Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Praise to Allah for 4 weeks I undergo my internship that begin on early March this year till
early of April, I finally successfully completed my industrial training report. For the remaining 4
weeks more than I have to continue my training in order to complete my course, I pray to Allah
hoping my journey is in His bliss. I also would like to extend my thankfulness to the most precious
persons in my life, my father and mother for all their moral support, financial support and also to
my friends for never ending reminding me to always be honest and trustworthy during my training
here. As for my supervisor from Univesiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Assoc. Prof. Ts.
Dr. Mohd Haziman Bin Wan Ibrahim. I thank you for all the reprimand and guidance as it is very
helpful for me in completing my report. Last but not least I would like to extend my appreciation to
my industrial supervisor, Fadzlee Nizam Bin Jaafar for their advices and patiently guiding me
through while I working here as a trainee. Not forget for all the staff working at ORICC. I very
much appreciate for their entire kindness helping and teaching me when I’m working here. I am
very lucky to have such a helpful colleagues and I never flat left out in any situation.
i
to course. Most of the courses need to undergo 4 weeks training period in order to complete it as
for others 2-3 month but this period of time undergo this training is not the measurement to ensure
the student will get full benefit out of it. If the students itself doesn’t know how to grab the
opportunity given even undergoing training for 4 weeks would be useless. Therefore it is important
to make use of the chances give and make the best out of it as this experience is priceless and it
wouldn’t be the same when we are working later.
I have learn a lot of valuable things while working here.. I realize that learning theoretical is
never the same when it comes to practice. There are a lot more to master than just learning from
book. For example it is impossible to master the etiquette of commucating with others form the
book unless we put it in action. I also learned it is very important to know how to work as part of
the team especially when you are working in a big organization. In order to complete the task given
timing is also another crucial thing to take care of. As is it know, the world of working is a
completely different phase compared to the tome when we studying; therefore by going for an
industrial training it is in hope that the students are well prepared and have high confidence to serve
the community. Students have to carry a big responsibility when working at industry and carry it
with honestly and sincerity.
ii
ABSTRAK
Untuk menuju ke negara perindustrian, Indonesia dan Malaysia membutuhkan ahli dalam bidang
teknologi dan sains. Untuk mencapai visi tersebut, Universitas Mercu Buana dan Universitas Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia bekerja sama membuat program pertukaran pelajar (international
internship). Program ini bertujuan agar mahasiswa Indonesia dapat mempelajari sesuatu yang
baru yang telah didadapatkan dan diterapkan di negara asal begitupun sbealiknya untuk
mahasiswa Malaysia.
Selama pelatihan industry berlangsung, mahasiwa harus membuat laporan. Laporan tersebut
berisi kegiatan yang telh dilakukan selama 4 minggu (masa internship) di proyek Pejabat
Pembangunan dan Penyenggaraan, yaitu Kantor Penelitian, Inovasi, Komersialisasi, dan
Konsultasi Manajemen Universitas Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (ORICC). Laporan ini terdiri dari
latar belakang perusahaan, struktur organisasi perusahaan, kegiatan yang telah dilakukan selama
periode pelatihan, komentar dan saran untuk perusahaan dan universitas itu sendiri. Semoga
informaasi yang dipaparkan dapat memuaskan dan memberi manfaat bagi pembaca, perusahaan,
dan terutma bagi saya sendiri.
iii
ABSTRACT
Toward be an industrial country, Indonesia and Malaysia need an expert specialized in science
and technology. In order to achieve the vision, Mercu Buana University and Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia cooperate to create a program which is student exchange program (international
internship). This program for Indonesian student to learn something new that can be
implemented into the country and it is otherwise for Malaysian student.
During the industrial training, student has to make a report. The report contains the activities that
has been done for 4 weeks on Pejabat Pembangunan dan Penyenggaraan’s project, which is
Research, Innovation, Commercialization and Consultancy Management Office of Univesity Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia (ORICC). The report consist of the background of the company,
organization structure of the company, activities that has been done during training period, the
comments and suggestions for the company or university itself. Hopefully any information
disclosed will satisfy the readers and give benefits for myself and the company.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ i
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TRAINING .................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Industrial Training Objective ....................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Report Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Importance of Industrial Training................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION .................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction of Organization ........................................................................................................ 4
2.2 History of PPH ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Objectives Of Development And Maintenance Office ................................................................. 5
2.4 Quality Objectives Of Development And Maintenance Office .................................................... 5
2.5 Organization Chart ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Work Process .............................................................................................................................. 15
2.7 Flow Chart .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.8 CARTA ALIR KERJA BAGI SETIAP AKTIVITI ................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ACTIVITIES ..................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 4
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Types of Bricks........................................................................................................................... 21
v
4.3 Strength and Weakness of Clay Brick ........................................................................................ 33
4.4 Description of The Problem ....................................................................................................... 34
4.5 Solution for The Problem ........................................................................................................... 36
4.6 Procedure of Implemention for The Solution ............................................................................. 37
CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 39
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 39
5.2 Recommedantions ...................................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................................ 41
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Change the name of the current and new sections .......................................................................... 4
Table 2. Organization Chart .......................................................................................................................... 7
Table 3. Function Chart ................................................................................................................................ 9
Table 4. Activities for Functions................................................................................................................. 12
Table 5. Work Process ................................................................................................................................ 16
Table 6. Flow Chart .................................................................................................................................... 17
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
CHAPTER 1
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. To expose the students to the real life working experience and expanding the
knowledge in the specific field
Students will further learn about their real life profession. They will also learn what they
need to do in order to finish their works. This will prepare the students so that they will
easily fit in and fulfill the demands of their profession after they finish the course.
Tudents are only exposed to the basic theory and needed in the fields of their own.
These theory and were mainly according to the books. With the industrial training in
place, students will experience real life situation in the field. This will make the students
use their knowledge in order to get their work done.
1
1.1.3. To produce trustworthy workers with high responsibility and able to cooperate
with other staff.
All tasks given by the supervisor must be completed ith the sense of trustworthy and ful
responsibility. This attitude very important to ensure all business entrusted to students
were carried out flawlessly. Also, it trains the students to be honest not only to
themselves but others as well.
When the industrial training students are exposed to a variety of problems and had to
face it. With the experience learned through industrial training, the students will be
more confidence both in learning and working. High pirit and skill to overcome the
problems faced certainy create a strong confidence in the students
In this training, students get the opportunity to interact with upper management such as
engineer, director, consultant, and others. With this opportunity, students will be able to
associate and discuss with them in a closer way. This opportunity will not come without
the implication of industrial training. This opportunity should be used well by the
student to learn more
there will be many few things that students wil face during the period of the industrial
training. These events wil enchance the curiosity in the students. Other than that, the
real life exposure given to the students will also increase the interest of students towards
their fields of studies
2
iii. to expose the students on how to provide a proper document
iv. to build self confidence in the students while providing the document
v. to complete the prerequisite for the students to pass industrial training university
3
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION
On 24 August 2015 The Executive Committee meeting of 12.12 / 2015 has agreed with the
restructuring and restructuring of the office / division at the Assistant Vice-Chancellor Office
(Development, Facilities Management and ICT) The Structure with effect from 1 September
2015.
4
In August 2017, University Board Meeting No.3 Year 2017 on 18 July 2017 agreed with the
restructuring and restructuring of UTHM Organization Chart. This restructuring involves the
restructuring of the Office of Assistant Vice Conselor (Facilities Management and ICT) which
is now known as the Development and Maintenance Office effective from 1 August 2017 led
by Director of Development and Maintenance and assisted by Deputy Director and
Development, Deputy Director of Development, Deputy Director of Maintenance, Deputy
Director of Contract and Quantity Surveying and Deputy Registrar
5
e. Ensuring that at least 90% of the manageable allocation is spent on the current year's year.
f. Ensuring that at least 90% of the performance index (KPI) of the concession agreement is
achieved by the concessionaire
6
2.5 Organization Chart
7
2.5.1 Organization chart public division
8
2.5.1.1 Function Chart
9
DEVELOPMENT UNIT
10
6. Review of SOA and
1. Get a confirmation from the customer.
Data preparation room
2. The preparation and verification of the Room Data.
and value Management
3. Convene a meeting/workshop on value Management
(VM).
(VM) for projects exceeding RM50 million.
10. Control in construction 1. Scope review, plan and specifications are in line with
project contract document.
2. Monitor project progress
3. Monitoring the performance of consultants.
4. Perform site and technical meetings.
5. Ensure work is carried out according to work procedures
and specifications.
11. Submission of project 1. Make a revision of the overall work and verification by a
completion consultant and a client.
2. Check and verify the as-built drawing by contractors
certified by a consultant.
3. List the construction defect and confirmed by all parties.
11
12. Acceptance list of damage. 1. Prepare a list of defects that have been verified to
13. Repair defects consultants and contractors to be checked and
3. Within
repaired.
dependent defect.
2. Check and confirm the repair work carried out by
the contractor.
4 Submission 14. To receive the list of defects 1. Check all the damage and the repairs that were done by
expired defect and repair. contractors is perfect as well as confirmed by startup
15. Submission of the building consultant.
as a whole. 2. Receive an expired building defects.
12
POSITION: ASSISTANT ENGINEER (CIVIL)
GENERAL INFORMATION
ASSISTANT CIVIL
ENGINEER,
THE TITLE OF THE POST HEAD OF SERVICE NAIB CANSELOR
DEVELOPMENT UNIT
AND MODIFY
POSITION IN
ASSISTANT CIVIL DETAILS OF THE WARRANTS
SUMMARY OF POSITION WARRANTY OF
ENGINEER IN SKP
WELFARE
CONSTRUCTION
GRED JD JA29 SUB-FIELD MANAGEMENT
Ensure that the management and coordination of development projects and renovation Projects undertaken on provisions and follow the standards set.
13
Awam di lakukan mengikut spesifikasi yang di
tetapkan.
Make sure tests civil engineering works done
according to the specifications in the set.
Check site daily report for a project being run.
Monitors the performance of the contractor each
month.
14
2.6 Work Process
No
3 documents.
Purchase application.
Procurement process
6
Approval of materials and specifications.
15
No
7
Contractor Start working on site
12
Deputy Director Invoice Verification
16
2.7 Flow Chart
Activity 1: Modify/Upgrade
Kelulusan Bahan
Jurutera/ Pen. Jurutera
Kerja Di Tapak
Kontraktor
17
2.8 CARTA ALIR KERJA BAGI SETIAP AKTIVITI
MULA
Tidak
Pengesahan Lukisan Konsep Baik dan Semak
LULUS
Tidak Permohonan
Pengesahan Peruntukan
Semula
LULUS
Penyediaan Rekabentuk
Tidak
Pengesahan Rekabentuk Baik/Semak
LULUS
SELESAI 18
CHAPTER 3
19
Week Three (24 March 2019 – 28 March 2019)
See truss and scaffolding installation in zone B
See bending process and connection process for steel truss with welding
Attend the recitation on Thursday at PPP
Seeing connection process for steel truss with welding
Seeing unstallation process of framework
See how steel truss being lifted and got installed as a roof in zone B
Seeing the installation of “I” beam in zone B
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CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry
construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now
used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing
soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types,
materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk
quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
Brick is the oldest manufactured building material. The earliest brick, made from mud
(sometimes with added straw), was invented almost 10,000 years ago. Clay brick started to
appear about 5,000 years ago, when builders borrowed pottery manufacturing techniques to
improve its strength and durability. From some of the oldest known structures to modern
buildings, clay brick has a history of providing shelter that is durable, comfortable, safe, and
attractive.
21
for building exposes to a corrosive environment;
for making coarse aggregates of concrete.
Second Class Brick: The size is standard, color is uniform yellow or red. It is well burnt,
slightly over burnt is acceptable. It has regular shape; efflorescence is not appreciable.
The absorption capacity is more than 10% but less than 15%. Crushing strength is
175kg/cm2(mean) where the minimum is 154 kg/cm2. It emits a metallic sound when
struck by another similar brick or struck by a hammer. It is hard enough to resist any
fingernail expression on the brick surface if one tries to do with a thumbnail. It is used for
the construction of one-storied buildings, temporary shed when intended durability is not
more than 15 years.
Third Class Brick: The shape and size are not regular. The color is soft and light red
colored. It is under burnt, slightly over burnt is acceptable. It has extensive efflorescence.
The texture is non-uniform. The absorption capacity is more than 15% but less than 20%.
The crushing strength is 140kg/cm2(mean) where the minimum crushing strength is
105kg/cm2. It emits a dull or blunt sound when struck by another similar brick or struck
by a hammer. It leaves fingernail expression when one tries to do with the thumbnail.
1. Unburnt Bricks: These are half burnt bricks. The color is yellow. The strength is low.
They are used as surki in lime terracing. They are used as soiling under RCC footing or
basement. Such bricks should not be exposed to rainwater.
2. Burnt Bricks: Burnt bricks are made by burning them in the kiln. First class, Second
Class, Third Class bricks are burnt bricks.
3. Over Burnt or Jhama Brick: It is often known as the vitrified brick as it is fired at high
temperature and for a longer period of time than conventional bricks. As a result, the
shape is distorted. The absorption capacity is high. The strength is higher or equivalent to
22
first class bricks. It is used as lime concrete for the foundation. It is also used as coarse
aggregate in the concrete of slab and beam which will not come in contact with water.
1. Burnt Clay Brick: It is obtained by pressing clay in molds and fried and dried in kilns. It
is the most used bricks. It requires plastering when used in construction works.
Source : google.com
2. Fly ash clay Brick: It is manufactured when fly ash and clay are molded in 1000 degree
Celsius. It contains a high volume of calcium oxide in fly ash. That is why usually
described as self-cementing. It usually expands when coming into contact with moisture.
It is less porous than clay bricks. It proved smooth surface so it doesn’t need plastering.
Source : google.com
23
3. Concrete Brick: It is made of concrete. It is the least used bricks. It has low compression
strength and is of low quality. These bricks are used above and below the damp proof
course. These bricks are used can be used for facades, fences and internal brickworks
because of their sound reductions and heat resistance qualities. It is also called mortar
brick. It can be of different colors if the pigment is added during manufacturing. It should
not be used below ground.
Source : google.com
4. Sand-lime Brick: Sand, fly ash and lime are mixed and molded under pressure. During
wet mixing, a chemical reaction takes place to bond the mixtures. Then they are placed in
the molds. The color is greyish as it offers something of an aesthetic view. It offers a
smoother finish and uniform appearance than the clay bricks. As a result, it also doesn’t
require plastering. It is used as load bearing members as it is immensely strong.
Source : google.com
24
5. Firebrick: It is also known as refractory bricks. It is manufactured from special designed
earth. After burning, it can withstand very high temperature without affecting its shape,
size, and strength. It is used for the lining of chimney and furnaces where the usual
temperature is expected to be very high.
Figure 5. Firebrick
Source : google.com
1. Facing Brick: The façade material of any building is known as facing brick. Facings
bricks are standard in size, are stronger than other bricks and also have better durability.
The color is red or brown shades to provide a more aesthetic look to the building. There
are many types of facing bricks which use different techniques and technology. Facing
bricks should be weather resistant as they are most generally used on the exterior wall of
buildings.
2. Backing Brick: These types of brick don’t have any special features. They are just used
behind the facing bricks to provide support.
25
Classification of Bricks Based on Their Using
There are many uses of bricks. On the basis of the purpose of their using bricks are of
following kinds:
1. Common Bricks: These bricks are the most common bricks used. They don’t have any
special features or requirements. They have low resistance, low quality, low compressive
strength. They are usually used on the interior walls.
2. Engineering Bricks: These bricks are known for many reasons. They have a high
compressive strength and low absorption capacity. They are very strong and dense. They
have good load bearing capacity, damp proof, and chemical resistance properties. They
have uniform red color. They are classified as Class A, class B, class C. Class A is the
strongest but Class B is most used. They are used for mainly civil engineering works like
sewers, manholes, ground works, retaining walls, damp proof courses etc.
1. Bullnose Brick: These bricks are molded into round angles. They are used for rounded
quoin.
Source : google.com
26
2. Airbricks: These bricks contain holes to circulate air. They are used in suspended floors
and cavity walls.
Figure 7. Airbricks
Source : google.com
3. Channel Bricks: They are molded into the shape of a gutter or channel. They are used in
drains.
Source : google.com
27
4. Cow Nose Bricks: Bricks having double bullnose known as Cow Nose Bricks.
Source : google.com
5. Coping Bricks: They can be half round, chamfered, Saddleback, angled varied according
to the thickness of the wall.
Source : google.com
28
6. Capping Bricks: These bricks are used to cap the tops of parapets or freestanding walls.
Source : google.com
7. Brick Veneers: These bricks are thin and used for cladding.
Source : google.com
29
8. Curved Sector Bricks: These are curved in shape. They are used in arcs, pavements etc.
Source : google.com
9. Hollow Bricks: These bricks are around one-third of the weight of the normal bricks.
They are also called cellular or cavity bricks. Their thickness is from 20-25mm. These
bricks pave the way to quicker construction as they can be laid quickly compared to the
normal bricks. They are used in partitioning.
Source : google.com
30
10. Paving Bricks: These bricks contain a good amount of iron. Iron vitrifies bricks at low
temperature. They are used in garden park floors, pavements. These bricks withstand the
abrasive action of traffic thus making the floor less slippery.
Source : google.com
11. Perforated Bricks: These bricks contain cylindrical holes. They are very light in weight.
Their preparation method is also easy. They consume less clay than the other bricks.
They can be of different shapes like round, square, rectangular. They are used in the
construction of the panels for lightweight, structures, and multistoried frame structures.
Source : google.com
31
12. Purpose Made Bricks: For specific purposes, these bricks are made. Splay and can’t
bricks are made for doors and window jambs. Engineering bricks are made for civil
engineering constructions such as sewers, manholes, retaining walls. Fire bricks are made
for chimneys and fireworks. Ornamental bricks are made to use for cornices, corbels.
Arch bricks are used in arcs.
32
4.3 Strength and Weakness of Clay Brick
Disadvantages of Bricks
Time consuming construction
Cannot be used in high seismic zones
Since bricks absorb water easily, therefore, it causes fluorescence when not exposed to air
Very Less tensile strength
Rough surfaces of bricks may cause mold growth if not properly cleaned
Cleaning brick surfaces is a hard job
Color of low quality brick changes when exposed to sun for a long period of time
Advantages of Bricks
Economical (Raw material is easily available)
Hard and durable
Compressive strength is good enough for ordinary construction
Different orientations and sizes give different surface textures
Very low maintenance cost is required
Demolishing of brick structures is very easy, less time consuming and hence economic
Reusable and Recyclable
Highly fire resistant
Produces less environmental pollution during manufacturing process
33
4.4 Description of The Problem
On any construction project is generally inseparable from the problems of associated structural
and non structural employment Pejabat Pengurusan, Penyelidikan, Inovasi, Pengkomersilan
Perundingan Dan Pusat Pengkajian Siswazah any of various errors, one of which occurred on
the brick job. The problem that we come up with is the installation for brick.
Source : on site
Source : google.com
34
There was gap between mortar and brick
Source : on site
The installation of bricks is not parallel to the column (the more downward, the more it
sticks in)
Source : on site
35
4.5 Solution for The Problem
Solution 1 (Installation brick not be parallel)
Bricks are not arranged in parallel because if the arrangement was parallel, the structure
will fall easily and the arrangement by turns.
Bricks are not arranged in parallel because each brick can support one to another, support
with push force and compressive force issued by each brick.
36
4.6 Procedure of Implemention for The Solution
1. Grouting Method
a. Clean the gap that will be injected
b. Inject the grout liquid into the gap that will be closed
c. Clean excess grout liquid
d. Let it dry
37
beating can be done with the condition that the mixture is still wet. If the mortar has
dried, the mortar must be taken and replaced with a new mortar.
f. If the brick has been installed in several series, sometimes there is excess mortar until
it comes out from the side of the pair, if that happens it should be immediately spread
using a cement spoon so that the surface remains flat, do not let it dry out because it
will greatly affects the neatness and flatness of the walls during plastering.
g. After obtaining several levels of the arranged masonry that has been connected from
the beginning to the end of the part of the wall that is paired, then it must draw a
horizontal line from the beginning to the vertical line made to get the wall firmness.
Horizontal thread installation can be done every 50 cm. Make sure to keep pairing in 1
straight line according to the paired thread so that good wall firmness is obtained and
the pair's condition remains neat until the top position.
38
CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
Engineerng is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the
resources of nature to benefit man. Civil Engineering students need to have internship program
to bridges the gap between theory and practice and provide students with practical, field based,
real world experience during year study.
5.2 Recommedantions
Apart from that, there are also a few matters that need to be improvised by either the University
or the company itself. Among the improvements that can be suggested are:
1. Because we are the first to have cooperation with Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Univesity.
There are so much lack of preparation which are:
The departure date is changed all the time and delayed. Because there is no definite
info, the student is hesitant to follow the program. The two campuses should have
been prepared for this and the first impression that students should get is excited.
39
Projects that will be used as industrial training sites are not clear before departure.
There should be complete info before leaving.
Coordination between project staff and university staff is lacking so that they are not
ready to accept students for industrial training, at least university staff informs them in
advance that there will be student internships who will conduct industrial training on
their site.
2. The company should give the student more work on site and guide them how to do the
work correctly. This is because the staff on office site is busy and therea are a lot of
work to do.
3. And the worker on the site must prioritize the safety. Because the safety is the first aspec
that we need to work in this environment. So when staff on site held tool box in the
morning, all workers must attend and pay attention closely about safety. Tool box is like
morning ceremony before start the work and oll of worker on site and staff on site join
the ceremony.
4. There are so many defect on the result of work on site. This problem occurs because the
material is not good enough and the worker is unskilled to do the work. The company
must pay attention closely with the work and how workers work.
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
As an exchange internship student of Mercu Buana University, I would like to say that this training
program is an good opportunity for us to gain a few experience. I’m so grateful to the cooperation
between Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia University and Mercu Buana University for giving us this
opportunity, especially Pejabat Pembangunan Penyenggaraan (PPP) for guide us on site. The main
objective of industrial training is to provide an opportunity for undergraduates to identify, observe
and practice how information technology is applicable in the real industry. And also we got some
experience in managemenet practices and interact with fellow worker in office. The interact with
fellow worker make us learnt the way of work in an organization and the importance of teamwork.
With program like this, we have gained so many of knowledge and experience , not just work
experience but life experience too because we have a lot of different culture. We hope what we got
in here can be usefull in our future.
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REFERENCES
Personal Communication
Books
Internet
https://khedanta.wordpress.com/2011/05/26/cara-pemasangan-dinding-bata/
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/359685117/Jenis-jenis-Ikatan-Bata-Untuk-Tembok-Bata
https://mahligaiidaman.com/jenis-ikatan-bata/
https://www.aboutcivil.org/bricks-advantages-disadvantages-uses.html
https://danahauses.blogspot.com/2016/11/panduan-cara-memasang-batu-bata.html
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