IDENTIFICATION OF GEOTHERMAL PROSPECTS BASED
ON FFD (FAULT AND FRACTURE DENSITY): CASE STUDY
RANAU LAKE, SOUTH SUMATRA
Zuhaida Jasmine Zahari, Yosua Putra Pamuji, Ugi Kurnia Gusti, Anju Goldmoreast Marbun
Student of Geology Engineering, Sriwijaya University
Srijaya Negara Street, Bukit Besar, Palembang, South Sumatra
e-mail: jasminezahari9340@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Geothermal areas of Ranau are located in two provinces, Lampung
and South Sumatra, exactly at the border of Lampung Regency and South
Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. This area is characterized by the presence
of active manifestations of hot water that indicate hydrothermal activity.
The heat source in the Ranau complex is thought to originate from Mount
Seminung, which is located in the western part of Lake Ranau. The
presence of hot springs around the Ranau complex can be interpreted
because of weak zones (fractures or faults). In this study we used the FFD
(Fault and Fracture Density) method using qualitative methods and
observed the linemeant displayed by SRTM data. Forms can be assumed
to be associated with faults or fractures in geothermal areas which are
generally covered by surface manifestations so that it is difficult to
identify. Faults and fractures can be assumed to be weak fields where
bicarbonate type fluids originating from magmatic waters (deep waters)
move or migrate to the surface. Fault and fracture in this study area is a
product of cooling of old andesite lava Hulusimpang Formation and
Kikim Formation (Kusuma dkk, 2005). From the appearance of the map
line density shows northwest - southeast. It can be concluded that this
research is useful in identifying geothermal potential which has
implications for geothermal well drilling and the development of the
Ranau complex in South Sumatra.
Keywords: Geothermal, Ranau Lake, Fault Fracture Density
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of countries with diversity of resources. Geothermal
resources are one of big potentials to be developed. Indonesian tectonic,
caused by three plates are Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific Plate,
known as Ring of Fire (the magmatic pathway in Indonesia). Because it's
one of the renewable energies, geothermal can minimize the using of
fossil resources.
The Ranau Lake area is one of the geothermal potentials in Indonesia,
which located between South Sumatra Province and Lampung Province.
Hot springs and fumaroles are manifestations of magmatism activity in
this area. Therefore, geological study will be needed for structure
linemeant analysis, that can minimize area of research for exploration
later.
METHODS
This research is using integration between qualitative and
quantitative methods. The qualitative method is conducted with semi-
automatic lineament density analysis based on the withdrawal of
morphological alignment patterns on Landsat images and then
interpreted qualitatively using the concept of lineament density analysis
Thannoun (2013). Analysis of line density for mineralization purposes
the qualitative consists of the azimuth of major lineament and the
distribution pattern. The quantitative method builds of lineaments
density. The lineament density is made up from tracing the lineaments in
the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). It uses several applications such as
ArcGIS, QGIS, RockWorks and CorelDraw to find the high-density
lineament. Then, the result is interpreted qualitatively along with
regional tectonic framework. Then output results are residual anomaly
maps and FFD then matched to see the relationship between the
subsurface structure of the earth and the surface of the earth.
SRTM (Shuttle Radar and Topography Mission) are data sources
used in research. SRTM has a feature in displaying morphological
alignment both controlled by structural or denudational.
ArcGIS is a data processing software, where the hill shade feature is
performed in 4 different azimuths: N45ºE, N135ºE, N225ºE, N315ºE.
Lineament data conversion is done using a rose diagram with
RockWorks software 16. The lineament density feature in ArcGIS
produces a map output of Fault Fracture Density.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The lineaments pattern shown in the four different azimuths (Figure 1) is
converted into a rose diagram to obtain a general pattern of alignment
direction. RockWorks 16 is a software that displays rose charts
automatically. The direction of the alignment pattern shown in the rose
diagram shows different general directions. Azimuth N45ºE has a
Southeast - Northwest alignment pattern with azimuth angle N127ºE -
N307ºE. Azimuth N135ºE has a Southwest - Northeast alignment pattern
with azimuth angle N44ºE - N224ºE. Azimuth N225ºE has a Southeast -
Northwest alignment pattern with azimuth N132ºE- N312ºE.
Azimuth N315ºE has a Southwest -
Northeast line pattern with azimuth
N52ºE - N232ºE. In the rose diagram that
input data from the four azimuths (Figure
5), the direction of the Southeast-
Northwest general straightness pattern is
obtained which shows that in that
direction there is a strong structural
influence in the study area.
Figure 1.
L i n e m e a n t s a p p e r e a n c e
performed in 4 different azimuths.
Figure 2:
Accumulated Withdrawal Figure 3:
Rose Chart with Different
Map of 4 Azimuths (green: A z i m u t h H i l l s h a d e Va l u e s :
o o
N45 E, yellow: N135 E, red: (1)N045oE, (2)N135oE, (3)N225oE,
N225oE, brown: N315oE. (4)N315oE.
DISCUSSION
Based on the lineament density map, the number of parameters used
is n / km2. For the highest density value is 6.57 - 7.39 (red), while the
low-density value is 0 - 0.82 (green) shown on the map (Figure 4). In the
east and west of the Lake Ranau area, it shows areas dominated by high-
density values. The high value of density in the area indicates that the
geological structure of the area is accumulated (fracture and fault)
which in the geothermal system structure becomes one of the medias in
creating manifestations. Sumatran fault is a control structure for
openings of geothermal fluids, where the direction of lineament density
is in line with the shift of Sumatran Fault. Lake Ranau has a bicarbonate
fluid type, which is produced from magmatic waters (deep waters)
which migrated to the surface through fracture (Kusuma dkk, 2015).
The fracture zone is formed from cooling of andesite lava originating
from the formation of Hulusimpang and Kikim (Kusuma dkk, 2015). So
that the existing data can be used in finding the permeable / reservoir
location.
CONCLUSIONS
Research area consists of a strike-
slip zone of Sumatra Fault Zone.
The regional fault in the research
area has two major directions
which are North East (NE) – South
West (SW) and North West (NW)
– South East (SE). The NW – SE
direction is the strike-slip fault.
Whereas the NE – SW is a
compensation zone which creates
Figure 4:
Linemeants Density Map of releasing bends as a depression
The Study Area Showing High d u e t o n o r m a l f a u l t i n g .
and Low Linemeants Density. Furthermore, the lineaments
The high density is located on the western side and northeastern side
of Ranau Lake. The high density of lineaments appears due to the
strike-slip fault with azimuth N315ºE – N135ºE.
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