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Vapor Power
Cycles
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 1
Content
Chapter 1 Vapor Power Cycles
Ones
𝑸𝑵𝒆𝒕 = 𝑾𝑵𝒆𝒕
𝒅𝑬 = 𝟎 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 3
POWER PLANT CYCLE ANALYSIS
standard steam power plant cycles
1
Irreversible
Reversible Real Processes
Ideal Cycle Sources of
Models of Real processes a. Friction
Reversed without leaving any trace on either Mechanical work dissipate into heating effect, ex. Shaft
system or surroundings rotating in a bearing
A. They are easy to analyze (since system passes Fluid friction- turbine undergoes internal friction-does
through a series of equilibrium states) less work and high temperature (enthalpy).
B. They serve as limits (idealized models) to b. Heat Transfer
which the actual processes can be compared. c. Throttling- uncontrolled expansion and compression
1. Very slowly ex. Leakage from a steam pipe or the flow through a
2. Without any resisting force valve
3. Without any space limitation d. Mixing- they cannot separate without external aid.
everything happens in a highly organized way (it 1. External- across the boundaries of the system-source
is not physically possible -it is an idealization (Heat Transfer and mechanical friction) ex. Turbine,
compressors, pumps, and generators
2. Internal- with in the boundary- source ( fluid friction)
ex. Turbine, compressors, and pumps.
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 5
Fossil Fueled vapor power plant
Typical assumptions
1. Steady flow in all components
2. Steady state in all components
3. Usually ignore kinetic and potential energy changes in all
components
4. Pressure losses are considered negligible in boiler and
condenser
5. Power components are isentropic for ideal cycle
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 13
The Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle
Improvement in the basic Rankin Cycle.
Steam temperature at inlet to the turbine is
increases at boiler, thus increasing the
mean temperature of heat addition.
Increase the cycle efficiency.
Steam exits the turbine is more dry, i.e., the
dryness fraction, x of the steam increases.
Specific steam consumption drops.
the maximum possible temperature of
steam in a thermal power plant is restricted
by the strength of the available materials
for boiler tubes or turbine blades.
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The Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle
• There are certain deviations from the assumption made in
the analysis of Rankine cycle.
• Friction Losses in steam turbine and feed pump.
The flow rates in turbine and pump are large and the
process may be considered adiabatic.
Fluid friction- the entropy of fluid will increase in both
cases. This is called internal irreversibility and can be
expressed by isentropic efficiency.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 16
The Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle
• There are certain deviations from the assumption made in
the analysis of Rankine cycle.
• Pressure Losses
P1 = pressure at turbine inlet
P5 = pressure at boiler outlet P1 = P4 = P5
P4 = pressure t pump outlet
• (P’4) greater than P1-Due to friction in the boiler heat
exchangers, feed water heaters, pipes, bend, valves etc
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 17
Internally Irreversible Rankine Cycle
Water fed to the boiler is converted to
steam at its exit, receiving thermal
energy from the burning fuel.
The efficiency of a boiler ƞboiler is the
ratio of the quantity of heat received by
steam to the energy released by the
combustion of the fuel.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 18
Example
• Steam at 50 bar and 500 °C flowing at the rate of 5000 kg/h expands
in a steam turbine to a condenser pressure of 10 kPa with an
isentropic efficiency of 85%, Determine:
(a) the net power output
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
The cost of extra pipes and controls that make Reheat cycle more
expensive than the Rankine cycle are limitations of this cycle.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 23
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
Example
Superheated steam leaves the boiler of a reheat cycle at 5 MPa and 500
°C. Steam is withdrawn from the first stage turbine at a pressure of 0.2
MPa and reheated to 350 °C and finally expanded to the condenser
pressure of 10 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency of both the HP and
LP turbines is 85%, determine:
a) the work ratio,
b) the specific steam consumption,
c) the thermal efficiency, and
d) the heat rate of the cycle.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 24
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
The intermediate pressure at
which steam is reheated affects
the cycle efficiency.
A reheat pressure too close to the
initial pressure results in little
improvement in the thermal
efficiency of the cycle because only
a small quantity of heat (as
reheat) is added at high
temperature.
The thermal efficiency improves as
the reheat pressure is lowered and
reaches a peak at a pressure ratio
of about 0.1.
The thermal efficiency of the plant
also improves as the reheat
pressure is lowered. However,
lowering the reheat pressure
further causes the efficiency to
decrease again
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 25
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
The quality of steam leaving the
low-pressure turbine, as a
function of pressure ratio.
Too low pressure ratio may even
result in superheated exhaust
steam, an unfavorable situation
for condenser operation.
For any particular reheat cycle,
there exists an intermediate
pressure at which the maximum
thermal efficiency of the cycle
and minimum specific steam
consumption are acquired.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 26
The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
To increase the mean temperature at which heat is supplied and reduce the
external thermal irreversibility, attention was so far confined to increasing the
amount of heat supplied at high temperatures, such as
increasing superheat,
higher pressure and temperature of steam
reheat.
The mean temperature at which heat is supplied can also be increased by
reducing the amount of heat added at low temperatures, i.e., in the liquid phase
of the steam generation process.
In the regenerative cycle, the mean temperature at which heat is added is
increased by raising the temperature of the feed-water entering the boiler.
Most steam power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater Heaters