5.3.

7 Kerabari Formation

The Kerabari Formation is the youngest sequence of the Kaigandaki Supergroup, rests
conformably on the Ramdighat Formation. Its thickness at its type section is more than
2,100 m. This formation is mainly composed of black limestone, alternating with thin
black shale, thick to very thick bedded, grey Kerabari Dolomite with algal structures.

Location D18:

The location lies at the right bank of Tinau Khola on the left side of the Siddhartha
Highway moving towards Tansen, Palpa with backward bearing 312 from the peak of
height 1059 m.

The exposure consists of light grey, coarse grained, thickly bedded, faintly weathered
dolomite reacting with HCL in powdered form. Algal mats were present. (Photo no. 5.31)

The Attitude of bedding plane is N65W/51NE.

Photo no 0.31 Light Grey Dolomite of the Kerabari Formation

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Photo no 0.32 Ripple marks in the rhythmic beds of Saidi Khola Formation

Photo no 0.33 Stromatolite in the dolomite bed of the Khoraidi Formation

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iii. Lamina: These structures are the small-scale sequence of the layers that occurs in
sedimentary rocks. These structures are 1cm or less in thickness. These are caused by the
cyclic changes in sediment. It is observed in the rhythmite bed of the Saidi Khola
Formation on the left bank of the Kaligandaki River below the Kaligandaki Bridge. (Photo
no. 5.34)

Lamina

Photo no 0.34 Lamina at left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m downstream from
the Kaligandaki bridge at the Ramdighat Formation

iv. Rhythmite: Rhythmite consists of layers of sediments or sedimentary rocks which are
laid down with an obvious peridocity and regularity. Rhythmite was observed on the
Saidi Khola Formation, left bank of the Kaligandaki River below the Kaligandaki
Bridge. (Photo no. 5.35)

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 Photo no 0.35 Rhythmite bed at left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m
downstream from the Kaligandaki bridge at Ramdighat

v. Pebble Imbrications: These are the structures made due to the accumulation of
sediments by river or stream on bedding plane. This structure is found entrapped within
a bed of conglomerate and is useful in identifying the river flow direction. Pebble
imbrication was seen in Jhumsa Khola area. (Photo no. 5.36)

Photo no 0.36 Pebble imbrications at left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m
downstream from the Kaligandaki bridge at Ramdighat
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5.4.2 Secondary geological structures

Secondary geological structures are developed after the deposition of sediments and due to
the stress applied in it. Rocks undergo various types of deformation as a consequence of
tectonic forces acting on the Earth’s crust. These deformations exhibit various types of
shapes and appearances known as secondary or deformational structures. The secondary
geological structures observed in the study area are described below.

a) Fold

A bending or buckling shape in any pre-existing structure in a rock as a result of

deformation is known as fold. Many types of folds observed in the field are:

i. S-Fold: It is an asymmetrical parasitic fold whose approximately S-shaped profile,

when observed down the plunge of the fold axis, indicate its position on the right limb of
the major anticline, but not on the syncline. S-Fold was observed downstream from the
Kaligandaki Bridge on left bank of the Kaligandaki River. (Photo no. 5.37)

Photo no 0.37 S-fold at the left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m downstream
from the Kaligandaki bridge at Ramdighat

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ii. Z-Fold: It is an asymmetric fold whose profile is Z-shaped, reflecting its location on the
respective limb of a major fold. Z-Fold was observed downstream from the Kaligandaki
Bridge on left bank of Kaligandaki River. (Photo no. 5.38)

Photo no 0.38 Z-fold at the left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m downstream
from the Kaligandaki bridge at Ramdighat

iii. Minor Folds: Many minor folds were observed in several formations. The bedding
plane of Kerabari formation was highly folded which may be due to the stress produced
on the rock due to Main Boundary Thrust. Some minor folds were also seen in Virkot
formation. (Photo no. 5.39)

Minor Fold

Photo no 0.39 Minor fold at the left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m downstream
from the Kaligandaki bridge at Ramdighat
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b) Faults

Faults can be defined as any brittle deformation induced fracture where there have been
movements of blocks on either sides of plane. Faults are ruptures along which the opposite
walls have move each other. There are many types of faults they are; Normal faults,
Reverse faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip fault. Rock block overlying the fault plane is
called hanging wall and underlying fault plane is called foot wall.

Photo no 0.40 Fault at the left bank of the Kaligandaki River about 50 m downstream from
the Kaligandaki bridge at Ramdighat

c) Cleavage

Cleavage is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic

structural planes.

i) Slaty Clevage: Since the nature of cleavage is dependent on scale, slaty cleavage
defined as having 0.01mm or less of space occurring between layers. Slaty cleavage is
observed in grey coloured slate of the Ramdighat Formation of Kaligandaki Supergroup.

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 Figure 6.0.1 Dry strength test
6.2.4 Dilatancy Test (Shaking) :

Dilatency test is the measure of fineness and quality of soil. Very fine clean sand gives the
quickest and moist distinct reaction whereas plastic clay has no reaction. Inorganic silts
such as typical rock flour show a moderately quick reaction.

In the field, a soil sample of particles smaller than 380 micrometer size was taken.
Necessary amount of water was added to make the soil soft but not sticky. The pat was
placed in open palm of one hand and shaken horizontally, striking vigorously against the
other hand several times. The appearance of water on the surface was observed. Then the
sample was squeezed between the fingers, the water and glass disappeared from surface.
Again same process was done for few more times.

Results:

Rapid shiny appearance of water was observed which indicated the proportion of silt more
in the soil. The soil was observed to be clayey silt. (Table 6.2)

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6.2.5 Plastic limit test (Ribbon making) :

Plastic limit is minimum water contain at which soil can be rolled into a thread of 3mm
diameter without crumbling. In other word, it is the moisture contained at which soil can
be deformed plastically. Plastic limit test or Ribbon making test is done to determine the
plastic limit of soil. It is used to estimate soil texture and the amount of clay in the soil. It
is done by placing a small handful of soil containing very fine particles in the palm. Then
small portion of water is added to give the thread like shape by rolling the paste made by
adding water. Continue rolling till the thread reaches the diameter of 3 mm. If the thread
starts to crumble before reaching 3 mm diameter, it shows the content of clay is less in the
soil as clay is plastic in nature and vice versa.

In field, we observed plastic limit test at the right bank of the Hulandi Khola near Bhalebas
about 500 m towards Dumre at the shape bent.

Results:

Ribbon was made up to 3 mm diameter without breaking than it started to show fractures.
This indicates the non-cohesive nature of soil i.e. the content of silt is more in soil. Clayey
silt was observed. (Table 6.2)

Figure 6..2 Plastic limit test

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On our field study we observed a landslide at the right bank of the Hulandi Khola near
Bhalebas about 500 m towards Dumre near the sharp bent. The landslide seen on study
area is of rotational type. The length of landslide is about 90m and breadth is about 50 m.
The landslide was identified as passive. The direction and inclination of the slope is
45southward. It is eroded by the Hulandi Khola. The Stratigraphy area lies on the Heklang
Phyllite. Rock terrain is metamorphic and the soil type is slightly clay. Landslide is almost
dry. The mitigation measure applied is in bio-engineering, construction of Gabion wall ,
terrace benching etc.

Photo no 0.1 Landslide of the study area at the right bank of the Hulandi Khola near
Bhalebas about 500 m towards Dumre

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6.4.3 Engineering Geology of the Study Area:

The study area was carried out to know the properties of soil rock mass, their strength,
slope stability and landslide from the study. The reason behind the un-stability was due to
rock slope of the Siwalik group of the area were unstable slope as it has thick and
weathered mud stone beds between thin sand-stone beds. In addition to this, it also has a
number of planes, toppling and wedges failure in most of all slopes. There is the reason
why the area surface has a lot of landslides and slope failure every year and at many
places. From the study, it is concluded that the rock slope of the study area were unstable
as it has thick and weathered mudstone bed between thin sandstone bed which make them
unstable. This shows that, there is probability of failures; so there is the probability of
occurring landslide in these areas. To prevent this landslide number of civil structures like
Gabion wall, culvert, belly bridge were constructed.

Photo no 0.2 Gabion Wall

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 Photo no 0.3 Culvert

Photo no 0.4 Belly Bridge

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estimate the commercial reserve of a deposit and to choose the method of treatment and
flow sheet for mineral. Basically, in field we used three types of sampling methods:

7.1.1 Grab sampling

Grab sampling is the sample taken after blast. This method can be used on a stope after
blasting at a mine car or in the transportation of ore. Grab sampling takes equal amounts of
ore at selected intervals from a mine dumps or muck pile. This method is faster than other
sampling method. This method doesn’t provide through overviews that can represent the
existing ore deposits.

In the field, Grab sampling was done in Bhainse Limestone Quarry site. We collected the
sample randomly from Limestone Quarry.

Photo no 0.1 Grab sampling at the Bhainse Limestone Quarry site, Hetauda.

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7.1.2 Chip sampling

In chip sampling, small piece of rock of roughly equal size are chipped from the face of
working exposure. Chip sampling is taken according to a regular pattern usually a grid and
together make up the initial sample.

In the field, Chip sampling was done in Bhainse Limestone Quarry site.

Photo no 0.2 Chip sampling at the Bhainse Limestone Quarry site, Hetauda.

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7.1.3 Channel sampling

In channel sampling, a cut or channel is made in the exposed surface of the exposure and
the weathered parts are removed from it. The shape and its cross section of the channel
must be same along its whole length. In this sampling method, fine powder from sample
should be taken.

In the field, Channel sampling was done in Bhainse Limestone Quarry site.

Photo no 0.3 Channel sampling at the Bhainse Limestone Quarry site, Hetauda.

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7.2 Reserve estimation

The geological and mining concept of reserve embraces not only the tonnage and volume
of minerals but also the whole complex of characteristics of geological body such as shape,
grade, position and mining condition. The reserve estimation which is the ultimate object
of a certain stage of exploration comprises the following:

i. Determination of the quality of the mineral and of all its valuable constituent
ii. Checking the reliability of the estimated reserve
iii. Provision determination of the economic importance of the estimated reserve
iv. Determination of the quality and grade of the mineral.

7.2.1 Reserve estimation of limestone

The reserve estimation of limestone in terms of weight is found by multiplying the volume
of the ore body by the tonnage factor of the mineral. Reserve estimation of limestone was
done in the Bhainse limestone (low grade marble) mining site to calculate the estimation of
limestone. First, we prepare the columnar section of the exposure. From the columnar
section, we prepare the thickness of the marble bed 146m and strike length 43.25m and
height 60m.

Photo no 0.4 Reserve estimation at the Bhainse Limestone Quarry site, Hetauda.

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i. Surface mining

Exploitation in which mining of ore, coal or stone is carried out at the surface with
essentially no exposure of miners underground is referred to as surface mining. It is the pre
dominant exploration procedure worldwide. Almost all metallic ores and non- metallic ores
are extracted using surface mining. Surface mining also includes different methods:

− Open pit mining

− Quarrying
− Open cast (strip) mining
− Auger or highwall mining

In open cast mining a mechanical extraction method, a thick deposit is generally mined in
benches. Open cast mining is usually employed to exploit a near surface deposit or one that
has a low stripping ratio.

In our field visit at Bhaise limestone quarry surface mining method was used by making
benches of about 3m height.

Photo no 0.5 Bhainse Limestone Quarry site, Hetauda.

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a) Breaker

Breaker is hydraulic base equipment which consists of solid rod of about 20-30cm
diameter at the nozzle of the breaker with sharp edges. Breaker makes the hole inside the
rock and takes out boulder size ore from the hill. (Fig, Photo………….)

Photo no 0.6 Breaker at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan Marble.

b) Excavator

Excavators are the machine which consists of curved palm like metal structure which takes
off the ore bodies from the ground to the transporting machine.

Photo no 0.7 Excavator at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan Marble.

135
c) Tippers

Tippers are the transporting machines which carry the load of ore bodies from the mining
site to the factory for extracting required material.

Photo no 0.8 Tripper at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan Marble.

d) Crusher

Crushers is the machine which crush the pebble, cobble, boulder size ore bodies into
definite size with mixing of different grade i.e. low and high grade to make average grade
materials. We observed 2 types of crusher (primary and secondary crusher) at the the
Bhaise Limestone quarry site the Hetauda Cement Industry; Makawanpur, Hetauda.

136
Photo no 0.9 Primary Crusher at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan Marble.

Photo no 0.10 Secondary Crusher at the Hetauda Cement Factory.

137
7.3.4 Drilling and Blasting

Drilling and blasting is the method which is used for the excavation whole over the world.
After determining the blasting plane, the drilling rig bore the drill hole in the foremost
front face part of the tunnel. According to the solid nature of rock or hardness of rock
explosive are required.

Drilling method is chosen according to the physical and mechanical properties of rock, is a
cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of cross section in solid material.

Blasting is the fragmentation of the rock, breaking down of rock. It is done by filling
explosive into the drill hole. Detonators are attached to the explosive device and the
individual explosive devices are connected to one another. The holes are blasted in a
proper sequence from the center outward, one after another. This method of mining
operation is used mostly widely in making the mine opening.

Photo no 0.11 Drilling hole for blasting at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan Marble.

138
 Photo no 0.12 Explosive materials for blasting at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan
Marble.

7.3.5 Transportation of raw material to the factory

Transportation is the one of the major part of minig, drilling and blasting blast the hill then
using breaker. After blasting and drilling, the exposure are collected and then loaded to the
tipper by the excavator and transported to the factory for further process.

7.3.6 Waste material spoiling

Waste materials are those which are removed during ore mining and mainly composed of
shale, sandstone and various residual. These residues may destroy the vegetation, stream
and rivers. Some methods of re-using the waste material are:-

i. These waste material can be used in construction site

ii. They can be afforested and planted
iii. They can be re-constructed and managed to build playgrounds.

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 Photo no 0.13 Bhainse Limestone Quarry site, Hetauda.

Photo no 0.14 Primary Crusher at the quarry site of the Bhaisedobhan Marble.

141
Photo no 0.15 Stock yard of Limestone at Hetauda Cement Industry, Hetauda

Photo no 0.16 Secondary Crusher at the Hetauda Cement Industry, Hetauda

142
Photo no 0.17 Gypsum crusher at Hetauda Cement Industry, Makawanpur Hetauda

Photo no 0.18 Stockyard of Coal at Hetauda Cement Industry

143
Photo no 0.19 Stockyard of Limestone crushed from Secondary Crusher at Hetauda
Cement Industry

Photo no 0.20 Magnesite brick at Hetauda Cement Industry

144
Photo no 0.21 Red clay at Hetauda Cement Industry

Photo no 0.22 Raw mill of Hetauda Cement Industry

145
Photo no 0.23 Silo at Hetauda Cement Industry

Photo no 0.24 Kiln at Hetauda Cement Industry

146
 Photo no 0.25 Clinker at Hetauda Cement Industry

Photo no 0.26 Cement mill of Hetauda Cement Industry

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 Photo no 0.27 Ready cement in the cement mill of Hetauda Cement Industry

Photo no 0.28 Loading of cement in transport vehicle at Hetauda Cement Industry

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confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure, a well drilled into such
an aquifer is called artesian well.

In our study area, we found artesian well which was located in Hetauda at Aadarsha
Chowk. We measured the discharge of the well which was 27 lit/sec. The depth of the well
was 102 m in which lower casing pipe was of 6inch diameter and its discharge is 17 lit/sec
whereas the upper casing pipe was 8inch diameter and its discharge is 27 lit/sec. After
observation of water, we came to know the water was colorless, odorless, tasteless with
less turbidity. The main purposes of water are drinking and irrigation.

The name of the project is “Bhumigat Jal SichaiBikash” Division, Parsa, Kharhani,
Chitwan (Underground Water Irrigation Development Division) and sub-project is
Nagasoti Deep Tubewell Underground Water Irrigation, Hetauda(Photo no. 8.2.1) It covers
about 40 hectors of area. The pump capacity is 20 herzpower. Its distribution length is
1045m and outlet number is 9. The transformation capacity is 30Kba and the net
investment of this project is 5471416.

Photo no 0.1 Artesian well at the Adarsha Chowk at Hetauda.

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 Photo no 0.2 Bhumigat Jal Sichai Bikash Division, Parsa

8.2.2 Unconfined Aquifer

Unconfined aquifers are those into which water seep from ground surface directly above
the aquifer. It is also defined as a body of water formed from groundwater, rainwater
runoff and streams with its water table, or the upper surface, open to the atmosphere. This
aquifer forms at a faster rate than confined aquifer. Unconfined aquifer contain clay, sand,
silt and gravel layers which can complicate the process of dewatering an area where
drilling and micro tunneling is to be carried out. The water from unconfined aquifer is
mainly used for domestic and agricultural purpose. Because of open atmosphere of
unconfined aquifer, they contain contamination which is very risk.

153
We observed two percussion methods in our field. First site of percussion method was
located at 400 m south-east from Nagsoti, Hetauda and the another site located at the left
side of the Mahendra highway from Hetauda to Janakpur about 150 m west from the
Bagmati Bridge around Dada tol, Sarlai district.

We observed bailer, drilling bit (hammer), bentonite in the first site which is located in the
dune valley and the work was not running. We also observed different sample of different
height (m) and on the second site, we observed bailer, chisel, casing pipe, bentonite, screen
which was on working. The total estimation depth of the site was 150m but only 40m
depth was dig. In that site 3-4m depth was dig per day. The chisel weight was 1000-
1500kg and18 inch in diameter. The casing pipe was 2m long and it was used if the top soil
collapse in the first attain. The bentonite is normally used to prevent from collapse and its
composition is iron and clay. The sample was taken from certain meter which has the
dominancy of gravel cutting which result the shallow tube well.

Photo no 0.3 Percussion method of Well Drilling.

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 Photo no 0.4 Direct Rotatory Method of well drilling.

Advantages

Penetration rates are relatively high in all type of materials. Minimal casing is required
during drilling operation. Well screens can be set easily as part of the casing installation.
Rig mobilization and demobilization are rapid. Mostly used in small diameter well. Rotary
method was developed to increase drilling speed and to reach greater depth. In this type of
drilling methods, minimum casing is required during the drilling operations.

Disadvantages

Drilling rigs are costly and required a high level of maintenance. Mobility of the rig may
be limited depending on the slope and conditions (wetness) of the land surface. Collection
of sample requires special procedures. Drilling fluid management requires additional;
knowledge and experience.

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 Photo no 0.5 Pilot bit.

Photo no 0.6 Bottom bit.

160
- RR bit: Generally used in gravel and boulder sediment. The diameter of RR bit is 17
inch.

Photo no 0.7 RR bit.

8.3.2.1.2 Well design

The water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving and
drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The site of a well can be selected
by hydro geologist or ground water surveyor. Two broad classes of well are shallow or
unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and
deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath.

For the design of efficient high capacity well, we need basic information about stratigraphy
of aquifer area, Transmissivity, storativity and quality of water etc. At our field visit, we

161
have observed direct rotary method at location number B55. The location lies at the left
side of the Mahendra Highway about 500 m north east from the Nayaroad. (Longitude:
58°3'59''E and latitude: 27°6'18''). The proposed depth of well is 172m(photo no: B55.) .
We observed the sample of well up to 172 m. Each sample was collected at 6 m interval.
Lithology was prepared from the sample and then well was designed from that Lithology.
Screen was place at place where unconsolidated coarse grained material was found. In that
drill hole first 36m was covered by top soil clay and few amounts of silt. After that coarse
grained sand and gravel cutting was observed upto 90m indicating the occurrence of
aquifer. Which is followed by clay an fine grained sand and from 115m to 135m coarse
grained sand and gravel cutting was repeated. Two Screens was placed at two placed, first
at 75 to 90 meter and second at 115 to 135 meter.

Steps of well design

i.Casing: Casing serve as a lining to maintain an open hole from ground surface to the
aquifer. It seals out surface water from any undesirable groundwater.

Photo no 0.8 Casing pipe.

162
ii. Cementing: Well are cemented in the annual space surrounding the casing. The
cementing is done to prevent entrance of water of unsatisfactory quality. Cement grouts
consists of a mixture of cement, water and other various additive.

iii. Well screening: It is a filtering device that serves as the intake portion of the well
construction in unconsolidated or semi-aquifer. It prevents the sediment from entering
the well.

Photo no 0.9 LCG well screen.

iv. Gravel and filter packing: After well screening, well is packed with gravel in order to
prevent it from leakage, filter the water and make well long-lasting.

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 Photo no 0.10 Spring observed at the left side of Shree Pindeshwori Mahadev Mandir
Sanotar, Hetauda

Photo no 0.11 Spring observed moving towards Bhainse from Hetauda about 230 m away
from Chauki tol near suspension bridge.

167
At the same location (10 m away from previous location) we observed other spring. The
water of the spring is colorless, odorless and tasteless. Turbidity is low. The spring was
seen in the sandstone bed having rock-rock boundary condition. The discharge of the water
is 9.32 sec/liter. The water is used for drinking and washing purposes. (Photo no. 8.12)

Photo no 0.12 Spring observed moving towards the Bhainse from Hetauda about 240 m
away from Chaukitol.

Location D57:

The location lies at the right side of the Tribhuvan Highway moving towards Bhaise about
300 m away from the Chowki Tole near suspension bridge and 30 m north east from
Dhungedhara. The water of the spring is light yellow in color having muddy odor and
tasteless. The turbidity is medium having small proportion of silt and clay. The boundary
condition of the spring is rock-rock boundary condition. The spring was observed in the
bed rock of sandstone. The spring has the discharge rate of 26.66 sec/liter. The water has
not any use. (Photo no. 8.13)

168
Photo no 0.13 Spring observed at the right side moving towards Bhainse about 300 m away
from the Chauki Tol

Location D58:

The location lies at the right side of the Tribhuvan Highway moving towards Bhaise about
350 m away from the Chowki Tole near suspension bridge and 80 m away from the
Dhungedhara .The water of the spring has light yellow color with muddy smell. The water
has no taste. The water has medium turbidity having little silt and clay. The spring was
observed in sandstone bed. The boundary condition of the spring is sediment-rock
boundary condition. The water discharge is 1.4 min/liter. The water was not used in any
purposes.(Photo no. 8.14)

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 Photo no 0.14 Spring observed towards Bhainse about 60 m away from the Dhungedhara

Location D59:

The location lies at the right side of the Tribhuvan Highway moving towards Bhaise from
Hetauda about 365 m away from the Chowki Tole .The spring water is colorless, odorless
and tasteless. The turbidity of water is very low. The spring was observed in the sandstone
bed. The boundary condition of the spring is rock-rock, sediment-rock and sediment-
sediment boundary condition. The water discharge is 20 sec/liter. The main purpose of the
spring water is for drinking. (Photo no. 8.15)

170
 Photo no 0.15 Spring observed moving towards Hetauda to Bhainse about 400 m away
from the Chauki Tol

Location D60:

The location lies at the right side of the Tribhuvan highway moving towards Bhaise about
400 m away from the ChowkiTole and about 100 m uphill from the gully. The water of the
spring was colorless, odorless and tasteless. The turbidity was very low. The spring was
observed in the bed rock of sandstone. The boundary condition of the spring was rock-rock
boundary condition. The water discharge rate was 5 sec/liter. The water of the spring was
not used for any purposes.

Location D61:

The location lies at the right side of the Tribhuvan highway towards Bhaise about 430 m
away from the ChowkiTole.

The water of the spring was colorless, odorless and tasteless. The turbidity of the water
was very low. The spring was observed in the sandstone terrain. The boundary condition of
the spring was sediment-rock boundary condition. The water discharge rate was 30
sec/liter. The water was not used for any purposes.

171
Location D63:

The location lies near the Samari belly bridge about 50 m upstream to the Samari Khola
on its left bank. Different parameters were observed in spring of sandstone terrain which
was colorless, odorless and tasteless with presence of low turbidity. The boundary
condition was sediment-sediment boundary condition and discharge was not calculated.

Location D64:

The location lies near belly bridge of the Samari Khola about 100 m upstream towards the
Nishan khorya. Seepage was observed in the bedrock of dark grey colored, medium
grained, moderately weathered sandstone with fractures.

Photo no 0.16 Seepage observed about 100 m upstream towards Nishan Khoriya

172
reader, one in the releasing line and the other at the ending point and the following datas
were obtained. (Photo no. 8.17)

Photo no 0.17 Float method of measuring river velocity at the Karra Khola 500 m northeast
from Bhantar.

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color of the water was muddy grey, odor was muddy type. The detail cross-section of the
river profile was traced (fig no. )

Moving 500 m downstream again we performed river profiling. The width of river was
measured as 13.5 m. The maximum depth of the river was 47 cm. The width of right and
left bank of river was 6.2 m and 1.52 m respectively. The left bank was deposited by
maximum pebble and cobble with some gravel and fine sand. The right bank was deposited
by fine sand with spare vegetation. River sediments were mainly cobble, pebble, sand,
gravel etc. The color of water was muddy grey, odor was muddy type. Finally, the detail
cross-section of river profiling was traced.

Photo no 0.18 River profiling of the Karra Khola 500 m northeast from Bhantar.

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8.7 Multiple well systems:

Two or more than two wells constructed at same place due to some failure is called
multiple well system. Here, the cone of one depression well overlaps with the cone of
depression of other wells. Multiple well system are constructed if there is a recharge zone
nearby. A good aquifer is generally present in alluvial zone. Due to multiple well system,
water table problem might occur and there might be the problem in transmissivity and
storativity.

During our field study we observed multiple well system on the right side of the Tribhuvan
highway about 20 m upstream from the Samari Khola bridge at the bank of the Samari
River.

Photo no 0.19 multiple well system on the right side of the Tribhuvan highway about 20 m
upstream from the Samari Khola bridge at the bank of the Samari River.

185