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1! 2
(a) ℒ {2t e 2t } = 2 ℒ {t1 e 2t } = (2) =
( s − 2) ( s − 2)
1+1 2
2! 2
(b) ℒ {t 2 et } = =
( s − 1) ( s − 1)
2 +1 3
1 4 −3t
2. Determine the Laplace transforms: ( a) 4t3e −2t (b) te
2
3! 24
(a) ℒ {4t 3 e −2t } = 4 =
( s + 2)
3+1
( s + 2)
4
1 1 4! 12
(b) ℒ t 4 e −3t = =
2 ( s + 3) ( s + 3)
4 +1
2
5
s −1 s −1 s −1
=
(a) ℒ {et cos t} = =
( s − 1) + 12 s 2 − 2 s + 1 + 1
2
s 2 − 2s + 2
2 6 6
ℒ {3e 2t sin 2t} 3=
(b)= =
( s − 2 ) + 22 s 2 − 4 s + 4 + 4
2
s 2 − 4s + 8
4. Determine the Laplace transforms: (a) 5e −2t cos 3t (b) 4e −5t sin t
s+2 5 ( s + 2) 5 ( s + 2)
ℒ {5e −2t cos 3t} 5=
(a) = =
( s + 2 ) + 32 s 2 + 4 s + 4 + 9
2
s 2 + 4 s + 13
1 3t 2
5. Determine the Laplace transforms: (a) 2e t sin2 t (b) e cos t
2
1 − cos 2t 1 s −1
(a) ℒ {2 et sin 2 t} = ℒ 2 et = ℒ {e } – ℒ {e cos=
2t} −
t t
2 s − 1 ( s − 1)2 + 22
1 s −1
= −
s − 1 s 2 − 2s + 5
1 1 1 + cos 2t
(b) ℒ e3t cos 2 t = ℒ e3t
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 s −3
= ℒ e3t + ℒ e3t=
cos 2t [ + ]
4 4 4 s − 3 ( s − 3) + 22
2
1 1 s −3 1 1 s −3
= + = +
4 s − 3 s − 6s + 9 + 4
2 4 s − 3 s − 6 s + 13
2
1 1 1 1
ℒ {et sinh t} =
(a) = = =
( s − 1) − 12 s 2 − 2 s + 1 − 1 s 2 − 2 s
2
s ( s − 2)
s−2 3( s − 2) 3( s − 2)
(b) ℒ
= {3e2t cosh 4t} 3=
( s − 2 ) − 42 s 2 − 4 s + 4 − 16
=
2
s 2 − 4 s − 12
1 −3t
7. Determine the Laplace transforms: (a) 2e − t sinh 3t (b) e cosh 2t
4
3 6 6
(a) ℒ
= {2 e−t sinh 3t} 2=
( s + 1) − 32 s + 2 s + 1 − 9
=
2 2 s + 2s − 8
2
s −1
(a) ℒ {2 et ( cos 3t − 3sin 3t )} = ℒ {2 et cos 3t} –=
3
ℒ {6 et sin 3t} 2 − 6
( s − 1)2 + 32 ( s − 1)2 + 32
2 ( s − 1) 18 2 s − 2 − 18 2 s − 20
= − = =
s − 2 s + 10
2 s − 2 s + 10 s − 2 s + 10 s − 2 s + 10
2 2 2
2 ( s − 10 )
=
s 2 − 2 s + 10
(b) ℒ {3e −2t ( sinh 2t − 2 cosh 2t )} = ℒ {3e −2t sinh 2t} – ℒ {6 e −2t cosh 2t}
2 s+2
= 3 − 6
( s + 2 )2 − 22 ( s + 2 )2 − 22
6 6 ( s + 2) 6 6 ( s + 2)
= − = −
s 2 + 4s + 4 − 4 s 2 + 4s + 4 − 4 s 2 + 4s s 2 + 4s
6 − 6 s − 12 −6 s − 6 −6 ( s + 1)
= = =
s ( s + 4) s ( s + 4) s ( s + 4)
1. Derive the Laplace transform of the first derivative from the definition of a Laplace transform.
1
Hence derive the transform ℒ {1} =
s
Hence, ℒ{ 0 } = sℒ {1} – 1
i.e. 1 = sℒ {1}
1
and ℒ {1} =
s
2. Use the Laplace transform of the first derivative to derive the transforms:
1 6
(a) ℒ{e at } = (b) ℒ{3t2} =
s−a s3
Hence, ℒ{ a e at } = sℒ {e at } – 1
i.e. 1 = (s – a)ℒ {e at }
1
and ℒ {e at } =
s−a
(b) Let f(t) = 3t 2 then f ′(t) = 6t and f(0) = 0
then, ℒ{ 6t } = sℒ {3t 2 } + 0
6
i.e. = sℒ {3t 2 }
s2
6
and ℒ {3t 2 } =
s3
a
transform. Hence derive the transform ℒ{sin at} =
s + a2
2
Let f(t) = sin at, then f ′(t) = a cos at and f ′′(t) = −a 2 sin at , f(0) = 0 and f ′(0) = a
From equation (4), page 1029 of the textbook, ℒ { f ''(t )} = s 2 ℒ { f (t )} − sf (0) − f '(0)
a
and ℒ {sin at} =
s2 + a2
4. Use the Laplace transform of the second derivative to derive the transforms:
a s
(a) ℒ{sinh at} = (b) ℒ{cosh at} =
s2 − a2 s2 − a2
(a) Let f(t) = sinh at then f ′(t) = a cosh at and f ′′(t) = a 2 sinh at , f(0) = 0 and f ′(0) = a
a
and ℒ {sinh at} =
s2 − a2
(b) Let f(t) = cosh at then f ′(t) = a sinh at and f ′′(t) = a 2 cosh at , f(0) = 1 and f ′(0) = 0
s
and ℒ {cosh at} =
s − a2
2
1. State the initial value theorem. Verify the theorem for the functions
3 4
(a) Let f(t) = 3 – 4 sin t then ℒ{f(t)} = ℒ{3 – 4 sin t} = −
s s +1
2
3 4
Hence, limit [3 − 4sin=
t ] limit s −
t →0 s →∞
s s + 1
2
4s
= limit 3 −
s →∞
s 2 + 1
∞
i.e. 3 – 4 sin 0 = 3 –
∞ +1
2
2 8 16
then ℒ {t 2 − 8t + 16} = − +
s3 s 2 s
2 8 16
Hence, limit [t 2 −=
8t + 16] limit s − +
t →0 s →∞
s3 s 2 s
2 8
= limit − + 16
s →∞
s 2 s
4 2s
(a) Let f(t) = 4 + 2 cos t then ℒ{f(t)} = ℒ{4 + 2 cos t} = +
s s2 + 1
4 2s
Hence, limit [ 4 + 2 cos =
t ] limit s +
t →0 s →∞
s s2 + 1
2s 2
= limit 4 +
s →∞
s 2 + 1
2∞ 2
i.e. 4 + 2 cos 0 = 4 +
∞2 + 1
i.e. 4+2=4+2
1 s
then ℒ {t − cos 3t} =−
s 2 s + 32
2
1 s
Hence, limit [t − cos=
3t ] limit s −
t →0 s →∞
s 2 s + 9
2
1 s2
= limit −
s →∞
s s 2 + 9
1 ∞2
i.e. 0 − cos 0 = −
∞ ∞2 + 9
3. State the final value theorem and state a practical application where it is of use. Verify the
theorem for the function 4 + e −2t (sin t + cos t) representing a displacement and state its final
value.
aircraft-landing systems.
4 1 s+2
then ℒ { f (t )} = + +
s ( s + 2 ) + 1 ( s + 2 )2 + 1
2
4 1 s+2
Hence, limit [ 4 + e −2t sin t + e −2t cos t=
] s →0 [
limit s + +
t →∞ s ( s + 2 )2 + 1 ( s + 2 )2 + 1
s s ( s + 2)
= limit 4 + +
( s + 2 ) + 1 ( s + 2 ) + 1
s →0 2 2
i.e. 4+0+0=4+0+0
4. Verify the final value theorem for the function 3t2e– 4t and determine its steady-state value.
2! 6
then ℒ { f (t )} 3=
=
( s + 4) 2+1 ( s + 4)3
6
Hence, limit [3 t 2 e − 4t ] = limit [ s
t →∞ s →0 ( s + 4 )3
i.e. 3 t ∞ e− 4∞ = 0