7-Migration - Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 1
7 MIGRATION & ACCUMULATION

7.
2.5. Migrasi
Proses perpindahan minyak dan gas bumi secara alami dari batuan
induk ke batuan reservoar. Perpindahan ini disebabkan adanya gaya
kompaksi, tekanan kapiler, gaya penyerapan, dilatansi dan
di t fi
diastrofisme. Setelah
S t l h minyak
i k dan
d gas bumi
b i bermigrasi
b i i sampaii ke
k
reservoar maka cairan tersebut akan terpisah karena perbedaan
densitas (berat jenis), air akan menempati bagian paling bawah,
diatasnya adalah minyak bumi dan gas berada di bagian paling atas
karena mempunyai berat jenis yang paling ringan.
Oil entering the reservoir rock from its source rock –

without regard to the spatial separation between the
two rocks – did not displace all the water that
occupied the pore spaces before.
Water is clearly able to displace all the oil from its

trap if it can gain entry.
World wide seepages of oil are themselves visible

evidence of oil movement.
Type of Migration
Primary migration
Secondary migration.
Primary migration is HC movement from the source

rockk tto th
the fi
firstt porous refuge.
f
Secondary migration takes place within the porous
reservoir rock or from one reservoir rock to another.
It is unlikely that the two phases of migration are
controlled by the same forces.
MIGRASI
1. PRIMER (SOURCE - RESERVOAR)
2. SEKUNDER (DALAM RESERVOAR)
PENYEBAB MIGRASI
1. GAYA KOMPAKSI
Disebabkan beban lapisan penutup di atasnya.
2. GAYA KAPILER
Naiknya zat alir di dalam saluran sempit yang terbuka karena adanya gaya
adhesi dan tegangan
g g permukaan.
p
3. GAYA PENYERAPAN
Daya serap batuan terhadap zat alir dapat membantu terjadinya migrasi.
4. DILATANSI
Merupakan proses perubahan volume lapisan batuan akibat adanya gaya
yang mempengaruhinya.
5. DIASTROFISME
Diastrofisme menyebabkan pelengkungan/pelipatan yang berhubungan
dengan kompaksi.
6. LAIN-LAIN
Tekanan hidrostatik
Tekanan gas
Tekanan hidrodinamik
Primary Migration
Postulate; the principle process expelling the newly
formed hydrocarbons from their source sediments is
the compaction of clay rocks.
Mechanism (the hypothesis);

Migration of HC in clay compaction water.
Migration by molecular solution in water.
Migration in micellar solution.
Objections to a dominant role for water.
Migration in gas-charged solution.
Role of microfracturing of source rocks.
Diffusion along kerogen network.
Secondary Migration
The fundamental force involved in HC movement
from source rock to reservoir rock is that of
capillarity.
The dominant parameter is the reservoir pressure;
the migration is in the direction of decreasing
hydrostatic pressure.
The migration pathways have traditionally been
called carrier beds, and better if thought of as
carries systems because in addition to permeable
stratigraphic horizons the may be provided by
unconformities, fault or fracture systems, old
weathered zones or penetrative diapirs.
Secondary migration forming forces

Buoyancy pressure
Water drive (hydrostatic & hydrodynamic pressure)
Gas flushing (Gussow theory)
Influences of temperature gradients.
Influence of lithostatic loads (geostatic pressure)
Note; fractures are a means of facilitating secondary
migration; they are not a force or mechanism
bringing it about, the force is still the provision of a
gradient of differential pressures.
ARAH MIGRASI
1. MELINTANG (KE ATAS / BAWAH)
2. PARALEL
TEORI AKUMULASI
1. GUSSOW, 1951
2. KING HUBBERT, 1953
3. HIDROLIK (RICH, 1931)
4. GRAVITASI
5. PERPINDAHAN TEMPAT
6. ANTIKLIN
FMI & DIPMETER INTERPRETATION

4 Arms - 8 Pads
192 Electrodes
FMI Measurement Principle
current penetrating each small button electrode on the pads is modulated in amplitude by the
resistivity of the formation in front of each button.
Sampling Rate is 0.1 inch.
Image Processing
RAW DATA PROCESSED IMAGE
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
RESISTIVE CONDUCTIVE
Sands and Shales
Silty
Sand
Sand Silt Clayey
Silt
Sandy Clay
Silt
Sand Silt
Clay
Perm
Very Good Good Fair Some Low Very Low
1000 100 10 1 .1
Resistivity
Static & Dynamic Presentations

STATIC
Applies to an DYNAMIC
Entire Interval Applies to a
1’ - 2’ Moving Window
EXAMPLE-
Micro Fault
TD: 62/304
Normal fault
Striking:
N25E-S25W
Down to WNW
Cross Bedding
Cross Bedding and rippled sands at base and convoluted

deformed bedding at top (soft sediments deformation)
Brazos River Texas
Cross Bedding
Crossbeds indicating
a due west
paleocurrent flow
within channel
system.
3-D View
Azimuth Histogram
X-BEDDING
FORESET
BEDDING
Bioturbation
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353) VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 43
Bioturbation
Dips in a Channel
Removed Structural Dip 20 deg to E

Induced Fractures
FMI Image Open Fracture FMI Image

Dynamic Cemented Fracture Static
Enhanced Fracture
Normalization Normalization
Induced Fracture
Cross Bedding
Bedding
0 Hole Azimuth 20
True Dip (deg)
0 Deviation 120
0 GR 150
Induced Fractures
Schmidt Plot
Induced Fractures Strike

Stereogram
Fracture Analysis
3-D view looking from the east

towards the west, showing
southerly dipping fractures.
Fractures Analysis
Open Fractures
Cemented Fractures
Breakout & Drilling Induced Fractures
0 90 180 270 360
Breakout orientation
N15W-S15E
(minimum stress
direction)
σ3
σ1
Drilling induced fractures

oriented N75E-S75W
(maximum stress
direction)

7-Migration - Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)

Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University