1Unit 1 - Step 1 Electromagnetic theory

Jhon Erik Laguna Cuartas

Febrero 2018.

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD.

Electromagnetic and wave theory
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Contenidos

Capítulo 1 Solution of questions asked ……………………………………………………1

 Chapter 1

Solution of questions asked

1) Explain the importance to consider the Skin Deep in medical treatments

Every day the treatments are improved by means of laser and radio technologies, for

example radio therapy to treat cancer by means of high frequencies, treatments against

skin cancer.

2) Make a graphic explaining at least three modes of electromagnetic wave propagation,

including a brief explanation about these.

Magnetic transverse mode (TM)

It is a mode of propagation where the magnetic field is always transverse to the direction

of propagation, but there is a component of the electric field in the direction of

propagation

The mode of the electromagnetic field that involves a single component of the magnetic

field and the two components of the electric field perpendicular to it; for example, the

component x of the magnetic field and the components y and z of the electric field.
Transverse Electrical Mode (TE)

It is a propagation mode where the magnetic field is always transverse, but there is a

component of the magnetic field in the direction of propagation

Electromagnetic transverse mode (TEM)

The transverse mode of an electromagnetic wavefront is the profile of the

electromagnetic field in a plane perpendicular (transverse) to the propagation direction of

the beam. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a

waveguide, as well as light confined in an optical fiber and in the optical resonator of a

laser.

3) Can the human tissue change its conductivity because of a disease? Explain

Yes, Fear, anger, illnesses or sexual feelings generate changes in the electrical resistance

of the skin. The changes in conductivity in the skin depend on certain types of sweat

glands that are abundant in the hands and fingers.

4) Using the electromagnetic spectrum, select a frequency used in medical treatment and

explain how it is used and select a frequency used in wireless transmission and explain its

application
X-ray (30 EHz)

The term X-ray designates electromagnetic radiation, invisible to the human eye, capable

of traversing opaque bodies and printing photographic films. The current digital systems

allow the obtaining and visualization of the radiographic image directly in a computer

without the need to print it. The wavelength is between 10 to 0.01 nanometers,

corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 to 30000 PHz (from 50 to 50000 times

the frequency of visible light). 30 EHZ

The collision of the electrons with the anodes (which are generally made of tungsten)

causes an X-ray photon. The entire tube is protected except for a small opening that

allows the rays to escape in a single beam with great concentration. This concentrated ray

travels through space until it comes in contact with the tissue.

In our body, the soft tissue can not absorb the high energy rays and these pass by long.

High density material, like bones, absorb radiation. The rays then pass through the

detector of the film, which works like a camera. The black areas are the exposed areas,

representing the rays that have passed through the soft tissue, while the white areas are

those that were not exposed, where the rays were absorbed by the tissue. Finally, the

image is represented on a computer.

5) Define the following concepts and give an example of a practical application where

they are used:

Power loss: This happens when there is an interference by the transmission medium

either physical or wireless, an example of this is when there are electrical equipment near

the transmission media, which generate noise and power losses occur

Coupled transmission lines

It is defined that a transmission line is coupled when its input impedance is equal to the

output impedance. The characteristic impedance of a line depends on the permittivity,

permeability, frequency and geometry of the line

Load impedance

Component that demands current or power from an electrical circuit.

If the load impedance is equal to the output impedance, an Impedance Coupling is

presented, so the current transfer is maximum and equal for both elements.

Reflection

Reflection of a wave is called the change of direction experienced when it hits a smooth

and polished surface without changing the medium of propagation.

If reflection occurs on a rough surface, the wave is reflected in all directions and is called

diffusion.
Refraction

Refraction is the change of direction and speed that a wave experiences when passing

from one medium to another with different refractive index. It only occurs if the wave

strikes obliquely on the separation surface of the two media and if they have different

refractive indices.
 Conclutions

With this work we could understand the behavior of electromagnetic waves when they

are transmitted by different means of transmission, we learned how to identify when a

medium is coupled and the possible causes that are affecting the transmission line when it

is not coupled.