ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

The engine lubrication system is to distribute oil to the moving parts to reduce friction between
surfaces. Lubrication plays a key role in the life expectancy of an automotive engine . If the
lubricating system fail, an engine would succumb to overheating and seizing very quickly. An oil
pump is located on the bottom of the engine. The oil is pulled through a strainer, by the oil
pump, removing larger contaminants from the mass of the fluid. The oil then forced through an
oil filter under pressure to the main bearings and the oil pressure gauge. It is important to note
that not all filters perform the same. A filter’s ability to remove particles is dependent upon many
factors, including the media material (pore size, surface area and depth of filter), the differential
pressure across the media, and the flow rate across the media. From the main bearings, the oil
passes into drilled passages in the crankshaft and the big-end bearings of the connecting rod.
The oil fling dispersed by the rotating crankshaft lubricates the cylinder walls and piston-pin
bearings. The excess oil is scraped off by the scraper rings on the piston. The engine oil also
lubricates camshaft bearings and the timing chain or gears on the camshaft drive. The excess
oil in the system then drains back to the sump.

ENGINE OIL

Superior quality engine oil is formulated with the high quality base oil and advanced technology
based additive package to provide protection for automotive engines in severe service
applications.
SAE Stands for the Society of Automotive Engineers, based in the U.S.A.The SAE grade
specifies the most important parameters for engine oil mainly its viscosity. The SAE viscosity
classification defines mainly viscosity limits at high and low temperature for any grade of
lubricants. The SAE grade guide us to the right viscosity for different outside temperatures.
Grades marked ‘w’ stand for winter are at a temperature below 0 0C.
API stands for the American Petroleum Institute. This body has specified the performance
standards that oils used in road vehicles should meet . For oils to use in passenger car
engines, the letters API are followed by a set of two letters such as SM, etc. Service Levels for
 passenger car oils or ‘S’ indicates for Spark Ignition Engine. These specified performance
levels have evolved through the years, from API SA to SN,
Similarly, the API designates the performance of diesel engine oils with a letter sequence such
as API CF-4.’C’ indicates for commercial or compression ignition engine. Automotive gear oils
they use API GL-4.API GL-5 etc.
The highest API for commercial engine oils (diesel oils) today is API CJ-4.

Journal Bearings

If the crankshaft journals get worn, the engine will be having very low oil pressure and will throw oil all over inside
the engine. The unnecessary splash will overcome the rings and can cause the engine to use that oil. Simply
replacing the bearing inserts can restore the worn bearing surfaces. In well maintained engine, bearing wear take
places instantly after a cold start because there is less or no oil film between the shaft and bearing. At the time
that enough automotive lubricants is dispersed through the hydrodynamic lubrication system apparent and stops
the bearing wear progress.

Piston rings - cylinder

A sliding seal avoiding leakage of the air mixture or fuel is provided by piston rings. It gets weaken into the oil
sump while combustion and compression from the combustion chamber. On other hand, from leaking into the
combustion area they keep oil in the sump, where it will be burned and lost. Those cars that burn oil and have to
be added, a quart at every 1,500 miles are flaming it because the rings get no longer to be sealed properly.
Hydrodynamic lubrication prevails in the center of the cylinder wall and the piston rings of the good maintained
car, essential for the very lower wear and friction. The thickness of the film becomes assorted and minimal
lubrication may exist where the piston will stop to redirect on the top and bottom of the dead centre.
To analyze or realize well head transfer from the piston to the cylinder, a finest sealing, a minimal thickness of film
and a minimum of oil burning is desirable. Oil controlling ring keeps minimal the thickness of film. This is ring is
located after the piston rings so that the surplus oil directly scraped down to the sump. To lubricate the following
ring the oil film left on the cylinder wall by the passage of this ring will be available.

Oil degradation results by the air mixture or leakage of the fuel which exhaust from the combustion chamber into
the oil sump. That is why, frequent replenish of oil despites, oil change will remain essential or it can also become
more essential.
Picture, engine lubricating scheme: Machinery Lubrication Magazine.

There are basically two types of oil systems in vehicles, both of which sound like types of

walruses or something: wet sump and dry sump .

Most cars use a wet sump system. (The more you say it, the weirder it sounds. Wet sump. Wet

sump.) That means the oil pan is at the bottom of the engine , and the oil is stored there.

The advantage of a wet sump system is its simplicity. The oil is close to where it will be used,

there aren't too many parts to engineer or repair, and it's relatively cheap to build into a car.

Some cars, especially high-performance cars, use a dry sump system. That means the sump

isn't underneath the engine -- in fact, it can be located anywhere within the engine
compartment. After Oliver does his job in the engine, he doesn't just drip into the lounge. He

goes to the VIP room away from the dance floor.

A dry sump system gets you a couple of bonuses: First, it means the engine can sit a little lower,

which gives the car a lower center of gravity and improves stability at speed. Second, it keeps

extra oil from soaking the crankshaft, which can lower horsepower . And, since the sump can be

located anywhere, it can also be any size and shape.

Two-stroke engines , by the way, use a completely different type of technology. Scooters, lawn

mowers and other two-stroke machines have the oil mixed right in with the gasoline. When

the gasoline evaporates in the combustion process, the oil is left behind to do its slick business.

Oil Breakdowns
Engine oils are subject to several types of failures. Contamination poses a
significant problem within engines. Environmental contaminants can expedite the
process of oxidation and cause premature filter plugging. Fuel contamination can
lower the viscosity of the oil, leading to boundary conditions within the engine's
moving parts. Glycol (antifreeze) contamination does the opposite, increasing
viscosity so the oil doesn't flow as well into places that require thinner
oil. Overheating and long drain intervals can also hasten the degradation of the oil
and result in oxidation and poor lubricity.
In addition, additive shearing can create engine lubrication problems. Over time,
VI improvers are sheared down, reducing the oil's viscosity at operating
temperatures. The AW and dispersants/detergents are no different. They become
depleted, and the remaining molecules are not as effective. An oil change is then
needed. This can be caused by extended drain intervals and poor maintenance.
When it comes to engines, the same principles of lubrication apply. The lubricating
film must be maintained to ensure proper operating conditions and to achieve the
maximum life of the engine's components. Changing oil regularly and sustaining
appropriate fluid levels are the keys to overall engine health and lifespan.