CRIMINAL DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

BASIC CONCEPTS

Criminal Investigation- is an art that deals with the identity and location of the offender and prove his guilt in a criminal proceeding.

Criminal Investigation- it is the systematic method of inquiry that is more a science than an art. The logic of scientific method must however, be
supplemented by the investigator's initiative and resourcefulness. The sequences of the investigation should be regarded by scientific, operating
framework that requires improvising on the part of the investigator.

Criminal Investigation is an Art – based on intuition, felicity of inspiration or by chance; and a Science – based on adequate professional
preparation and abundance of certain qualities

Investigator- is the person who is charged with the duty of carrying out the objectives of criminal investigation. He is an individual who gathers
documents and evaluates facts about crime

Special Crime Investigation- deals with the study of major crimes based on the application of special investigative techniques. It is also the study
concentrates more on physical evidence; it’ s collection, handling, identification and preservation in coordination with the various criminalists in
the crime laboratory. Special crime investigation involves close relationship between the investigator in the field and the investigator in the
laboratory- the Criminalist.

Duty of Criminal Investigator

1. Establish that, in fact, a crime was committed under the law.

2. Identify and apprehend the suspect.

3. To recover stolen property.

4. To assist the state in prosecuting the party charged with the offense.

Job of the Criminal Investigator

1. Discover whether or not an offense has been committed under the law.

2. After determining what specific offense has been committed, he must discover how, when, where, why, what offense was committed.

Methods of Identifications of Criminals

Criminal are identified thru the following:

1. Confession and Admission

2. Statement of witnesses

3. Circumstantial Evidence

4. Associative Evidence

A. Confession- this is an expressed acknowledgement by the accused in criminal cases of the truth of his guilt as to the crime charged or of some
of the essential part there of. There is no implied confession for it is positive and direct acknowledgement of guilt. It is the best means of
identifying criminal.

Rules in Confession

a. Confession need not to be in writing

b. Confession may be written in a language which the accused does not speak

c. Confession must be freely and voluntarily made

Voluntarily – means that the accused speak of his free will and accord, without inducement of any kind and with the full and complete knowledge
of the nature and consequences of the confession.

Freely- when the speaking is so free from the influence affecting the will of the accused at the same time the confession was made.

Requirement for confession as proof of guilt

1. Other corroborative evidence must support it.

2. Corpus delicti- must be established separately (the actual commission of the crime charged. It refers to a particular crime and signifies that
specific offense had been actually committed by someone being composed of two elements: that certain results were produced, that someone is
criminally responsible

3. Confession must be made voluntarily.

B. By EYE-WITNESS TESTIMONY- description made by eyewitness

Value of identification by eyewitness testimony depends on the following: (credibility-bringing honor)

1. the ability of the eyewitness testimony to observe and remember the relative “ distinctiveness” of the accused appearance

2. The prevailing conditions, visibility and observation

3. The lapse of time between the criminal event and identification

Methods of Identification made by eyewitness

1. Verbal Description- portrait parley vividly describing in words the appearance of a person by comparing and thru personal appearance.

2. Photographic files (rogues gallery)

3. General photograph- files of photograph in any given establishment.

4. Artist Assistance or composite sketches- drawing or sketching the description of a person’ s face by the cartographer

5.Police line-up- selecting the suspect from a group of innocent persons to eliminate the power of suggestions as factor of identification

Cartography- the art of sketching the image of a person or the art of making map

The Phases of Criminal Investigation

a) Preliminary Investigation - identify the criminal through confession; eyewitness testimony; circumstantial evidence; and associate
evidence

b) Follow Up Investigation - trace and locate the criminal; and

c) Final Investigation - proved by evidence the guilt of the suspect/s.

Tools of an Investigator in Gathering Facts

a) Information – Data gathered by an investigator from other persons including the victim himself and from Public records; Private records;
and Modus Operandi file.

b) Interrogation and Interview – Questioning of witnesses, suspects, and offended parties.

c) Instrumentation – Scientific examination of real evidence, application of instrument and methods of the physical sciences in detecting
crime.

INFORMATION

All evaluated materials of every description including those derived fro observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which
intelligence in produced.
 Information is a communicated knowledge by others obtaining by personal study, investigation, research, analysis, observation. The use
of modern gadgets in intelligence and other things and material that possess or contain a desire information or knowledge.

Two General classifications of sources of information:

1. Open Sources – 99% of the info collected are coming from open sources.

2. Close Sources – 1% of info from close sources.

Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or documents procured openly without regard as to whether the subject or target become
knowledgeable of the purpose

Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of information, which is obtained without the knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding
vital intelligence interest.

Informants

Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the police voluntarily or involuntarily with out any consideration

Informer – those who give information to the police for price or reward

Types of Informants

1. Criminal Informant – an informant who give information to the police pertaining to the underworld about organized criminals with the
understanding that his identity will be protected

2. Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but he gives information violate of the law to includes crimes and criminals

3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely and willfully as a witness to a certain act

4. Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized cases only and it is regarded a special treatment by the
operatives (ex. teachers, businessmen)

5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone with the hope that the informant can not be identified

Sub-type of Informant

1. Incidental Informant – a person who casually imparts information to an officer with no intention of providing subsequent information

2. Recruited Informant – A person who is selected cultivated and developed into a continuous source of info

Categories of Recruited Informants:

1. Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants who by the nature of their work or position in society have a certain legal, moral or
ethical responsibilities to report info to the police

2. Ordinary run of he Mill Informants – Informants that are under the compulsion to report info to the police

3. Special Employee – informants who are of a specific operational nature

Other classification of Informant

Automatic – Penetration - Full time - Rival – Elimination - False Informant - Frightened Informant - Self- aggrandizing Informant - Mercenary
Informant - Double Crosser Informant - Woman Informant - Legitimate Informant

Common Motives of Informants

Reward – Revenge - Fear and avoidance of punishment – Friendship - Patriotism – Vanity - Civic-Mindedness – Repentance –Competition -Other
motives
INFROMANT RECRUITMENT

Phases

1. Selection – it is particularly desirable to be able to identity and recruit an informant who has access to many criminal in-group or
subversive organization. Wide access is probably the single most important feature in the consideration of recruiting the potential informant

2. Investigation – the investigation of the potential informants that has tentatively identified as a “probable” must be as thorough as
possible. It must establish possible existing motives as to this person might assist the police Intel community. Failure to do so will deny this office
who must perform the approach and persuasion phase with little more that a guess. If necessary, conduct complete background investigation (CBI)

3. Approach – approach must be done in a setting from which might include pleasant surroundings, perhaps a confidential apartment,
completely free form any probability of compromise, preferably in an adjacent city or a remote area foreign to the informants living pattern.

4. Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited assignment, with a gradual integration into the more important
areas. The occasional testing of an informant should continue through the entire affiliation

Confidential Informant Defined – a confidential informant is an individual who supplies information on a confidential basis with the understanding
that his identity will not be made known.

Interview Defined. - An interview is the questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that is in official interest to the investigator.

Interrogation Defined. An interrogation is the questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or of a person who is reluctant to
make a full disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to the investigation.

Definition – Surveillance is the discreet observation of places, persons and vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the
identities or activities of subjects

Custodial Investigation/Interrogation.

It is the skillful questioning of a suspect or a hostile witness to divulge information on the crime being investigated. It must be remembered,
however, that police investigators cannot learn proper interrogation merely by reading books. The success of interrogation depends on its legality,
topic, physical insight and experience

5Interrogation Techniques – The following are some of the techniques practiced by experienced investigators:

a) Emotional Appeals – Place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The investigator should provide emotional stimuli that will prompt the
subject to unburden himself by confiding. Analyze the subject’ s personality and decide what motivation would prompt him to tell the truth, then
provide those motives through appropriate emotional appeals.

b) Sympathetic Approach – The suspect may fell the need for sympathy or friendship. He is apparently in trouble. Gestures of friendship may win
his cooperation.

c) Kindness – The simplest technique is to assume that the suspect will confess if he is treated in a kind and friendly manner.

d) Extenuation – The investigator indicates he does not consider his subject’ s indiscretion a grave offense.

e) Shifting the Blame – The interrogator makes clear his belief that the subject is obviously not the sort of person who usually gets mixed up in a
crime like this. The interrogator could tell from the start that he was not dealing with a fellow who is a criminal by nature and choice. The trouble
with the suspect lies in his little weakness – he like liquor, perhaps, or he is excessively fond or girls or he has had a bad run of luck in gambling.

f) Mutt & Jeff – Two (2) agents are employed. Mutt, the relentless investigator, who is not going to waste any time because he knows the subject,
is guilty. Jeff, of the other hand, is obviously a king-hearted man.

PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME SCENE

Upon Arrival at the Crime Scene

a. Record time/date of arrival at the crime scene, location of the scene, condition of the weather, condition and type of lighting direction of wind
and visibility

b. Secure the crime scene by installing the crime scene tape or rope (police line)

c. Before touching or moving any object at the crime scene determine first the status of the victim, whether he is still alive or already dead. If the
victim is alive the investigator should exert effort to gather information from the victim himself regarding the circumstances of the crime, while a
member of the team or someone must call an ambulance from the nearest hospital. After the victim is remove and brought to the hospital for
medical attention, measure, sketch, and photograph. Only a coronal or a medical examiner shall remove the dead body unless unusual
circumstances justifies its immediate removal.

d. Designate a member of the team or summon other policemen or responsible persons to stand watch and secure the scene, and permit only
those authorized person to enter the same.

e. Identify and retain for questioning the person who firs notified the police, and other possible witnesses.

f. Determine the assailant through inquiry or observed him if his identity is immediately apparent. Arrest him if he still in the vicinity.

g. Separate the witnesses in order to get independent statements.

Methods of Crime Scene Search

A. Strip Search Method In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3) searchers A, B, and C proceed slowly at the
same place along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. When a piece of evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search
must stop until the evidence has been cared for. A photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the search
proceeds at a given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed along new lanes.

B. The double strip or grid method of search is a modification of the Strip Search Method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base
then parallel to a side.

C. Spiral Search Method - In this method, the three searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling in
toward the center.

D. Zone Search Method - In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center and
proceed outward along radii or spokes. The procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and number of
searchers. One shortcoming of this method is the great increase in the area to be observed as the searcher departs from the center.

Collecting Evidence. This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch finished and photographs taken. Fragile evidence should
be collected as they are found. All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered serial numbers (SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro etching at
the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory (PNP-CL). A corresponding report to the Firearms and Explosive Office (FEO) must be made for
verification purposes. In the collection, the investigator should touch the evidence only when necessary.

Removal of Evidence. The investigator places his initials, the date and the time of discovery on each item of evidence and the time discovery on
each item of evidence for proper identification. Items that could not be marked should be placed in a suitable container and sealed.

Tagging or Evidence. Any physical evidence obtained must be tagged before its submission to the evidence custodian.

Evaluation of Evidence. Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all other evidence, individually and collectively.

Preservation of Evidence. It is the investigator’ s responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised to preserve physical evidence in the
state in which it was recovered/obtained until it is released to the evidence custodian.

GENERAL TYPE OF SKETCH

Rough Sketch- made at the crime scene, no scale, proportion ignored and everything is approximate

Finished Sketch- for courtroom presentation, scale and proportion are strictly observed.

Kinds of Sketch

1. Sketch of locality gives a picture of the crime scene in relation to its environs including neighboring buildings, roads, etc.
2. Sketch of grounds includes the crime scene and its nearest environment, ex a house w/ a garden

3. Sketch of details describes the immediate crime scene only.

SCENE OF CRIME OPERATION (SOCO) Composition of SOCO Team

1. Team Leader

2. Assistant team leader

3. Photographer and photographic log recorder

4. Sketcher and Evidence Recorder

5. Evidence Recorder

6. Evidence Recovery Personnel

7. Driver/Security

Equipment

1.Basic Equipment - Crime Scene tape or Rope (Police Line), Measuring device e.g. ruler and measuring tape, Recording materials e.g. chalk,
sketcher and paper pad, Camera with film, Video camera or tape recorder, Evidence collection kit, Flashlight

2.Evidence Containers - String tags-large and small, Evidence tape or masking tape, Roll of manila paper for wrapping, Plastic gallon, ½ pint
bottles/vials-plastic and glass, ¼ pint bottles/vials-plastic glass, Absorbent cottons, Rolls of fingerprint tape, Plastic bags-different sizes, Paper bags-
different sizes

3.Tools - Pair of scissors, Knife-heavy duty and folding knife, Adjustable wrench, Pliers, Wire cutter, Complete screw driver set, Saw, Hammer, Ax of
hatchet, Shovel, Fingerprint magnifier, Nylon brush, Magnet, Spatula, Box of plaster of Paris for casting or lifting foot marks, Goggles, Sifting screen,
Funnels of different sizes, Ladder, Hand lens of magnifier, Weighting scale, Vernier caliper and micrometer, Scalpels

4.Evidence Gathering Equipment - Rubber glove and cotton, Box or filter, White cotton sheet, Cotton balls and swabs, Fingerprint car, data card
and ink cards, Photo data card, Black and white latent print lifting cards, Rolls of lifting card, Complete magna brush kit, Complete dusting kit,
Heavy duty rubber lifters, Camera whit no wide angel, normal and macro lens, Arson kit, Casting and molding kit, Electric engraver

5.Miscellaneous - Rubber bands, Pencil, ball pens, pentel pen-different color, Chalks, Permanent flat marker, Eraser, Stapler with extra staple,
Assorted paper clip and binders, Notebooks, paper pads, sketch pads and drawing pads, Drawing compass, Clippers, Magnetic directional compass,
Carbon papers and coupon bonds.

CRIMINAL DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

SPECIAL CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

HOMICIDE AND MURDER INVESTIGATION

Homicide Investigation - It is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts and circumstances surrounding the death of the person which is
expected to be criminal or unlawful.

Homicide

Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246 (Parricide) Revised Penal Code shall kill another without the attendance of any of
the circumstances enumerated in Article 248 (Murder) RPC, shall be deemed guilty of homicide.

The elements of homicide are:

(1) A killing exist

(2) The accused did the act without legal justification and with intent to kill

(3) The killing is neither murder, parricide nor infanticide.

Intent to kill is presumed if deaths results from the unjustified act. If death did not result from the act, intent to kill is essential to prove attempted
or frustrated homicide otherwise the crime may be physical injuries only.

Murder Any person who, not falling within the provision of Article 246 (Parricide) of the RPC shall kill another, if committed with any of the
following attendant circumstances:

1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men, or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or
persons to insure or afford impurity.

2. In consideration of a price, reward, or promise.

3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive fall of an
airship, by means of motor vehicles or with the use of any other means involving great waste and ruin.

4. An occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the proceeding paragraph or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone,
epidemic, or any other public calamity.

5. With evident premeditation.

6. With cruelty, by (deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.

The elements of murder are:

(1) A killing exists. (2) The accused killed the deceased under any of the above circumstances qualifying the killing to murder.

(3) The killing does not constitute parricide or infanticide.

The circumstances that qualify the killing to murder must be alleged in the information as otherwise the killing may be considered as merely
homicide.

Parricide. Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants or descendants, or his
spouse, shall be guilty of parricide.

The elements of parricide are:

(1) A person is killed by the accused.

(2) The person killed is the father, mother or child (not less than three days old), whether legitimate or illegitimate, or the ascendant or
descendant or the spouse of the accused.

The relationship with the other ascendant or descendant (grandfather or grandson) must be legitimate. The spouse killed must be legitimate wife
or husband. But the father, mother or child may be legitimate or illegitimate. If the child killed is less than three days old, the crime is infanticide.

Responsibilities of a Homicide Investigator

1. Homicide investigator when called upon to investigate a violent death, stand on the dead man’ s shoes, to produce his instincts against
those suspects. Consequently, the zeal, enthusiasm and intelligence the investigator brings in the case marks the difference between a murderer
being convicted or set free.

2. If the investigator interprets an accidental death as due to natural death and wisdom or the family may be deprived of benefits and other
properties which the deceased have sacrificed to obtain.

3. If he interprets a criminal death as accidental or natural, a guilty person is otherwise set scot free.

Note: Remember that the police is the first line of defense in the effective application of criminal justice.

A. The Primary Job of the Investigator

1. To discover whether an offense has been committed under the law.

2. To discover how it was committed.

3. Who committed it and by whom it was committed.

4. When it was committed.

5. And under certain circumstances why it was committed.

B. Mistakes in Homicide Investigation

1. The mistakes of the homicide investigator can not be corrected.

2. The homicide investigator should not cross the three bridges, which he burns behind him. It is important that competent personnel
adequately handle the case.

The following are the three bridges:

A. The dead person has been moved.

It is therefore necessary that photographs be taken, measurements made, fingerprints taken and other necessary tasks to be first carried out.

B. The second bridge is burned when the body is embalmed.

Embalming destroys traces of alcohol and several kinds of poison. If poisoning is suspected, the internal organs should be removed.

C. The third bridge is burned when the body is burned or cremated.

The exhume body is difficult and expensive. The lapse of time make s the examination doubtly difficult and a conclusion is hard to arrive at.
Cremation destroys body itself.

C.The Medico-Legal Autopsy

1. The real beginning of any homicide investigation should be to establish the cause of death accurately.

2. An autopsy should be performed at once when there is the slightest reason to suspect the probability of homicide.

3. In general, it maybe stated that death has been caused by violence, an autopsy is always performed unless there is adequate proof to the
contrary.

D. The Role of the Medico-Legal officer in Homicide Investigation

The determination of criminal responsibility in death has been developed into a specialized field of medical science called forensic pathology. A
pathologist can assist in homicide investigation by:

1. Documentation of all wounds, bruises, scratches, scars or other marks at the time of the autopsy.

2. Interpretation of findings based on medical facts.

Necropsy Report- It is a document stating the cause of death of the victim. This is the medico-legal report.

E. The Facts of Death

1. The first action of an investigator upon arriving at the crime scene of the homicide is the verification of death.

2. An individual is said to be dead in the medical sense when one of the three vital function is no longer performing within the body:

a. Respiratory system

b. Cardiac Activity

c. Central nervous system activity

3. In the legal sense, death is considered to occur when all of the three above vital functions have ceased.

F. Presumptive signs and Test of Death

1. The following are few of the signs indicative of death:

A. Cessation of breathing and respiratory movement

B. Cessation of heart sounds

C.MLoss of placing of nail beds when pressure is applied in the fingernails is released.

Methods of Identification

a. DNA Analysis - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (de–ak–si–ri–bo–n(y)u–kle–ik) - is a chemical substance found in all cells of living organism whose
composition have been passed on from parents to offsprings. It is called as the genetic or hereditary material. A person’ s DNA is the SAME in
every cell. It is contained in blood, semen, skin cells, tissue, organs, muscle, brain cells, bone, teeth, hair, saliva etc.

b. Fingerprints - Fingerprint identification is the most positive and quickest method of ascertaining identity. However the prints of the deceased
may not be on file or may not be obtainable because of trauma, mutilation, incineration or decomposition. The sole clue maybe bone, a skull or a
few teeth.

c. Skeletal Studies - Examination of the skeleton may provide a basis for identification because of individual peculiarities such as old fractures and
presence of metal pins. Bones may also provide information about age, sex, and race.

d. Visual Inspection - Someone knowing the deceased person may recognize the victim. However, trauma, incineration, or decomposition may
render the features unrecognizable. In addition, a visual inspection without further verification has the advantage of possible subjective error or
deliberate false identification. Visual inspection combined with fingerprint evidence is a favored method for rapid identification.

e. Personal Effects - Identification of a victim by personal effects such as Jewelry, I.D. card, wallets, belts, shoes etc.

f. Tattoo and Scars - Identification scars, moles, tattoos, pockmarks or other markings may be helpful in identification, particularly in conjunction
with other findings.

g. Dental Evidences (Forensic Odontology) - Identification based on the examination of teeth (teeth charts, fillings, inlays crowns, bridgework,
dentures etc.) is valuable inasmuch as the teeth are probably the most durable part of the human body. There are probably no two people alive
with dentures that are completely identical in all respects. Dental evidence is legally recognized and accepted, if properly presented in court.

h. Clothing - Articles of clothing containing cleaner’ s mark, labels, initials, size, color, texture knitting, etc. have provided investigators with the
leads and even identification in most instances.

i.Photographs - Identification of victims has been made by publication in bulletins, circulars, television and other distribution media, artist sketches,
death mark and casts have likewise aided the police in identifying unknowns.

ROBBERY AND THEFT INVESTIGATION

Robbery. The law on robbery in the Philippines can be found on the following articles of the Revised Penal Code:

Article 293

Who are guilty of robbery?

Any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to another, by means of violence or intimidation of any person, or
using force upon anything shall be guilty of robbery.

Elements of Robbery:

1. Unlawful taking of personal property

2. The property must belong to another

3. The taking is done with violence against an intimidation of any person of force upon things

4. The taking is with intent to gain

Note the following:

Article 294 – Robbery with violence or intimidation of persons

Article 295 – Robbery with physical injuries committed in an uninhabited place and by band or the use of firearm on a street.

Article 297 – Attempted and frustrated robbery committed under certain circumstances.

Article 298 – Execution of deeds by means of violence or intimidation

Article 299 – Robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to worship – Any armed person who shall commit robbery in an
inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to religious worship – and if:

(a) The malefactors shall enter the house or building in which the robbery was committed, by any of the following means:

1. Through an opening not intended for entrance or egress

2. By breaking any wall, roof or floor or breaking any door or window

3. By using false key, padlocks or similar tools

4. By using fictitious name or pretending the exercise of public authority or if –

(b)The robbery be committed under any of the following circumstances:

1. By the breaking of doors, wardrobes, closets, or any other kind of locked or sealed furniture or receptacle.

2. By taking such furniture or objects away to be broken or forced open outside the place of the robbery.

• Article 302 – Robbery in an uninhabited place or in a private building

• Article 303 – Robbery of cereals, fruits or firewood in uninhabited place or private building.

Piracy – Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or taking away of the whole or part thereof of its cargo, equipment or the personal belonging of
its complement or passengers, irrespective of value thereof, by means of violence against or intimidation of person or foce upon things, committed
by any person, including a passenger or member of the complements of said vessel in Philippine waters, shall be considered as piracy. The offender
shall be considered as pirates.

Highway Robbery/Brigandage – The seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or other unlawful purposes, or the taking away of the property of
another by means of violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things of other unlawful means committed by any person or any
Philippine highway.

Aiding Pirates or Highway Robbers/ Brigands or Abetting Piracy or Highway Robbers/Brigands – Any person who knowingly and in any manner
aids or protects pirates or highway robbers/brigands, such as giving them information about the movement of police or other peace officers of the
government or acquire or receives property taken by such pirates or brigands or indirectly abets the commission of piracy or highway robbery or
brigandage, shall be considered as an accomplice of the principal offender.

Anti-Cattle Rustling Law of 1974 (Presidential Decree 533)

Cattle Rustling – Is the taking away by any means, methods or scheme, without the consent of the owner/raiser, of any of the above animals (cow,
carabao, horse, mule or other domesticated member of the bovine family) whether or not for profit or gain, or whether committed with or without
violence against or intimidation of any person or force upon things. It includes the killing of large cattle, or taking its meat or hide without the
consent of owner/raiser.

Anti-Fencing Law of 1979 (Presidential Decree 1612)

Fencing is the act of any person; who, with intent to gain, for himself or for another shall buy, posses, keep, acquire, conceal, sell or in any other
deal on any articles, items, objects or anything of value which he knows to have been derived form the proceeds of crime or robbery or theft.

Fence – include any person, firm, organization, association, or corporation or partnership and other organization who which commits the act of
fencing.

Types of Robbers
1. Amateurs – motivated by greed, want, the desire for a thrill, or need for self-testing.

2. Professionals – are described as those persons who worked at robbery as a trade making it their living and having no other means of income.

Style and Tactics in Robbery Cases

The identification in an armed robbery case often relates to the tactics and style of the robbery. Robbery has been categorized as having three
styles:

(1)The ambush – is the least planned of all and is based on the element of surprise

(2)The selective raid – involves a minimum of planning but some casing of the robbery scene

(3)The planned operation – is carefully structured and the robbery group examines all aspects of the situation, plans for all foreseeable
constingencies.

Physical Evidence to be Collected

1.Footprints; 2. Fingerprints; 3. Clothings – sometimes the robbers exchange their own jacket with that one found

4. If a window was broken is effecting entry, glass particles may be present in the trouser cuffs and pockets of suspect. Samples of broken glass
should be collected for possible future comparison in the event that a suspect is picked up.

5. Paint- If a crowbar has been used to force the window, paint may adhere to the tool. Paint samples should be taken for future comparison.

6. Tool marks; 7. Tools; 8. Some robbers are given to add behavior such as defecation on the floor, stealing fountain pen, eating candy or drinking
excessively from bottles found on the premises. The peculiarity of the behavior would be noted and check in modus operandi index.; 9. Cords and
ropes use.; 10. Firearms use.; 11. Get-away vehicle.; 12. Stolen articles/properties

KIDNAPPING

Kidnapping - a word derived from kid, meaning child and nap (nab) meaning snatch, recorded since 1673, was originally used as a term for the
practice of stealing children for use as servants or laborers in the American Colonies .It has come to mean any illegal capture or detention of a
person or people against their will, regardless of age. Since 1768 the term abduction has also been used in this sense.

Kidnapping for Ransom - Philippine jurisprudence defines kidnapping for ransom as “the unlawful taking and carrying away of a person by force or
fraud or against his will, or in any manner depriving him of his liberty for the purpose of extorting ransom as payment for his/her release.”

This is punishable under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines which provides that any individual who shall kidnap or detain another, or in any
manner deprive him of his liberty, shall suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death, if:

1. the kidnapping or detention shall have lasted more than five (5) days;

2. if it shall have been committed simulating public authority;

3. if any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained, or if threats to kill him shall have been
made; and

4. if the victim shall be minor, female or public officer.

Modus Operandi in Kidnapping

Kidnapping activity varies with the capability and resources of kidnappers to do surveillance, safekeeping and negotiation with their target group.
One common thing all KFRGs, however is that they have a well planned strategy of abduction process

Kidnappers usually start their activity in surveying trough an informer or sputter whose work is to locate targets for the group. To facilitate the
operation, a gang member is sometimes made to seek employment such as driver or household help or have a business transaction to gain access
and control of the victim. KFRG conducts a thorough study of bacModus Operandi in Kidnapping

However, most cases of kidnapping particularly those undertaken by criminal groups, revealed the following stages:
Spotting. The first step in planning a kidnapping operation is to come up with a shopping list of three to four possible targets that are capable of
paying a huge amount of ransom. Targets are usually businessmen of Chinese descent.

Surveillance. Targets are then subjected to a thorough surveillance and investigation. The investigation focused on the financial capability, home
address and place of work, phone numbers, complete description of the vehicle being used, travel routes, identities of household helpers, drivers
and employees, and personal security of potential targets

Risk analysis and target selection. After a thorough investigation, the group selects one of the targets, which present a lower risk and difficulty in
ransom negotiation. In some cases, the group selects the one whom the group had gathered the information first. In order to enhance precision in
their operation, some group send out members of the syndicate to apply as drivers, employees, and household helps to gain further access on the
target

Seizing of victim. The time allotted for forcibly taking the victim is usually two to three hours. The victim is usually forcibly taken on his/her way to
place of work or while going home after work. Most of the victims are successfully intercepted while crossing road intersections or traveling along
highly traveled streets.

Negotiation. Ransom demand may range from PhP1 million to PhP100 million, depending on the paying capacity of the victim and the operational
capability of the group. The weakest member of the victim's family is usually selected by the syndicate to act as negotiator, warning the latter not
to report the incident to the concerned police authorities.

Collection of ransom. After the ransom has been negotiated, the group will design a pay-off procedure. The ransom is usually brought to a
predesignated site. In some pay-off situations however, the ransom courier is usually instructed to bring along a cellular phone for ease of
communication during the actual pay-off. There were instances where couriers were given a round-the-bush before reaching the final pay-off
venue. Professional groups normally release the victims after the pay-off had been secured.

CRIMINAL DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

4. DEFINITIONS:

a. TRAFFIC – refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to
another for the purpose of travel.

b. ACCIDENT – is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage.

c. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.

d. MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – is any event that results in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of
a motor vehicle or its loads. Included are:

1. Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;

2. Fires;

3. Explosion;

4. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion;

5. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary rails or tracks;

6. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle is in motion.

Excluded are: 1. Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or water-craft in motion;

2. Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change of the earth surface); 3. Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not
under its power is being loaded on or unloaded from another conveyance.
e. MOTOR VEHICLE – is every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley
wires, but not operated upon rails.

f. TRAFFIC WAY – is the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes
of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.

g. ROADWAY – the portion of a traffic way which is improved, designed or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder.

h. KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.

i. DEBRIS – is the accumulation of broken parts of vehicles rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the accident by a collision.

j. SKID MARKS – are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels
locked.

k.SCUFF MARKS – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:

1. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.

e.g. ordinarily collision between automobiles on a highway.

2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way. e.g. accident on a
private driveway.

3. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation,
but not involving a motor vehicle in motion. e.g. pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY:

a. Property Damage Accident – is any motor vehicle accident where three is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle
or to other property including injury to animals.

b. Slight – accident causing slight damages to properties.

c. Non-Fata Injury Accident – any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries other than fatal to one or more persons.

c.1 Less Serious – accidents causing less serious injuries to persons.

c.2 Serious – causing serious injuries to persons.

d. Fatal – any motor vehicle accidents that results in death to one or more persons.

CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:

a. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS: b. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS:

1. Road conditions. 1. Speed is greater or less than safe.

2. Drivers’ attitude or behavior 2. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction)

3. Weather condition.

c. OPERATING FACTORS: d. PERCEPTION FACTORS:

1. Road hazards 1. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation. 2.

Driver’s faulty action to escape collision

2. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, course.

rules and regulations.

HAZARDS – A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit and another object develops due to the
movement of either or both. Example: A curve in the path is a hazard. Another traffic unit in the path is also a hazard.

SAFE SPEED – The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and traffic situation ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined
by the road rather than the particular driver of a vehicle. Example: A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it is a speed at which it can be
taken comfortably.

PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – Seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the unusual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as
a sight of an accident about to happen

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT:

a. Perception of hazard – is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as
sign of the accident about to happen.

b. Start of evasive action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.

c. Initial Contact – is a first accidental touching of an object collision course of otherwise avoid a hazard.

d. Maximum Engagement – is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision the force between the traffic unit and the object collided with - are greatest
at maximum engagement.

e. Disengagement – is separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided. Force between the object ceases at this time.

f. Stopping – is coming to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation.

g. Injury – is receiving bodily harm.

POINT OF NO ESCAPE – is that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.

FINAL POSITION – is the place and time when objects involved in an accident finally come to rest without application of power.

12. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT

a. Uniform traffic Accident Reporting System.

b. Preparation of Traffic Accident report

1. By a competent bonafide traffic accident investigator.

2. Requirements for an investigator in the submission of report such as evidence gathered, diagrams, sketches as well as sworn statements
of witnesses.

3. Traffic Accident Investigation Report will be accomplished in five (5) copies:

3.1. For the Court or Prosecutor’s Office;

3.2. For TRAFCOM;

3.3. For the Investigator

3.4. For the Insurance company of Party-involved #1; and

3.5. For the Insurance company of Party-involved #2.

SKIDMARKS: AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

SKIDMARKS - The sudden application of brakes which results in the locked wheel condition places such a great pressure between the brake shoe
and the brake drum that the frictional force at this point becomes greater than the frictional force between the tire and the road surface. When
this condition exists, the wheels skid.

One of the main reasons for studying and measuring skid marks at the scene of a traffic accident is to get some idea how fast the car
which left these marks was going prior to the accident.

Estimates of speed based on skid marks sometimes lead to convictions in connection with an accident. On the other hand, knowing how
to estimate speed correctly may help to keep an innocent person from being convicted.

For example, skid marks 80 feet long were measured at an accident scene. A test skid made 20 miles per hour showed 20 feet long skid
marks.

It was argued in court that with skid marks 20 feet long from a speed of 20 miles per hour, the car must be going 80 miles per hour to
leave 80 feet skid marks. The driver was unjustly convicted. His actual speed was more nearly half of that, or 40 miles per hour.

SKIDMARKS DO NOT SHOW ALL THE SPEED

Skid marks never show all of the speed of a car before the accident happened. They show only how far the car would have had to slide to stop in
the distance shown by skid marks.

1. SLIDING WITH ONE OR MORE WHEELS BEFORE ANY SKIDMARKS BEGIN TO APPEAR.

Dark clear skid marks do not appear until the tires have slid far enough to got hot enough to smear rubber or scar on the pavement. This is less
true on such materials as gravel and dirt.

2. BRAKING WITHOUT SKIDDING

Before sliding begins

During gaps

After marks and before the car comes to rest

Usually, braking just the wheels start to slide actually shows the car more than after the wheels starts to slide.

3. DRAGGING THE CAR AS IT HITS SOME OBJECT

The crumpling ands mashing some of parts of the car slows the car down rapidly.

4. DAMAGING OTHER CARS OR OBJECTS

5. SLIDING OTHER CARS OR OBJECTS ALONG THE ROADWAY.

6. VAULTING OR BOUNCING UP INTO THE AIR.

HIT AND RUN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

The objectives of the investigation of motor vehicle accident involving the flight of one of the participants in are two fold. First, responsibility for
the collision must be determined and secondly, the identity of the driver of the vehicle who fled the scene must be established.

Hit and Run Case

Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties required
(Sec. 55 of RA 4136). Further, it states that no driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the scene of the accident
without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances:

a) If the driver is imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of the accident;

b) If the driver reports the accident to the nearest officers of the law; or

c) If the driver has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN CASES

a. You must prove suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if you have witnesses to prove this, get evidence to
disprove his alibi.

b. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury or damage to property.

c. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identify to other person (s) involved, to police or to anyone at the accident scene;
or failed to take reasonable steps to notify the owner of damaged property other than a vehicle. Do not overlook the possibility of a simulated
second accident to explain damaged caused by the first accident.

d. Suspect had knowledge of the accident.

1. Physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.

2. Extent of damage to vehicle. Extensive damage to vehicle would preclude allegation of lack of knowledge. If suspect refrained from
using his vehicle for several days since the accident, this would also indicate the guilt.

3. Guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.

CRIMINAL DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

Drug – is a chemical substance used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse.

Chemical – is any substance taken into the body that alters the way and the mind and the body work.

Chemical Abuse – is an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative or harmful consequences.

Narcotic Drug – refers to illegally used drugs or dangerous drugs, which are either prohibited or regulated drugs. It also refers to drugs that
produces sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its depressant effect on the CNS. The term Narcotic comes from the Greek word “narcotikos”. It
is sometimes known as “opiates”.

Drug Abuse – is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.

Drug Addiction – refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.

Drug Dependence – refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that
drug. WHO defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a drug.

Physical Dependence – an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals it self by development of intense physical symptoms when the
drug is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).

Psychological Dependence – an attachment to drug use that arises from a drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an
individual.

Tolerance – is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.

Pusher – any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another, distribute, transport any dangerous drug.

Use - the act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous drugs. The means of introducing the dangerous drug into the physiological system of the body.

Administer – the act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person with or without his knowledge.

Manufacture – the production, preparation, compounding or processing a dangerous drug either directly or indirectly or by extraction from
substances of natural origin or by chemical synthesis.

Drug Experimenter – one who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotic substances for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure, or other
similar reasons.
Drug Syndicate – It is a network of illegal drug operations operated and manned carefully by groups of criminals who knowingly traffic through
nefarious trade for personal or group profit.

Drug Abuse Jargons

“Opiate” - Narcotic

“On-the-Nod/ “Nodding” - the state produced by opiates like being suspended on the edge of sleep.

“Mainline’/ “to shoot” - injecting a drug into the vein

“A Hit” - the street slang for injection of drugs

“Work” - an apparatus for injecting a drug

“A Fix” - one injection of opiate

“Juni” - heroin

“Junkie” - an opiate addict

“Skin popping” - to inject a drug under the skin

“A Bag” - a pocket of drug

“Cold Turkey” - the withdrawal effect that occurs after a repeated opiate use

“Track” - scars on the skin left from the repeated injection of opiate

“Overdose” - death occurs because the part of the brain that controls breathing becomes paralyzed.

“Speed” - amphetamines

“Speed Freaks” - amphetamine addicts

“Uppers” - street slang for amphetamines

“Rush” - the beginning of a high

“High” - under the influence of drugs

“Coke” - street slang for cocaine

“Flashback” - user can be thrown back into the drug experience months after the original use of drug.

“Acid” - slang term for LSD

“Acid Head” - LSD user

“Drop” - taking drug orally

“Joint” - an MJ Cigar

“Roach” - butt end of a joint

“Stoned” - the intoxicating effect of a drug

“Trip” - the name for the reaction that is caused by drugs

“Head” - drug user

“Downer” - street slang for depressant

DRUGS

A drug, as defined, is a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for
abuse. Without an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be harmful.

A. THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS

These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight
and height and should not be taken by anyone else. It is a personal requirement and self-medication that should be strictly avoided. The pharmacist
should never allow the consumer to request them knowingly without first consulting a doctor.

B. THE OVER - THE COUNTER - DRUGS (OTC)

These are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization from a doctor. They
are use to treat minor and short term illnesses and any persistent condition should be immediately referred to a physician. It should be strongly
emphasized that “directions” be closely followed and all precautions necessarily taken to avoid complications.

C. The “Self-Medication Syndrome”

The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources of information are people or literature
other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers. These could be members of the family, relatives, and/or neighbors, all of whom may have
previously used the drug for their specific disease or disorder. Self-medication may work against the good of the user because it can lead to
intoxication and other adverse reactions.

HOW DRUGS WORK?

Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface of a cell or in the extracellular fluids of the body. Similar to normal body chemicals, a drug
enters a cell and participates in a few steps of the normal sequence of a cellular process. Thus, drugs may later, interfere with or replace chemicals
of normal cellular life, hopefully for the betterment of the person. The actual action of a particular drug depends on its chemical make-up.

The amount of drug in a dose can be described as:

1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

3. Toxic dose – amount of d rug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning

4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual who improperly uses it

5. Lethal dose – amount of drug that will cause death

HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

The common methods of administration are the following:

1. Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever possible. There are however, drugs, which cannot be
administered this way because they are readily destroyed by the digestive juices or because they irritate the mucous lining of the gastro-intestinal
tract and induce vomiting.

2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral method. It makes use of a needle or other device to
deliver the drugs directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.

3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the mucous of the
respiratory tract.

4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous membrane.

5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of electric current for local effect.

A drug may cause effects because of any of the following:

1. Overdose – when too much of a drug in taken, there may be an over extension of its effects.

2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure,
suffocation and death.

3. Idiosyncrasy – for unexplained reasons, morphine, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some women some maniacal. Perhaps
the phrase “catty woman” has pharmacological basis since most mammals are sedated by morphine but some cats become extremely excited by it.

4. General Protoplasmic Poison Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of being general protoplasmic poisons.

5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect in the other organ may
constitute a side effect, which is unwanted.

Concept of Drug Abuse

The term Drug Abuse most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social
functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.

Concept of Drug Dependence

Drug abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence. Drug dependence, which is sometimes called drug addiction, is defined by basic three
characteristics (Groiler, 1995).

The users continue to take a drug over an extended period of time. Just the long this period is dependent on the drug and the user.

Concept of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in respect of a drug. He consumes the drug repeatedly leaving
aside all values of life. In other words a drug addict will resort to crime even, to satisfy his repeated craving for the drug. The effects of addiction
are mainly deteriorative personality Changes. They include insomnia, instability, lack of self-confidence especially when not under the influence of
drug. The addict can not concentrate on any work. He avoids social contacts. Slowly, mentally, physically, and morally he becomes from bad to
worse and a burden to the society.

One or more of the following attributes characterizes drug addiction:

1. Compulsion/ Uncontrollable Craving – the addict feels a compulsive craving to take drug repeatedly and tries to procure the same by any means.

2. Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce the same effect as to that of the original effect.

3. Addiction – the addict is powerless to quit drug use.

4. Physical Dependence – the addict’s physiological functioning is altered. The body becomes sick, inactive and incapable of carrying out useful
activity in the absence of the drug. The withdrawal syndromes will occur once the drug use is stopped.

5. Psychological Dependence – Emotional and mental discomfort exist to the individual. The drug addict feels he can not do without the drug,
consequently if he does not take the drug his mental processes are affected. He can not carryout his work efficiently.

6. Withdrawal Syndrome – The addict becomes nervous and restless when he does not get the drug. After about 12 hours, he starts sweating. His
nose and eyes becomes watery and continue doing so increasingly for another twelve hours. It is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite
and sleep. Respiration, blood pressure and body temperature also rises. This will continue up to three days. After which, the trouble starts
subsiding and most of it is gone in about a week’s time. Complete recovery takes place in three to six months.

CAUSES/INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE

A. Biological Factors
There are some reasons or pre-existing induced biological abnormalities of chemicals, physiological or structural in nature that induced a person to
take drugs. The following are some to consider:

1. Individual ‘s general health – there are several diseases that easily make a person become a drug abuser. Examples are fatigue, chronic cough,
insomnia, and discomfort.

2.It is believe that drug has the special power to prevent or to increase sexual capacity.

3. One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an inherited defect in the production of endorphin, similar to morphine. A deficiency of the
substance leads to bodily discomfort. With the use of the morphine, this feeling is induced. According to theory, a person who uses morphine has
the physiological abnormality where endorphin production is less. The drugs when we use the body cells work actively.

B. Common Causation of Drug Abuse

1.Children of broken home easily join peer groups as substitutes to their lost family solidarity.

2.To strike and over protectiveness of parents. 3. For curiosity – eagerness to know what they have not experienced.

4. To assert their independence. 5. To rebel from parental authority.

C. Factors in Youthful Drug Abuse

(Psychological, mental health, family conditions)

1. Motives and Attitudes

Psychologically speaking, in terms of motives and function of drug use, some of which may not be recognized by users themselves. The more a drug
is used, the more it tends to satisfy more than one motive or need.

Recent surveys of college drug use have induces the students reasons for drug use.

2. Personality and Pathology

This psychology has been described as follows:

1. Chronic, low-grade depression. 2. Smoldering, tense and restlessness. 3. A sense of not being taken seriously. 4. Narcissism or egocentricity. 5.
Preoccupation with issues or identity, autonomy, and freedom of expression. 6. Repeated dwelling on drug taking and its effects. 7. Difficulty in
interpersonal relations.

3. Family Background

The kinds of personality disturbances found in some young addicts and heads cannot, in the current state of knowledge, be identified as brain
damage or schizophrenia. It is more in the manner of character disorder. And the behavior may be the result of inadequate socialization, condition
of child rearing and family interaction. The few available facts about families of young abuser lend credence to this idea.

D. The Psycho-Social Factors

1. Personality Disorder - Drug abuse is a manifestation of an underlying character of personality disorder. Thus majority of the drug users are
fundamentally immature, emotionally childish, insecure or are suffering from problems of adolescence.

2. Social Disorder - A sign or symptom of family problem involving parent – child relationship, peer pressures, unethical values.

E. Other Factors

1. Ignorance, curiosity 2. Laxity of government and other authorities 3. Mass media influence 4. Nature of society resulting in the increased violent
behavior for youth.

Group Classifications of Drug Abusers

1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an important work. Such individual may or may
not exhibit psychological dependence.
2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks’, an adventurous daring experience, or as a means of fun. There may be some degree of
psychological dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.

3. Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug experience and securing supplies. They show strong
psychological dependence on the drug.

4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

F. The 7 Deadly Sins - Primary Causes of Drug Abuse

1. Pride – excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense of self-importance.

2. Anger - unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, his friends or the society in general.

3. Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.

4. Gluttony – “food trip” in the lingo of junkies

5. Greed – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art, such as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge
in drug abuse.

6. Envy – to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest envy is a major cause of drug abuse.

7. Laziness –“ I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve – the breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom coupled with poor self-image.

THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION

A. The 1st Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest

Turkey - preparation for distribution

Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine

U.S. - Marketing

B. The 2nd Major Drug Traffic Route

A. Drugs that originates from the Golden Triangle

Burma/Myanmar

Laos Thailand

B. Drugs that originates from the Golden Crescent

- Iran

- Afghanistan

- Pakistan

- India

C. World’s Drug Scene

1. Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90% percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It
is also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin.

2. Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at
least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
3. Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also considered as the transit
country for cocaine from South America to European markets.

4. Spain – major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe – known as “the paradise of drug users in Europe”.

5. South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the sources of all cocaine supply in the world.

6. Morocco – the number one producer of cannabis in the world. (2003 to 2006)

7. Philippines – the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs such as shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South
America. The second world’s supplier of MJ and the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.

8. India – center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.

9. Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for
drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.

10. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.

11. China – the transit route for heroin from “Golden Triangle” to H.K.

12. Hong Kong – the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.

13. Japan – the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from U. S. and Europe.

D. Organized Crime Groups behind the Global Drug Scene

Columbian Medellin Cartel

Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the
top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.

The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The Columbian government succeeded in
containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the people behind the organization. This further resulted to
the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.

Cali Cartel

The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel - the newly emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto Rodriquez Orajuela –
Don Chepe - “the chess player” heads the syndicated organization. Under him, the Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal
organization in the world.

The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called the best and the brightest of the modern underworld. “ They are
professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and nearly impenetrable” – US - Drug Enforcement Agency.

The Chinese Triad

The Chinese Triad is also called the Chinese Mafia – the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world. It is believed to be the
controller of the “Golden Triangle”.

Drug Syndicates in the Philippines

The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and the 14K based
in Hong Kong. The Bamboo Gang is the influence of the Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14K is the newest among the triads families
established only in 1947.

The Depressants (Downers)

1. Narcotics - are drugs, which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor. Medically, they are potent painkillers, cough depressants
and as an active component of anti-diarrheal preparations. Opium and it derivatives like morphine, codeine and heroin, as well as the synthetic
opiates, meperidine and methadone, are classified as narcotics.

2. Opium – derived from a poppy plant – Papaver somniferum popularly known as “gum”, “gamot”, “kalamay” or “panocha”.

3. Morphine - most commonly used and best used opiate. Effective as a painkiller six times potent than opium, with a high dependence –
producing potential. Morphine exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes, and mental clouding.

4. Heroin – is three to five times more powerful than morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting opium derivative. With
continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days. It may be sniffed on swallowed but is usually injected in the veins.

6. Codeine – a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations. These cough medicines have been widely abused by the
young whenever hard narcotics are difficult to obtain. Withdrawal symptoms are less severe than other drugs.

7.Paregoric – a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Commonly used as a household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.

8.Demerol and Methadone – common synthetic drugs with morphine – like effects. Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while
methadone is the drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.

9.Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress, and insomnia. They are also of value in the
treatment of epilepsy and hypertension. They are available in capsules, pills or tablets, and taken orally or injected.

10.Seconal – commonly used among hospitality girls. Sudden withdrawal from these drugs is even more dangerous than opiate withdrawal. The
dependent develops generalized convulsions and delirium, which are frequently associated with heart and respiratory failure.

11.Tranquilizers – are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in the treatment of nervous states and some mental disorders
without producing sleep.

12.Volatile Solvents – gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as “gas”, “teardrops”. Examples are plastic glues, hair spray, finger nail
polish, lighter fluid, rugby, paint, thinner, acetone, turpentine gasoline, kerosene, varnishes and other aerosol products. They are inhaled by the
use plastic bags, handkerchief or rags soaked in these chemicals.

13. Alcohol – the king of all drugs with potential for abuse. Most widely used, socially accepted and most extensively legalized drug
throughout the world. In the field of medicine, it is “valuable” as disinfectant, as an external remedy for reducing high fever among children, and as
preservative and solvent for pharmaceutical preparations like elixirs, spirits and tincture.

The Stimulants (Uppers)

1. Amphetamines – used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild depression and treatment

2. Cocaine – taken orally, injected or sniffed as to achieve euphoria or an intense feeling of “highness”.

3. Caffeine – it is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and some wake-up pills.

5. Shabu/ “poor man’s cocaine” – chemically known as methamphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and sometimes called
“upper” or “speed”. It is white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste. It can be taken orally, inhaled (snorted), sniffed
(chasing the dragon) or injected.

6. Nicotine – an active component in tobacco, which acts as a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system. A drop of pure nicotine can
easily kill a person.

The Hallucinogens (Psychedelic)

1. Marijuana – It is the most commonly abused hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be grown extensively in the country. Many users
choose to smoke marijuana for relaxation in the same way people drink beer or cocktail at the end of the day. The effects of marijuana include a
feeling of grandeur. It can also produce the opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.

2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – This drug is the most powerful of the psychedelics obtained from ergot, a fungus that attacks rye kernels. LSD
is 1, 000 times more powerful than marijuana as supply, large enough for a trip can be taken from the glue on the flab of an envelope, from the
paste of a postage stamp, or from the hidden areas inside one’s clothes. LSD causes perceptual changes so that the user sees colors, shapes, or
objects more intensely than normal and may have hallucinations of things that are not real. To him real objects seem to change, buildings seem to
be crackling open, and walls pulsating. He experiences frequent bizarre hallucinations, loss spatial perceptions, personality diffusion and changes in
values. Usually, users perceive distortion of time, colors, sounds and depth. They experience “scent” music and sounds in “colors”.

3. Peyote – Peyote is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor and its user suffers from nausea.
This drug causes no physical dependence and, therefore, no withdrawal symptoms, although in some cases psychological dependence has been
noted.

4. Mescaline – It is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can also be synthesized in the laboratory. It produces less
nausea than peyote and shows effects resembling those of LSD although milder in nature. One to two hours after the drug is taken in a liquid or
powder form, delusions begin to occur. Optical hallucinations follow one upon another in rapid succession. These are accompanied by imperfect
coordination and perception with a sensation of impeded motion, and a marked sense that time is still standing. Mescaline does not cause physical
dependence.

5. STP – It is a take-off on the motor oil additive. It is a chemical derivative of mescaline claimed to produce more violent and longer effects than
mescaline dose. Its effects are similar to the nerve gas used in chemical warfare. It is less potent than LSD although its effects are similar to those of
psychedelics.

6. Psilocybin – This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms are used by Mexican Indians today. These mushrooms induced nausea,
muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions of bright colors and shapes, and other hallucinations. These effects may last for four to five hours
and later may be followed by depressions, laziness, and complete loss of time and space perceptions.

7. Morning Glory Seeds – The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to produce hallucinations. The seeds are
ground into flour, soaked in cold water, then strained though a cloth and drunk. They are sold under the names of “heavenly blues”, “flying
dancers’, and “pearly gates”. The active ingredient in the seed is similar to LSD although less potent. The reactions are likened to those resulting
from LSD. Prolonged psychosis is also one of its effects.

COMMON EFFECTS/SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE

Buy-Bust Operations

a. Concept: It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of apprehending a criminal in the act of the
commission of the offense. Entrapment has received judicial sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional and legal safeguards.

b. Planning and Preparation: The operation must be preceded by an intensive surveillance, casing, or other intelligence operations and
gathering, evaluation and timely dissemination. Intelligence must be evidence-based and shall be supported by documents such as summaries of
info, maps, sketches, affidavits and sworn statements.

Mobile Checkpoint Operations

a. Concept: No other forms of checkpoints other than mobile checkpoints are authorized for drug enforcement and prevention operations.
They shall be established only in conjunction with on-going operations/situation or when there is a need to arrest a criminal.

b. Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after
surveillance or after casing reports.

c. Conduct of Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on checkpoint operations.