a mental illness.

Digital citizen perspectives

There are several perspectives on digital citizenship. One being the normative
perspective, which highlights that students understand the “rights and responsibilities” of
being a digital citizen, which includes acting “in ways that are safe, legal, and ethical”
the development of this concept increases respect and finds that these types of
students are not only less likely to harass others, but also more likely to intervene when
it does occur. Another approach is one that theorizes digital citizenship as the capacity
to participate in society online. By having frequent access to the Internet, along with
media and literacy skills students have access to greater social benefits. The last
perspective is a strong relationship between participation online and digital citizenship.
Full participation in society demands proficiency in digital media, specifically the ability
to produce, collaborate, share, and critique media using current and emerging
technologies. An article on digital citizenship with social media, suggests that the first
steps to integrating digital citizenship skills are by first using curricula that provides
opportunities for secondary students to develop an understanding of citizenship (start
early), and second civic education through the use of digital media applications,
software, and games. With three billion active social media users, digital citizenship is
crucial in the future of social media because many of the negative implications stem
from the “misuse” of it, such as inauthentic relationships, social comparisons and
isolation. By knowing how to use the Internet of Things in a responsible, authentic and
meaningful way the negative implications of social media will start to dissipate.

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Quotes from Professionals About the Future of Mental Health and Social
Media

“People are adaptive. In the long run, we are reasonable, too. We will learn how to
reign in the pitfalls, threats, bad guys and ill-meaning uses. These will continue to show
up, but the march is towards progress.” – Sheizaf Rafaeli

“There is a need for digital citizenship curricula to emphasize the real-life experience,
values, and personal interests and engagements of young people themselves.” –
Benjamin Gleason and Sam Von Gillern

“The recommended solution is simply turn off your digital devices. Although this is
sound advice it is not always as simple or sustainable, and it is only part of the equation
in the solution for burnout.” – Naz Beheshti

“There are dozens of projects happening to try to make the internet a better place, but
it’s an arms race. As individuals find tools for coping and managing their digital lives,
technology companies will find new, invasive ways to exploit data generated on the
internet in social media…” – Dana Chisnell

“We are terrible role models and are using technology with our kids in a way that
promotes their future obsession. Two-year-olds are handed phones or tablets to calm
them down and put them to sleep. At dinner, at home, or in a restaurant, parents
routinely give their children technology to keep them busy…These should all be tech-
free zones.” – Dr. Larry Rosen

VI. Conclusion

It is clear that social media users will have to change their habits in order to avoid the
negative implications of its use. But, by knowing that social media use isn’t the only
factor in determining mental well-being in a digital age, treatments such as teaching
how to be a digital citizen in classrooms and mindful social media use, can be put in
place before it is too late. Because there is little research done on the long-term
implications of social media on mental health, early intervention is crucial. Curriculum on
digital citizenship, mindful usage of social media and reimagining the way that social
media is thought about in society are just some of the ways that the negative side
effects can be dealt with. To be in an era where the Internet of Things is used for its true
intentions starts with changing perceptions around social media and how it pertains to
mental well-being.

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The future implications of this study are to help further examine this topic as little has
been researched on the long-term effects of social media since the 21st century is the
era where its use has really exponentially grown. Future studies may wish to look at
technology surrounding mental well-being in a digital age. As aforementioned in the
introduction, knowing the perceptions behind social media use and how it relates to
mental health is important in predicting where the industry is headed.

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VII. Annotated Bibliography
1. Abedin, Babak, Boroon, Layla, Shadi Erfani, Seyedezahra. Impacts of Dark Side
of Online Social Networks (OSNs) on Users: An Agenda for Future Research.
2018, p. 8.
https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/126641/1/PACIS%202018-camera-
ready-manuscript%20460.pdf.
a. This report is about the dark side of social networks. The authors believe
that previously written works on online social media platforms have
highlighted the positive aspects while the negative effects have gone
largely undiscussed. This report is on the gaps in the literature and
intended to guide researchers on identifying, mitigating and reducing the
negative implications of using online social media platforms.

2. Ahmad, Nasir, Sajjad Hussain, and Nargis Munir. “Social Networking and
Depression among University Students.” Pakistan Journal of Medical Research;
Islamabad 57, no. 2 (June 2018): 77–82.
https://search.proquest.com/pqrl/docview/2080867948/abstract/F07E7F253EBF4
AC2PQ/3 Access through Elon Database
a. Ahmad, Sajjad and Nargis focus on the relationship between social media
and depression among university students. They surveyed a combination
of 200 Facebook and Twitter users, both male and female, from the
University of Swat and Peshawar to determine this relationship. They
found that students who spent more time on social media were depressed
and that those who used social media searching for health information and
playing games were more depressed than those who used it to connect
with friends and family. Researchers emphasized real-life personal
relationships saying usage should be controlled to avoid the negative
impacts such as depression.

3. Alsen, Daniel, Patel, Mark and Shangkuan, Jason. The Future of Connectivity:
Enabling the Internet of Things | McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-
insights/internet-of-things/our-insights/the-future-of-connectivity-enabling-the-
internet-of-things. Accessed 27 Nov. 2018.
a. McKinsey outlines what the Internet of things is and how it is transforming
everyday habits. The article also discusses how society is dependent on
the Internet of Things but doesn’t always realize that it depends on strong
connectivity. Without making sure that the IoT has strong connectivity
humans are unable to use it. So, there is a large market for investors and
how the internet of things is not only changing the convenience of
everyday life but also big business.

4. Anderson, Janna, and Lee Rainie. “The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated

World | Pew Research Center,” April 17, 2018.
http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-
saturated-world/.

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 a. In this report, Anderson and Rainie concentrate on the numerous effects
of technology, specifically social media. The experts interviewed for this
report acknowledge that digital life moving forward at a pace that some
may not be able to keep up with. Those who said that digital life will be
more harmful than helpful in the coming decade were mainly concerned
about digital addiction, duress, distrust and individuals’ behaviors. There
are potential solutions to the effects of digital technology use. Some fall on
the government to provide, others on individuals usage and one expert
believes that society will adapt to these new pitfalls and move forward.

5. Anderson, Monica, and JingJing Jiang. “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018
| Pew Research Center,” May 31, 2018.
http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/.
a. The technology landscape is ever-changing. Recently there has been a
huge shift in teen' social media use as the smartphone introduced 24/7
access to social media platforms. Teens who say they're online constantly
have almost doubled compared to four years ago with a large majority
feeling indecisive about social media's effect on people their own age. The
rate at which adolescents are able to instantly connect to the internet or
have access to a device that allows this is exponentially increasing. The
Pew Research Center found that not only are social media platforms
getting more use, but there is also a shifting their popularity.

6. Beheshti, Naz. “A Counterintuitive Approach To Beat Burnout: Connect Not

Disconnect." https://www.forbes.com/sites/nazbeheshti/2018/09/06/a-
counterintuitive-approach-to-beat-burnout-connect-not-
disconnect/#757a934c42d1. Accessed 27 Nov. 2018.
a. Beheshti talks about how to avoid the pressing nature of digital burnout.
The article states how there used to be just “burn out” – due to too many
messages being processed by the brain – but now the digital age has
changed the game and forced society to acknowledge burnout as it
pertains to technology. The author suggests practicing mindful technology
and social media use to decrease the effects of digital burnout.

7. Berryman, Chloe, Christopher J. Ferguson, and Charles Negy. “Social Media

Use and Mental Health among Young Adults.” Psychiatric Quarterly 89, no. 2
(June 2018): 307–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9535-6.
a. This study suggests that social media exposure may not necessarily
correspond with mental health issues. Berryman, Ferguson and Negy
suggest that it is more the how one uses social media than the mere use
of it. Additionally, the quality not quantity of the use factors into mental
health issues later in life. On the other hand, behavioral indications taken
from the researched sample such as vaguebooking predicted loneliness
and suicidal thoughts in individuals. Concentrating not only on the media
but also the behavior of individuals leads is a new topic to delve into for
the purpose of researching mental health and social media.

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8. “Flashtalks and Poster Sessions.” Children and Screens (blog). Accessed
October 23, 2018. http://www.childrenandscreens.com/flashtalks-and-poster-
sessions/.
a. The poster sessions from the Institute of digital media and child
development conference includes a wide variety of speakers. Each
discusses their work with adolescents and media. Lauren Hale from Stony
Brook University found in her research of teenagers and sleep quality, that
there is a negative correlation between the two. This correlation leads to a
decline in overall well-being. Kevin Collier from Ohio State University
explored the means of several mitigating negative effects of media
consumption and parental mediation. Researchers have found that there
need to be better parental mediations of media on children.

9. Gleason, Benjamin, and Sam von Gillern. “Digital Citizenship with Social Media:
Participatory Practices of Teaching and Learning in Secondary Education.”
Journal of Educational Technology & Society 21, no. 1 (2018): 200–212.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/26273880 Access through Elon Database
a. Gleason and Gillern discuss how digital citizenship in schools and how it
can be implicated to help students develop skills to navigate the Internet
responsibly. Students are increasingly spending large amounts of time
online and critical skills are necessary in order to ensure positive
interactions are more pervasive than negative. Digital citizenship is a key
integration in curriculum today because of the pressing internet and social
media risks. Creating students that acknowledge media but use it to
emphasize real-life experiences is important and a potential solution to the
growing negative effects of social media platforms.

10. Israelsen-Hartley, Sara "The Scary and Promising Future of a Digital World.
Here’s What the Experts Predict" | Deseret News.
https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900016695/the-scary-and-promising-future-
of-a-digital-world-heres-what-the-experts-predict.html. Accessed 27 Nov. 2018.
a. This article is a summary of the Pew Research Center’s report on the
future of well-being in a tech-saturated world. It also outlines the pros and
cons of being constantly connected online and how there is a lot of grey
area yet to be disputed because there is no sole purpose for using the
Internet. It quotes a lot of professors on their views of the future of a digital
world and emphasizes how media literacy is one of the best ways that the
Internet can be kept in check.

11. Kara, Nuri. “Understanding University Students’ Thoughts and Practices about
Digital Citizenship: A Mixed Methods Study.” Journal of Educational Technology
& Society 21, no. 1 (2018): 172–85.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26273878 Access through Elon Database

15
 a. Perceptions of digital citizenship are just as important as the perceptions
of social media effects. Kara found that university students prefer using
the internet via smartphone because of the accessibility and portability of
the device. Through qualitative research, it was found that while university
students consider digital citizenship practices useful in terms of effective
time management and making life easier, they are also aware of the
disadvantages, such like increased antisocial behavior.

12. Marcos, Angie. “Are You Addicted to Your Smartphone? | CSU.” Accessed
October 23, 2018. https://www2.calstate.edu:443/csu-system/news/Pages/are-
you-addicted-to-your-smartphone.aspx.
a. Addictions are not restricted to the substances or even other vices. In this
article, Dr. Rosen discusses technology addiction and how, like other
addictions, time away leads to depression, anxiety and other withdrawal
symptoms. There is a misconception between obsession and addiction.
The latter pertains to seeking pleasure in an activity and the other is about
reducing anxiety when doing certain actions or behaviors. In the digital
era, these side effects of smartphone and social media use are taking
away from the valuable face to face interactions that would reduce the
likelihood of a child, adolescent or adult developing an obsession or
addiction.

13. “Mental Health (Adults).” Accessed October 24, 2018.

https://www.bedford.gov.uk/health_and_social_care/bedford_borough_jsna/living
__working_well/mental_health_adults.aspx.
a. This UK study looks at a sample of 18-64-year-old individuals and predicts
what portion of the community will be affected by a mental health disorder.
Trends showed that as the years went on, the number of people predicted
to have a common mental disorder (depression, anxiety etc.) increased as
well. The study also showed that intervention and promoting good mental
health is key prevention.

14. Molla, Rani. “People Consumed More Media than Ever Last Year — but Growth
Is Slowing.” Recode, May 30, 2017.
https://www.recode.net/2017/5/30/15712660/media-consumption-zenith-mobile-
internet-tv.
a. Trends in media consumption globally as well as in North America have
increased. Zenith Media also found that beginning in 2013 the percentage
of global internet use has shifted from desktop to mobile corresponding
with an increase in Internet use from the traditionally used TV with it
surpassing TV within the next several years. These graphics show an
overall global growth in media consumption and the change in platforms
for which individuals consume media.

16
15. “Number of Social Media Users Worldwide 2010-2021.” Statista. Accessed
October 24, 2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-
worldwide-social-network-users/.
a. This infographic is a depiction of how the number of social network users
exponentially increases from 2010 – 2021. It is interesting to see the
upward trend but how it starts to taper into a plateau from 2019-2021.
Statista also provides an explanation of why the number of social network
users is increasing. It hints at the prevalence of mobile smartphones and
how they make access to social media easier than before.

16. O’Reilly, Michelle, Nisha Dogra, Jason Hughes, Paul Reilly, Riya George, and
Natasha Whiteman. “Potential of Social Media in Promoting Mental Health in
Adolescents.” Health Promotion International, July 30, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day056.
a. With the growing concerns of anxiety, depression and self-harm in
students O'Reilly, Dogra, Hughes, Reilly, George and Whiteman attempt
to identify how social media can promote positive mental health. Some
strategies found were early intervention, targeting those at risk, community
development programs and campaigns. Because social media has such a
wide reach it is an adequate tool to target adolescents who are at the
highest risk for developing a mental illness. But even with the potential to
be used for mental health promotion, many participants in the study were
hesitant because they had preconceived notions that social media
contributed to mental illness.

17. Richter, Felix. "Chart: U.S. Teens Have Mixed Feelings About Social Media |
Statista.” Accessed October 24, 2018.
https://www.statista.com/chart/14085/teenagers-views-on-social-media/.
a. In light of recent Facebook and other social media scandals teenagers in
the United States have mixed feeling about social media. The main
concern that they have about it is how it is used for bullying and rumor
spreading, other major themes were that social media harms
relationships, in-person contact and created unrealistic views of others'
lives. While these are not direct symptoms of a mental illness these
growing skepticisms are indications of larger issues at hand.

18. Rideout, Victoria. “Digital Health Practices, Social Media Use, and Mental Well-
Being Among Teens and Young Adults in the U.S.,” n.d., 95.
https://www.hopelab.org/reports/pdf/a-national-survey-by-hopelab-and-well-
being-trust-2018.pdf Access through Elon Database
a. While social media has radically changed individuals access to health
resources and information, it also has created a number of issues on
teens who are constantly using media platforms. Manifesting in their
minds a sense of "less than" and isolation. Rideout explores the potential
to use social media as the first intervention in helping young adults cope
with depression and anxiety since a large portion of respondents were

17
 recorded as having negative experiences and responses on social media.
These numbers came from respondents who had no depressive
symptoms and those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms.

19. “The Five Year Forward View for Mental Health,” The Mental Health Task Force
n.d., 82. (February 2016) https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Mental-Health-Taskforce-FYFV-final.pdf
a. This report discusses mental health and whereas an "industry" in the
United Kingdom it will be in the future. It acknowledges that government
spending will decrease in this sector but the number of those who will be
diagnosed with a mental illness will increase. Many people believe that
their mental health needs are not being as equally addressed as physical
needs. Organizations such as the CQC and NHS plan to provide more
community based mental health response resources by 2020/2021. Like
other reports and studies, this one emphasizes early intervention as
mental illnesses can affect other aspects of an individual’s life and lead to
even greater disadvantages.

20. Weinstein, Emily. “The Social Media See-Saw: Positive and Negative Influences
on Adolescents’ Affective Well-Being.” New Media & Society 20, no. 10 (October
2018): 3597–3623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818755634.
a. Weinstein explores the "emotional see-saw" that U.S. teens experience
when using social media. Many reported experiencing both positive and
negative influences when interacting with the media. She notes that social
media platform (SMP) use and poor mental health may be correlated but
that correlation does not imply causation. Moderate use of smartphones
and social media can, in fact, be helpful in a connected world, Weinstein
believes. It is not the use in daily consumption or minutes or hours that is
the problem. Weinstein calls for a further investigation into how young
adults varied media experiences relate to well-being. Total experience of
SMP's is weighted differently across platforms and well-being entirely
depends on how an individual manages their experiences with SMPs. The
"see-saw" can tip positively or negatively at any given moment but it
balancing this that is the next step.

18
Image bibliography
1. Agilreath@indexjournal.com, ARIEL GILREATH. “District 50 Adds Formal Social
Media, Cellphone Policies.” Index-Journal,
http://www.indexjournal.com/news/district-adds-formal-social-media-cellphone-
policies/article_97153e6c-3288-510f-a32e-e8299e81e418.html.Accessed 27
Nov. 2018.
2. AU Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science.
Business.Gov.Au | Simple. Fast. Easy. 15 Aug. 2018,
https://www.business.gov.au/. 1
3. A new map of the brain | Luca Coscioni
https://www.associazionelucacoscioni.it/notizie/rassegna-stampa/new-map-
brain/. Accessed 27 Nov. 2018.
4. “Online Learning Consortium (OLC) - Enhancing Online Education.” OLC,
https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/. Accessed 27 Nov. 2018.

19
 Top Ten Lists

COM 339 Future of the Internet,

Fall 2018

20
Futurists
Nigel Shadbolt Nigel Shadbolt is a chairman of the Open Data Institute whose
research focuses on AI and how it emerges in humans, machines
Link 1 and the web. His most recent collaboration with Roger Hampson,
“The digital Ape, How to Live (in Peace) With Smart Machines”
Link 2 discusses how AI “chums” will be in every aspect of our lives from
cradle to grave. This topic is a pressing issue though because it will
be able to draw upon any aspect of our lives that we share with
them. This could be helpful but also harmful.

Sue Black Dr. Sue Black is an honorary professor at the University of London in
the department of computer science and is a digital skills expert and
Link 1 social entrepreneur who concentrates on activism around digital
social inclusion. She is an important figure in women’s equality in
Link 2 technology. She is a founder of Techmums that is an influential
social enterprise that helps working class women become more tech
savvy. With her campaigns she hopes that more women will get into
coding and computer science.

Thomas Koulopoulos is an author and founder of the Delphi Group that aims
Koulopoulos to provide organizations and government agencies advice on
innovation practices and methods. He mainly discusses technology
Link 1 and business and the future of these industries. In a presentation he
gives about gen Z and the future of technology and behavior he
Link 2 discusses how you can “try to avoid” technology by not using it but
you can’t avoid the behavior around it. This thought process is
Link 3 important in knowing where generations to come will be with
technology and potentially how we can change behavior to better
future generations, so they are not as overwhelmed with digital life.

Lucy van de Wiel Lucy van de Wiel is not your typical digital futurists. She is a
research assistant at the University of Cambridge where she focuses
Link 1 on ageing and the reproductive body. But, when asked by Wired to
envision the world in 30 years she stated that while the influx of
Link 2 information and technologies will prove helpful in the future their
effects on our lives will depend on how we distribute them not the
technologies themselves.

Hessie Jones Jones is a future thinker on the internet, AI, social media and video.
She specializes on how these topics impact marketers and
Link 1 advertisers as the platforms on which we use them continue to
evolve. She also acknowledges that social media is the future and
Link 2 that capitalizing on its use will lead to growing companies. But by
capitalizing on social intelligence what will we be sacrificing? Jones
doesn’t discuss this as much but is still apparent in her articles.

21
Charles Araujo Charles is the founder of the Institute for Digital Transformation and
principal analyst at Intellyx (an industry analysis advisory centered
Link 1 around agile digital transformation.) Araujo is also an author of
“Thinking Digital: How to Thrive and Win in the Digital Era,” which
Link 2 explores creating digital leaders and digital enterprises. He also has
a new book coming out titled, “The New Human Age: Why
Link 3 embracing your humanity is the key to transforming your life,
reshaping your organization and thriving in a technology-driven
world.” Hopefully with this book Araujo will address how humanity
will be affected if we don’t include human aspects into technology.

Philippe Sands Philippe Sands is best known for his works “Lawless World” “Torture
Team” and most recently “East West Street.” Although he has a
Link 1 background in law and specializes in international law he believes
that we need global citizenship. He foresees the future as a place
Link 2 where (hopefully) every living human on the globe is seen as a
citizen of the world and has minimum equal rights no matter what. In
this growing era this seems like a more optimistic point of view than
a realistic one. With the help of technology, we are becoming a more
global nation but there are still many rights issues that need to be
overcome.

Peter Florence Peter Florence founder of the Hay Festival, which is an annual
literature and arts festival held in Wales is prominent in British
Link 1 culture. Florence predicts that neural implants are the new
technology of the future. He isn’t alone in this thought. Innovator
Link 2 Elon Musk also believes that these in brain interfaces will change the
way that people think and how we act. Florence even says, “The
Link 3 advance of automation and digital capability will create greater value
for the less replicable human skills of humour, dancing, sex, cooking,
conversation and storytelling.” While he has a more optimistic view
of neural implants Elon Musk is more concerned about the side
effects.

Greg Verdino Verdino Is an expert on “the digital now” and is a keynote speaker
that forecasts trends and discusses the differences between fads
Link 1 and the future. Companies such as Bloomberg Business, CNBC,
eMarketer, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal call on
Link 2 him for advice and predictions. He helps these companies prepare
for the digital future and with his digital strategies leaders at these
businesses are better equip.

Dion Hinchcliffe Hinchcliffe is an expert in information technology, business strategy

and next-generation enterprises. He is also at the forefront of
Link 1 researching methods to bridge the gap between business and
technology. With his expertise Hinchcliffe addresses the digital

22
Link 2 struggles that the global c-suite is facing and helps them turn those
changes into a growth market.

Internet Influencers
BTS BTS is a Korean K-Pop boy band that was the
first of its kind to top the U.S. album charts.
Link 1 This group is sweeping the nation with a huge
fanbase and over 14 million social media
Link 2 followers. In this day and age social media is
everything, and with such a large presence
any message they send out is perceived by
millions all over the globe.

Logan and Jake Paul Brothers Logan and Jake Paul got their start
on Vine and now have become multimedia
Link 1 megastars. Valued together at $24 million
dollars and tens of millions of followers on
Link 2 YouTube their videos consistently go viral.
They have a huge reach.

Rihanna Rihanna is a global pop star sensation. She is

best known for her music, but also her
Link 1 messages of body positivity and helping set
the stage for black female artists. Rihanna is
Link 2 influential because she challenges the norms
of fashion for celebrities and isn’t afraid to
speak her mind on controversial issues.

Charlotte and Dave Willner Charlotte and Dave Willner are the average
joes behind the $20 million Facebook
Link 1 fundraiser for immigrant families. They
became influential when the fundraiser went
Link 2 viral. Dave wasn’t even expecting the
influence he had on others be he does note
that, “It was clear we had touched a nerve and
people cared about this."

23
Naomi Watanabe Watanabe is a Japanese comedian who is
best known for her discussion on body image,
Link 1 ““Japan is not like the U.S. You don’t see
many plus-sized women around here.” With a
Link 2 huge Instagram following of 6 million she
preaches in a country of thinner women that it
is possible to live a happy life as a larger
person.

President Trump President Trump was influential even before

he got into the White House. But most know
Link 1 him for his controversial tweets while in office.
As president he already has a huge reach but
Link 2 having 17 plus million followers from all over
the globe doesn’t hurt to spread his
messages.

Daniel Baker and Joel Martinez Baker and Martinez are a comedy pair that
are huge on their “brand.” They have a
Link 1 combined twitter following of 1 million and try
to keep it as realistic in who they are as
Link 2 possible. This is an important trend to keep in
mind as everyone tries to find reality in an age
of digital blur.

Sia Cooper Sia Cooper is best known for commenting on

celebrity posts on Instagram. She is now a
Link 1 social media influencer because of it and has
a new famed visibility on social media.
Link 2

Kanye West Many know Kanye from his music and

marriage to Kim Kardashian. But recently,
Link 1 Kanye has voiced very controversial opinions
such as “slavery was a choice” and “George
Link 2 Bush doesn’t care about black people.” Not to
mention he has millions of followers who are
captivated by his thoughts who expand his
reach even further.

Roland Szabo Roland is the 18-year-old who broke the

Internet with the Laurel or Yanni debate. He
Link 1 himself doesn’t have a huge influence but his
actions definitely did. After the audio clip
Link 2 became viral, there was nothing else talked
about for several months. But like all viral clips
it quickly settled down.

24
Top Communicators
Click.Click.Click Click.Click.Click is a spinoff of the culture subgroup of the
company Mashable. This twitter account is designated to
@clickclickclick tweeting out the most recent digital trends and things that pertain
to the way we live today. Mashable is already a well-known
Link media platform because of its global reach. They have articles on
everything entertainment, tech and digital culture.
Futurist Jim Carroll Jim Carroll is a renowned international futurist who has expert
knowledge on trends and innovation. He uses his talents to assist
@jimcarroll businesses and governments. His twitter is filled with predictions
of the future and the Internet of Things. It also includes ample
Link videos from conferences that he is a keynote speaker at.

TED Talks TED is the parent company to TED Talks. The premise behind
TED is a place where people from every discipline, background,
@TEDTalks country etc can come to share their thoughts and learn a deeper
understanding of the world. TED Talks are presentations from an
Link expert with a profound idea or product. There are new talks every
day, mainly about the future.
Faith Popcorn Faith Popcorn is a CEO of her own marketing consultancy (Faith
Popcorn’s BrainReserve). She predicts trends and in her
@FaithPopcorn TrendBank she identifies how trends morph into new expressions
over time. She spends her time discussing her thoughts about the
Link future with Fortune 500 companies and her twitter feed is filled
with the latest digital life updates.
DigitalMentalHealth This twitter account is funded by EU Interreg North-West Europe.
They primarily focus on using technology to improve mental
@eMEN_EU health in Europe. While this is not a U.S. based twitter account, I
think they still provide a lot of important information that can be
applied to the United States.
Terry Fleming * Terry is a digital mental health researcher. She is also the co-
creator of SPARX cCBT and a professor. She recently came out
@MadameOrrocks with a report called “Beyond the Trial: Systematic Review of Real-
World Uptake and Engagement With Digital Self-Help
Link Interventions for Depression, Low Mood, or Anxiety.”
IoT News This twitter account is filled with articles about the Internet of
Things. They include visuals and also discuss smart homes,
@TechThings_IOT wearable technology and digital culture. They also include
Link external links to all of their tweets.

25
NowThis NowThis news is a popular social media platform that distributes
news in the form of video content. They include statistics and
@nowthisnews quotes. Considering that a large portion of the world gets their
news from social media, NowThis News aims to disseminate their
Link messages as quickly as possible and video is an effective
medium.
Belinda Parmar Belinda Parmar is a “tech evangelist” who campaigns for mental
health in a digital world. She was recently featured in an article
@belindaparmar where she discusses how she fears for our mental health in the
future. She also is a truth about tech campaigner.
Link
Slack Slack is a workplace platform that streamlines communication. It
makes it easier than ever to send messages and keep track of
@SlackHQ tasks. It is a multimillion-dollar company that is reinventing the
way we interact with one another.
Link
Future Thinkers Future Thinkers is a podcast about evolving technology, society
and our consciousness. Podcasts are a new way to get
@FutureThinkers_ information in our fast-paced world. The creators of the podcasts
get their information from various books about the future of these
Link subjects.

FuturePeeps Future Peeps is a curated community and platform for futurists. It

is similar to reddit in the sense that it is a market place of ideas.
@FuturePeepsHQ One thing that I like about this twitter account is that you don’t
need to go on their website to keep up to date with the topics that
Link are being discussed. Although this account primarily retweets
others, it gives enough variety that you can generate your own
opinions too.

26
Infographics & Data Visualizations
Number of social media users world
wide
Projected surpluses and shortages of
behavioral health practitioners FTEs in
2025
Predicted number of population who
may be affected by mental health
disorders aged 18-64
Age structure of the world’s population
in 1950, 2015 and 2100
This infographic is a depiction of how the
number of social network users exponentially
increases from 2010 – 2021. It is interesting to
see the upward trend but how it starts to taper
into a plateau from 2019-2021. Statista also
provides an explanation of why the number of
social network users is increasing. It hints at the
prevalence of mobile smartphones and how they
make access to social media easier than before.
This infographic originally comes from HSS, “the
national projections of supply and demand for
selected behavioral health practitioners: 2013-
2025.” It shows how in some areas by 2025
there will be a shortage of health care
practitioners. For example, there will be a
shortage of psychiatrists, clinical, counseling
and school psychologists, mental health and
substance abuse social workers and school
counselors overall. This is telling of the society
that we will become overtime. Although it does
not explicitly explain why there is a shortage it is
important to note the overall trend and how it
relates to the other infographics provided.
This data table comes from predictions of the
Bedford borough community in England.
Although it is about a smaller population, it can
be seen as a sample and the general take away
can be applied to a global view. It shows that the
number of all peopled aged 18-64 predicted to
have a common mental disorder and antisocial
personality disorder are expected to
incrementally increase from 2020 to 2030.
Additionally, as the population of this community
is expected to increase by 2030 the absolute
number of mental health disorders is expected
to increase as well.
This chart shows the age structure of the world’s
population in three years. 1950, 2015 and 2100.
In 1950 the world’s population was seen as a
pyramid with most of the population being under
20. In 2015 there was a bell structure, meaning
that most of the world’s population was
concentrated between the ages of 0 and 30. The
world’s population in 2100 is predicted to be a
27

U.S. behavioral rehabilitation market, This bar graph shows what portion of the U.S.
by application, 2014-2025 (USD Billion) behavioral rehabilitation market different
U.S. Teens Have Mixed Feelings
About Social Media
high-rise structure, with the population under 20
starting to decline and a majority being between
20 and 60. It is important to know this structure
change because it is an indication that the global
population is evolving, a pyramid structure
usually indicates that a large portion of the
population is dying in each age group, whether
this is from diseases or poverty. But as the
population moves away from the pyramid
structure it can be speculated that it has to do
with technological and medical advances. But
what this chart does not show is the global
perceptions of society and overall health, it can
only be guessed.
disorders take up and forecasted to take up until
2025. The segmentation of the market is broken
up into disorders such as anxiety, attention
deficit and mood to name a few. The report
indicated that higher prevalence of mental
ailments and widening treatment options are
expected to drive the growth of anxiety disorders
segment. These forecasts are important to look
at because it can indicate something larger that
is happening in society.
Although this is not a future of social media or
mental well-being infographic it is still one that
greatly related to these topics. It is based on a
survey conducted in March and April of 2018 by
the Pew Research Center. It shows the
perceptions that 743 teens have about social
media. An overwhelming 45% said that social
media has neither a positive nor negative effect
on people their age. Although when asked the
main reasons for social media mostly having a
negative effect, 27% said because of bullying
and rumor spreading. 15% said it causes
unrealistic views of others’ lives and an
underwhelming 4% said it causes mental health
issues. It’s important to consider though that this
survey was taken by teens age 13-17 and that
this is just the start of their social media usage.
28
Internet of Things (IoT) connected
devices installed based worldwide from
2015-2025 (in billions)
Social media’s effect on others’/own
self esteem
Minutes spent per day with media
worldwide
This statistic is pretty straight forward. It shows
the number of connected devices in the Internet
of Things worldwide from 2015-2025. It shows
an upward trend of connected devices and
predicts there to be 75.44 billion connected
devices by 2025. Currently we only have 23.14
billion connected devices in the Internet of
Things. This exponential growth curve is only
the beginning for the IoT. With the rise of
connected devices also some an increase of
issues and long-term implications.
This infographic is a collaboration between
Social Media Week and YouGov. It set out to
find if the sentiments of U.S. adults would match
those of tech industry insiders or deviate. The
visualization shows that 42% of the total
respondents found that social media had a
somewhat to very negative effect on others self-
esteem. With 43% of respondents age 18-34
finding the same thing. It is interesting that a
majority felt as if social media has neither a
positive or negative effect on their own self-
esteem. Knowing the publics sentiments is
important because it may change from
generation to generation and as newer
technology is incorporated into daily life.
This infographic is taken from Twitter user
Damian Burns who is the senior director of
gaming at Facebook. It originally came from
Zenith and Recode, but it is a visualization of the
minutes spent per day with media world-wide,
specially a comparison between the Internet and
TV. It shows that 2019 will be the first time that
Internet usage will succeed that of TV. And by
2020 minutes spent per day with TV worldwide
will start to decrease and Internet minutes will
continue to increase. This is important because
one could speculate that a rise in Internet usage
could also mean social media. It is also just
another indication that society is turning more
and more into a digital one.
29
Average individual daily media
consumption in minutes (North
America vs. Globally)
This infographic is also one from Zenith/Recode.
It only predicts into 2019 but it shows that
globally the average individual daily media
consumption in minutes is increasing with huge
increases from around 2013-2014 and then
again from 2015-2016. It also shows that North
America has a significantly higher daily intake
than the global average and is still on an
increase while global numbers are starting to
slow down. This is important to note as the rise
of mobile devices is correlated with the rise of
media intake.
30