Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chandra Prakash
Assistant Professor
LPU
The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the
same frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighbouring cells as that would
cause co-channel interference. This increased the capacity in a cellular
network.
Cont…
• In a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between
cells which reuse the same frequency.
• The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be
used in the network.
• It is 1/K where K is the number of cells which cannot use the same
frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse
factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12 depending on
notation).
Generations of Cellular Mobile
Communication
Cellular mobile communication has generations:
– Generation (0)
– Generation # 1
– Generation #2
– Generation #2.5
– Generation #3
– Generation #4
Generation 0 (0g)
• Radio Telephone -1945
Radio signals that 1G networks use are analog [routines for sending
voice] ,
Mostly telephony only:
Virtually no data capability other than special device with analog
modem.
In 1G network, voice calls were simply modulated to a higher
frequency, typically to 150MHz and up.
No International roaming
All systems are incompatible
Little capacity – cannot accommodate masses of subscribers
This generation is now mostly obsolete.
First Generation Technology
• 1G system deployed in US and canada was known as AMPS.
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
– AMPS is an analog cellular phone system using FDMA.
– A total of 40MHz of spectrum was allocated from the 800MHz band by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS.
– It was first deployed in Chicago, with a service area of 2100 square miles .
– AMPS offered 832 full duplex channels, with a data rate of 10 kbps.
– Although omnidirectional antennas were used in the earlier AMPS implementation, it was
realized that using directional antennas would yield better cell reuse.
– A 7-cell reuse pattern was adopted for AMPS.
– Designed for grade of service (GoS) of 2% blocking.
GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 MHz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 MHz
GSM 1900
GSM450
Security in GSM
On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead of IMSI.
SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the ownership of SIM
3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation
Personal Communication System
Cellular System vs. Personal Communication
System/Network (PCS/PCN)
Constant connectivity
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
SGSN: A Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for the delivery of data packets from
and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area.
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node is responsible for the interworking between the
GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet and X.25 networks.
ARCHITECTURE
The Gateway GPRS Support Node is the ―last port of call‖ in the GPRS
The GGSN is basically a gateway, router and firewall rolled into one.
GPRS in INDIA
BPL Mobile
Bharti Cellular
Hutchison Max
Hutchison Essar
Idea Cellular
GPRS characteristics
GPRS uses packet switched resource allocation
• resources allocated only when data is to be sent/received
• Flexible channel allocation
• one to eight time slots
• available resources shared by active users
• up and down link channels reserved separately
• GPRS and circuit switched GSM services can use same
time slots alternatively
Traffic characteristics suitable for GPRS
• Intermittent, bursty data transmissions
• Frequent transmissions of small volumes of data
• Infrequent transmission of larger volumes of data
Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE)
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution )
Referred as Enhanced GPRS or EGPRS
Inherits all features from GSM and GPRS.
Only difference is instead of binary (Gaussian minimum-shift keying)GMSK ,
it uses 8-PSK modulation (Phase-shift keying ) which triple the capacity
compared to GSM.
EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology
EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be made in GSM core
networks. EDGE-compatible transceiver units must be installed and the base
station subsystem needs to be upgraded to support EDGE.
UMTS
Offers voice and data services the same as EDGE
Services offered will be classed into one of the following
Global
Satellite
Suburban
Urban
In-Building
Micro-Cell Pico-Cell
Macro-Cell
GSM Evolution to UMTS
Convergence of media, data & telecom
Contents
Internet • Video on-demand
• Interactive video services
• Internet access • Radio and television
• E-mail • Entertainment services
• Real-time images transfer • Location based services
• Multimedia documents transfer
UMTS
Telecommunications
• Mobility
• Circuit switching services
• Packet switching services
UMTS Basic Architecture Release 99
ME PSTN/ISDN
MS Circuit Domain
BTS BSC
MSC/VL GMSC
GSM BSS R Other PLMN
HLR
UE
Node B RNC INTERNET
ME SGSN GGSN
UTRAN Packet Domain
INTRANETS
Digital system with voice over-IP (VOIP) technology. That is, the services
are integrated into all IP network.
What is 4G?
• Fourth Generation Technology
– Faster and more reliable
– 100 Mb/s
– Lower cost than previous generations
– Multi-standard wireless system
– Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless
– Ad Hoc Networking
– IPv6 Core
– OFDM used instead of CDMA
– Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
– Most information is proprietary
Fourth Generation Technology
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was
in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP
network.
4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of
streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching
over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.