Name Section:

ID#

LS4/Pham
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
Spring 2014
05/02/2014
MIDTERM I-key
Please circle your TA’s name:

ANNA BELLA YIN JOSH JONATHAN KEVIN

Instructions:
1. This exam has 9 pages. On the last page are the Critical Values for the Chi-Square Test.
2. Clearly write your name on every page. Be sure to write clearly. Only legible answers will be
graded.
3. We will not grade the backs of pages.
4. All books, notes, and cell phones (turned off) must be put in zipped backpacks.
5. Calculators may be used. NO GRAPHING CALCULATORS ARE ALLOWED!

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1. (14 points) In Drosophila melanogaster, purple eyes (pr) are recessive to red eyes (pr+) and
vestigial wings (vg) are recessive to normal wings (vg+). A female with red eyes and normal
wings was crossed a male with purple eyes and vestigial wings. The progeny of this cross were:

402 red eyes and normal wings 397 purple eyes and vestigial wings
103 red eyes and vestigial wings 98 purple eyes and normal wings

Are these genes linked? Use a χ2 test to evaluate your hypothesis.

A. What is your null hypothesis? (2 points)

Two genes are assorted independently.

B. If the hypothesis is true, what are your expected values? Circle your answer (2 points)

Expect 1:1:1:1 ratio.

For 1000 total progeny, that is 250, 250, 250, 250 each.

C. How many degrees of freedom are there in this problem? Circle your answer (2 points)

3 degrees of freedom

D. Determine the χ2 value. Show your work and circle your answer. (4 points)

χ2 = Sum of (observed -expected)2/exptected

χ2 = (402-250)2/250 + (397-250)2/250 +(103-250)2/250 +(98-250)2/250

= 357.7

E. Does the data support the hypothesis? Why? (4 points)

No, because

7.818 < 357.7.

Reject null hypothesis of independent assortment. The two genes are linked.

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2. (6 points) In a family, the mother’s blood type is B and the child’s is B. The father might
have the following blood type(s): (Circle one)
a. A
b. B
c. AB
d. O
e. a and b
f. b and c
g. b and d
h. b, c, and d
i. a, b, c, and d
j. none of the above

3. (12 points) The map of genes X, Y and Z is: X--------------Y--------------------Z

20 m.u. 30 m.u.
You cross an individual with genotype XXYYZZ to an individual with genotype xxyyzz, then you
perform a cross between an F1 individual and an individual with genotype xxYyzz. Assume
interference between regions (X-Y and Y-Z) is 60%. What proportion of the progeny from this
cross would you expect to have genotype xxyyzz? Show your work and circle your answer.

F1: X--------Y------------Z

x---------y------------z

To get xxyyzz genotype, need xyz gamete from F1 parent. This is a parental gamete.

P(DCO) = (1-0.6) x .2 x .3 = 0.024 (4 points)

P(X-Y SCO) = .2 - .024 = .176 (2 points)
P(Z-Y SCO) = .3 - .024 = .276
P(parental) = 1-.024-.176-.276 = 0.524 (3 points)

P(xxyyzz genotype) = ½*0.524*1/2= 0.131 (3 points)

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4. (14 points) A cucumber plant that produces red flower and long fruit is crossed with a plant
that produces white flower and short fruit. All the F1 have pink flower and long fruit. When the
F1 are intercrossed, F2 progeny are produced with the following phenotypes and numbers:

420 pink flower and long fruit

240 red flower and long fruit
160 white flower and short fruit
90 white flower and long fruit
80 pink flower and short fruit
10 red flower and short fruit
Provide the most likely genetic explanation
a. How many genes determine flower color? Show your work and circle your answer. (3
points)

-Because the F2 distribution is 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white, the ear length is determined by a
pair of gene
AA: red
Aa: pink
aa: white

b. How many genes determine fruit shape? Show your work and circle your answer. (3 points)

-Because the F2 distribution is 3 long: 1 short, the ear length is determined by a pair of
gene
B-: long
bb: short

c. For any genes that are linked, calculate the distance between them. Show your work and
circle your answer.
-If A is dependently assorted to B, the F2 distribution would be 6 pink long: 3 red long: 3
white long: 2 pink short: 1 red short: 1 white short; Therefore A and B are linked. (3 points)

-The percentage of ab/ab (white short) = x2 =160/1000 = 0.16; therefore, x = 0.4 (3 points)

-Therefore, the distance between A and B is 20 m.u. (2 points)

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5. (14 points) Alex, his brother, and his father all have blood type B. His mother has type AB.
His sister has type A. Anna, her mother, and her father all have type A. Her sister has type O.
Show your work and circle your answer.

a) If Alex and Anna have a child, what is the probability the child will have blood type AB? (3
points)

Alex: 1/2 chance IB IB, 1/2 chance IB i (father is IB i, mother is IA IB)

A A A
Anna: 2/3 chance I i, 1/3 chance I I (both parents are IA i)
(Chance of IB allele from Alex) x (Chance of IA allele from Anna) = (3/4) x (2/3) = 6/12 = 1/2

b) If Alex and Anna have a child, what is the probability the child will have blood type A? (2
points)

(Chance of i allele from Alex) x (Chance of IA allele from Anna) = (1/4) x (2/3) = 1/6

c) If Alex and Anna have a child, what is the probability the child will have blood type B? (2
points)

(Chance of IB allele from Alex) x (Chance of i allele from Anna) = (3/4) x (1/3) = 1/4

d) If Alex and Anna have a child, what is the probability the child will have blood type O? (2
points)

(Chance of i allele from Alex) x (Chance of i allele from Anna) = (1/4) x (1/3) = 1/12

e) If Alex and Anna have four children, what is the probability at least one of them will have
type O? (5 points)

(Chance of Alex is IB i) x (Chance of Anna is IA i) x (1-none have type O) =

=(1/2) x (2/3) x (1-.754) = .228

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6. (14 points) Bob and Barbara have long fingers, a common trait with complete penetrance
conferred by gene L. Bob’s father, his mother, and his brother have long fingers. Bob’s sister
has short fingers. Barbara’s father and her two sisters have long fingers. Her mother and her
brother have short fingers.

a) What is the most likely mode of inheritance for this trait? Be specific. (4 points)

Autosomal dominant. Two people with long fingers have a daughter with short fingers.

b) What is the probability that Bob and Barbara’s first child will have long fingers? Show your
work and circle your answer. (4 points)

Bob: 2/3 chance Ll, 1/3 chance LL (both parents are Ll) Barbara: Ll (mother is ll)
Short finger: (Chance l from Bob) x (chance l from Barbara) = 1/3 x 1/2 = 1/6
Long finger = 1 – 1/6 = 5/6 = 0.833

c) Another gene, called gene A, shows suppression over gene L. Individuals with genotype aa
have long fingers, regardless of their genotype for gene L. Individuals with the dominant A allele
express a phenotype based on gene L. The A and L genes are on different chromosomes.

Suppose it is known both Bob and Barbara have genotype Aa, and no relatives have genotype aa.
With this information, what is the probability that Bob and Barbara’s first child will have long
fingers? Show your work and circle your answer. (6 points)

Chance of long finger child due to aa genotype = 1/4 = 6/24

Chance of long finger child due to A_ L_ genotype = 3/4 x 5/6 = 15/24
Total chance of long finger = 6/24 + 15/24 = 21/24 = 7/8 = 0.875

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7. (12 points) In family #1, a man and a woman both have pointy elbows, a common trait with
complete penetrance conferred by one gene. They have a daughter with round elbows. This
daughter also has Turner Syndrome (genotype XO; one X chromosome). For each part, circle
one answer. Choose autosomal or X-linked if you are certain of that mode of inheritance, or
choose “can’t tell” if either is possible. Correct explanations are required for credit.

a) Based on family #1, what is the mode of inheritance for elbow type? Explain your answer. (3
points)
Autosomal X-linked Can’t tell
Answer: can’t tell
Round elbows is recessive. However, the NDJ could be unrelated. The parents could both be Ee
with an ee daughter (autosomal), or the parents could be E/Y and E/e, with a NDJ in the father
giving e/0 (X-linked).

b) Suppose you knew the mother had the nondisjunction event resulting in the XO daughter in
family #1. Based on this new information, what would you conclude about the mode of
inheritance of elbow type? Explain your answer. (3 points)

Autosomal X-linked Can’t tell

Answer: autosomal
If the trait were X-linked, the parents would be E/Y and E/e. There is no way to have an e/0
daughter with round elbow if NDJ happened in the mother (father always gives allele E
conferring pointy elbows).
In family #2, unrelated to family #1, the same elbow shape trait is studied. In this family, a man
with round elbows and a woman have pointy elbows have a daughter with round elbows. This
daughter has Triple-X Syndrome (genotype XXX; three X chromosomes).

c) Based on this family #2 alone, what is the mode of inheritance for elbow type? Explain your
answer. (3 points)

Autosomal X-linked Can’t tell

Answer: can’t tell
The NDJ could be unrelated. It is possible that the trait is autosomal and the parents are ee x Ee
with an ee daughter (NDJ of X chromosome unrelated to elbow phenotype). It is also possible
that the trait is X-linked, the parents are e/Y and E/e, with an eee daughter caused by NDJ either
parent.
d) Suppose you knew the father had the nondisjunction event resulting in the XXX daughter in
family #2. Based on this new information, what would you conclude about the mode of
inheritance of elbow type? Explain your answer. (3 points)

Autosomal X-linked Can’t tell

Answer: can’t tell
As in part c, either autosomal or X-linked inheritance is consistent with the outcome. If X-linked,
NDJ in either parent could explain the result, so knowing that the father had the NDJ does not
rule out X-linked.
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8. (14 points) In strawberry plants, the acidity, bitterness, and color of the fruit are each
determined by one gene with two alleles. You are investigating possible linkage between these
three genes.
Acidic (A_ genotype) is dominant to neutral (aa genotype).
Bitter (B_ genotype) is dominant to sweet (bb genotype).
Crimson color (C_ genotype) is dominant to red color (cc genotype).

a) Three separate test crosses are performed, as shown below. Parental phenotypes, total F1
progeny, and number of progeny with two recessive traits (“observation”) are provided. For each
cross, fill in the expected result on the lines provided by indicating the expected number of
progeny of that phenotype. (3 points)

Cross Parental Plants Total Progeny Observation: Expected Result:

1 acidic, bitter 1000 400 ______________

x neutral, sweet neutral, sweet acidic, sweet?

2 bitter, crimson 1000 250 ______________

x sweet, red sweet, red sweet, crimson?

3 acidic, crimson 1000 200 ______________

x neutral, red neutral, red neutral, crimson?
1 40% ab -> ab is parental type. 10% of progeny would be recombinant Ab: 100 acidic, sweet
2 25% bc: b and c are unlinked. 25% of progeny would be bC: 250 sweet, crimson
3 20% ac -> ac is recombinant type. 30% of progeny would be parental aC: 300 neutral, crimson
b) Draw a map of the A, B, and C genes. Clearly indicate which genes are linked (if any) and
which genes are not linked (if any). Provide map unit distances for any linked genes. (5 points)

----B---------A---------------C----- All 3 genes linked. A-B is 20mu, A-C is 40mu.

20mu 40mu B-C > 50mu so appear to assort independently.

c) The best-selling strawberries are those that are neutral, sweet, and red. You do not own this
variety.

Which of the following crosses would provide the most neutral, sweet, red F2 progeny? Assume
the varieties shown are true-breeding, you cross them to make F1 progeny, and then you self-
fertilize the F1 progeny to make F2 progeny.

Option 1: neutral, bitter, crimson x acidic, sweet, red

Option 2: neutral, bitter, red x acidic, sweet, crimson
Option 3: neutral, sweet, crimson x acidic, bitter, red
Which cross should you perform to get the most neutral, sweet, red F2 progeny? ____________
(3 points)
For the option you chose, what percent of F2 will be neutral, sweet, and red? (3 points)
Option 3 is best. F1 is BAc/baC. A single cross-over between A and C will produce an abc gamete. The
frequency of this outcome is ½ x .8 x .4 = .16. Neutral, sweet, red is abc/abc = (.16)^2 = .0256 = 2.56%
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Chi-square Distribution Table