Intro to Music: Rock to Bach

7 Elements of Music:
- Rhythm = beats, tempo, meter, syncopation
- series of beats: constant pulses
- tempo: speed of beats (largo for slow, allegro for medium, vivace for fast)
- meter: grouping of beats
- duple = two
- triple = three
! - syncopation: emphasis on notes that are going against the series of beats

- Melody = a series of tones/pitches that comprise a recognizable whole

- Harmony = a series of chords that comprise a recognizable whole

- chord: 3 or more tones sounded simultaneously ***does NOT have to sound
good
- consonant harmony: sounds good
- dissonant harmony: sounds bad

- Timbre = “color” of sound; instrumentation; whatever instrument is playing has itʼs own
sound
- INSTRUMENTS:
- woodwinds: flute, clarinet, etc. (saxophone is categorized here because
of its sound)
- brass: trumpet, horn, trombone, etc.
- strings: violin, cello, viola, guitar, bass, etc.
- percussion: xylophone, drums, triangle, etc.
- keyboard: piano, organ, etc.
- voice: soprano, alto, tenor, bass
- computer: machine created sound

- Dynamics = intensity of the sound; volume

- p, piano: soft (mp, pp)
- f, forte: loud (mf, ff)

- Structure/Form = how music is organized

- ABA; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
- repetition, contrast, variation
- how musical lines are laid one after the other

- Texture = how musical lines are laid out on top of one another
- monophonic: one line (played/sung alone)
- homophonic: melody and accompaniment (accompaniment is the harmony)
- polyphonic: many layers of melody
- imitative: round, singing the same sound at different times
- non-imitative: singing two different songs
Levels of Listening:

Sensual - not really Emotional - builds Purely Musical - focus only

listening but aware of its emotional feelings on the music and on
presence (background music) nothing else

Musical Style:

Middle Ages: 450-1450 Classical: 1750 - 1820

Renaissance: 1450 - 1600 Romantic: 1820 - 1900

Baroque: 1600 - 1750 Contemporary: 1900 - present day

Middle Ages 450 - 1450

- Genres of the Middle Ages:

- Chant: no accompaniment
- TIMBRE: voice, no instrumentation
- TEXTURE: monophonic
- MELODY: conjunct
- conjunct: stepwise
- METER: non-metric, trance like
- written in latin (religious music is ALWAYS in latin)
- Composers:
- Hildegard O Successors
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUX0gLkC8Ig
- Anonymous Alleluia
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ApX4DJvPpEg&feature=related
- drone: one or more long, sustained tones that do NOT count as
accompaniment

- Dance: Estampie
- TIMBRE: instruments only
- TEXTURE: homophonic
- METER: strong triple
- Composers are usually anonymous

- Organum: chant with accompaniment

- TEXTURE: polyphonic
- latin
- the chant, or main voice is called the vox principalis
- the accompaniment is called the vox organalis
 - earliest polyphonic form of music, layers the music lines

- Secular: nothing to do with God

- TEXTURE: polyphonic
- same idea as organum, but in different language and subject matter
- written in the vernacular language
- vernacular: everyday language, NOT latin
- Composers:
- Machaut Since I am Forgotten by You
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yi2MMtIimY

- Mass: 2 kinds
- proper: appropriate for the season (ex. Christmas Music)
- ordinary: mass parts for EVERY mass, they never change:
- Kyrie
- Gloria
- Credo
- Sanctus
- Agnus Dei
- TEXTURE: polyphonic
- Composers:
- Machaut Agnus Dei
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKpexxzR4Ak

Renaissance 1450 - 1600

- Genres of the Renaissance:

- Motet: sacred
- TEXTURE: polyphonic (imitative)
- TIMBRE: a cappella
- a cappella: no instrumentation, just voices
- cappella means chapel
- religious, but will NOT make any reference to the ordinary mass parts
- unlike the middle ages, each melodic line is EQUALLY important
- there is a variety of sound, sections switch textures and meter
- latin
- Composers:
- Josquin Ave Maria
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUAgAF4Khmg

- Mass: sacred
- TEXTURE: polyphonic (imitative)
- has SIX parts instead of the usual four
- S A TT BB (doubled tenor and bass parts)
- Composers:
 - Palestrina Kyrie from Pope Marcellus Mass
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itKeTpK83IY

- Madrigal: secular
- TEXTURE: mixes polyphonic and homophonic
- TIMBRE: a cappella
- written in vernacular language
- used for entertainment purposes at social gatherings
- word painting: musical depiction of the text
- the word ascending will be sung in an ascending tone
- Composers:
- Weelkes As Vesta
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=FatgEWZvRIY&feature=related

- Dance: secular
- TIMBRE: instruments only, NO voices
- strong meter
- A <A B <B C <C (structure in duple meter)
- A <A B <B C <C A B C (structure in triple meter)
- repetitive structure because:
- we have TWO feet
- to check out your partnerʼs stuff

Baroque 1600 - 1750

- baroque means bizarre, flamboyant, overdone/over-ornamented

- movement: a big section of a composition, part of a bigger whole (like a chapter of a
book or an act of a play)
- rhythm is strong and constant
- unity of mood: mood stays the same throughout the entire movement
- melody is unbalanced
- dynamics are abrupt changes in the volume; terraced dynamics
- basso continuo: bass part is dominant and the higher pitches followed along.

- Genres of Baroque:
- Concerto (to fight)
- two forces; orchestra VS the soloist(s) (Goliath VS David)
- concerto grosso: 2 or more soloists against the orchestra
- orchestra: 15 or more people playing a variety of instruments
- concerto solo: 1 soloist against orchestra
- for INSTRUMENTS only
- multi-movement (more than one movement in the piece) usually three
- tutti: all/everyone
- ritornello form: return/refrain (a theme that always returns)
- RIT, SOLO, RIT, SOLO, RIT, SOLO, RIT (rit always “wins”)
 - Composers:
- Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (concerto grosso); 3 soloists
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSEuMxeGwGI
- Vivaldi: Spring Concerto (concerto solo); 1 soloist
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntMzK0VLMAo
- virtuoso: “master” of the instrument
- tremolos: trembling sound
- Fugue (to chase, to pursue)
- subject: main theme of music
- TEXTURE: polyphonic (imitative)
- voice is the range of the instruments, not only applying to human voice
- FORM: exposition, episode, exposition, episode, exposition
- exposition: subject is heard
- episode: subject is not heard
- Composers:
- Bach: Organ Fugue in G Minor
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=vDn3GOJfdH8&feature=related
- Opera (drama that is sung)
- theater set to music
- libretto: text of opera
- librettist: writes libretto, or text; takes out most important/dramatic scenes
of storyline and shortens it (i.e. books to movies)
- aria: solo song with accompaniment by the orchestra
- recitative: half-declaimed and half-sung by soloist; has no meter, but
uses the rhythm of the text
- ensemble: two or more singers simultaneously performing
- 2 duet
- 3 trio
- 4 quartet
- 5 quintet
- 6 sextet
- prompter: reminds performers of cues and lines if forgotten
- chorus: 15 or more singers together
- overture/prelude: instruments only, opens the opera
- Venice was perfect starting place for opera because it is the crossroads
of many different cultures
- Baroque music shows emotion, while Renaissance music does not
- emotion is shown through tone of the voice and word painting
- basso ostinato: “stubborn bass”, it is repetitive and relentless
- Composers:
- Monteverdi: Orfeo - Tu seʼ Morta
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btynSxzbbh8
- Purcell: Dido and Aeneas
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svipj7y2qjI
- Suite (collection of dances, variety)
 - repetitive structure A A B B
- Cantata (to sing)
- multi-movement work: for chorus, solo, orchestra
- sometimes has an overture
- same ideas as Opera: contains choruses, arias, ensembles, and
recitatives
- DIFFERENCE: subject matter
- Opera subject: love, nature, heartbreak, etc (used for
entertainment purposes)
- Cantata subject: religious (used for worship purposes)
- chorale: hymn tune in German religious text
- Composers:
- Bach: Wachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die Stimme
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSkz3j9b23Y
- Oratorio
- similar to Opera
- DIFFERENCE: subject matter and no theatrical displays
- Opera subject: love, nature, heartbreak, etc (used for
entertainment purposes)
- Oratorio subject: biblical text (used for entertainment
purposes)
- similar to Cantata
- DIFFERENCE: purpose
- Cantata purpose: worship purposes
- Oratorio purpose: entertainment
- it is staged with no acting or performances other than the chorus and
orchestra just playing music.
- was created because Opera was forbidden during the seasons of Advent
and Lent, it replaced the Opera during those periods of time.
- Composers:
- Handel: Hallelujiah Chorus from Messiah
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76RrdwElnTU

Classical 1750 - 1820 *age of reason*

- change came because there was a rise in the middle class

- RHYTHM: frequent changes
- TEXTURE: homophonic, but can be very flexible as well
- homophonic music became popular because it is easier to listen to and easier
to play for people who didnʼt want to become professional musicians
- MELODY: balanced and symmetrical, easier
- DYNAMICS: harpsichord was replaced by piano because the harpsichord was unable
to play dynamics and the piano was able to.
- no more basso continuo
- classical music was written for amateurs
- amateurs could not figure out how to improvise over the bass.
- MOZART: super important and influential during this period.
- contrast/change in mood within the movement

- Genres of the Classical:

- Symphony (multi-movement composition for the orchestra)
- 4 movements:
- I. FAST
- II. SLOW
- III. MINUET & TRIO (dance-related)
- IV. FAST
- Concerto
- I. FAST
- II. SLOW
- III. FAST
- Opera
- same as in the baroque era
- focuses more on REAL life situations, rather than greek mythology (i.e.
rape, murder, earthly matters, etc.)
- Fuga
- NOT as dominant anymore
- Oratorio
- same as baroque era
- Sonata
- can be a form AND a genre
- instrumental, multi-movement for one to five players
- Chamber Music
- instrumental, multi-movement, for two to five players
- similar to sonata, but the sonata can have a solo, a chamber has to
have AT LEAST TWO players
- Movements:
- I. FAST
- II. SLOW
- III. FAST
- played for small parties, meant to provide entertainment

- Forms of the Classical:

- Theme and Variation: theme, variation 1, variation 2, variation 3, etc, optional
coda
- themes are simple and symmetrical
- polyphony is subtle and added just a little bit, it is not constant
- Composers:
- Hayden: Symphony No. 94 in G Major
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJDWh9F3Vig
- Hayden would add sudden, surprise pounding to get
audienceʼs attention.
 - Minuet and Trio: minuet, trio, minuet
Minuet Trio Minuet

a|ba c|dc aba

- double underline = repeat
- bar (|) = go back (a repeats twice then goes on, b and c play then repeat)
- Composers:
- Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hcpM0yN7p0c&feature=fvst
- Rondo: A B A C A optional coda
- ^main concept, but can change. A SECTION WILL ALWAYS REPEAT
-ABACADAEAFA
- Turkish March is very famous rondo
- Composers:
- Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0E3OUvvD7dU
- Sonata: exposition, development, recapitulation, optional coda
- exposition: themes are presented
- development: themes are treated in a new way
- recapitulation: themes return
- coda means tail: presented as the concluding section

Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda*

Theme 1 develops on either Theme 1 optional

Bridge one or all of: Bridge
Theme 2 Theme
Closing Material Theme 1 Closing Material
Bridge
*repeated to Theme 2 *present 99% of the
reinforce theme Closing Material time

- Developing a theme:
1. sequence: same melody, but presented in a different pitch level (ex.
Gloria in Angels We Have Heard on High) only transposed THREE
times
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRoGN8ii5_g&feature=related
2. augmentation: stretching the value of the notes l o n g e r
3. diminution: note values become faster
4. inversion: theme is “upside down”
5. retrograde: theme is backwards
6. *retrograde inversion* : “upside down” and backwards
 ORIGINAL RETROGRADE
5 5
4 4
3 6 6 3
2 2
1 7 7 1

1 7 7 1
2 2
3 6 6 3
4 4
5 5
INVERSION RETROGRADE INVERSION
7. change of meter: triple to duple, duple to triple
8. change of mode: like changing the mood of a song, same theme with
different clothes, major key to minor key
9. fragmentation: breaks apart the theme
- Composers:
- Mozart: Symphony No. 40 (page 243)
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf6lwFcsKao&feature=fvst

- Composers:
- Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven were the main three composers of the
classical era, they were the most popular
- Beethoven was first person to break away from working for the church and
nobility. He worked for himself
- Beethoven: 5th Symphony
- Movement One: sonata form, has a coda
- Theme One: four notes, four notes are sequenced and repeated over
and over.

Romantic 1820 - 1900

- Industrial Revolution:
- brass instruments were perfected, more notes were able to be played
- no more animal intestines, metal frames and strings enabled the piano to have
bigger/stronger range and sound
- saxophone was invented
- Romantic Music: emphasis on emotion rather than the actual structure
- individuality, self-expression: able to differentiate between composers and who
wrote what
- subjects: nature, romantic love, emotions
- nationalism: pride of oneʼs own nation; establishing oneʼs identity by using folk
songs, dances, etc from their nation in their themes.
- exoticism: use of other countriesʼ styles, focuses on far away people/countries;
also includes styles and histories from another time period.
- program music: instrumental, musical depiction of a story, picture, idea, etc.
- tone color (timbre): woodwinds and percussion instruments were more
predominant; classical era focused mainly on strings while the woodwinds and
percussion filled in the background
- colorful harmony: chromatic harmony
- chromatic harmony: uses chords containing tones not found in the
scales, unstable
- range of dynamics: because of improved instruments, dynamics were louder
and softer than ever before
- range of tempo: rubato
- rubato: slightly holding back or pressing forward of tempo (rubber band),
elasticity of tempo
- forms: miniature and monumental
- Miniature: short pieces
- Genres:
- Art Song: lied or lieder
- piano and voice EQUAL importance
- based on german poems
- word painting
- Composers:
- Schubert: The Erlking
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SOiMVPSzr7E
- Nocturne: night piece for instruments
- Composers:
- Chopin: Nocturne in Eb Major, Op. 9, No. 2
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5ZUw78FXpG4
- Etude: study
- used to help master technical difficulty (a trumpet
and high notes; fast scales with piano)
- instruments ONLY
- elevated exercises into an art form
- Composers:
- Chopin: Etude in C Minor, Op. 10, No. 12
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dKczNpfgN90
- practices/exercises piano scales
- Polonaise: Polish dance
- very dissonant, chromatic harmony
 - Character Pieces: about a specific person
- music that describes the personality of a person
- Composers:
- Mendelssohn: Violin Concerto
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OJfKlp1ZfSg
Exposition Development Cadenza Recap Coda

-Theme1 solo Bridge* Solo -Theme1 orchestra Bridge

- Bridge* Theme - Bridge Theme
-Theme1 orchestra Theme 1 - Themes
- Bridge - Closing Material
-Theme2 orchestra theme 1
then violin
-Closing Material

- Program Music: instrumental music associated with a story,

poem, idea, or scene
- idee fixe: fixed idea; melody representing a person
- Composers:
- Berlioz: Fantastique Symphony
- I. largo, slow
- II. allegro
- III. adagio (slowest movement)
- *IV. allegretto*
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QVPA9CEsHCU
- V. allegro