Contents

1. Introduction i g. Practical considerations 22

2. Properties of iron i 8.1. Furnaces and salt baths 23
2.1. Transformation temperatures 1 a. Protective atmospheres 23
2.2. Mechanical properties 2 b. Temperature measurement and
3. Alloys of iron and carbon 2 control 23
3.1. Iron-carbon phase diagram 2 8.2. Quenching media and accessories 24
3.2 Correlation of mechanical properties 8.3. Relation of design to heat treatment 25
with microstructures of slowly cooled 9. Nomenclature and chemical compositions of
carbon steels 6 steels 26
4. Decomposition of austenite 6 9.1. Structural steels 26
4.1. Isothermal transformation 7 9.2. Tool steels I 31
a. To pearlite 7 9.3. Stainless and heat resisting steels 32
b. To bainite 7 10. Recommended heat treatments 34
c. To martensite 7 10.1. Structural steels 34
4.2. Continuous cooling 8 10.2. Tool steels 35
5. Heat treatment of steels 9 10.3. Stainless and heat resisting steels 35
5.1. Annealing ~ 10 a. Group I—Hardenable chromium
a. Full annealing I__ 10 steels (martensitic and mag-
b. Process annealing 10 netic) 38
c. Spheroidizing . 10 b. Group II—Nonhardenable chro-
5.2. Normalizing 10 mium steels (ferritic and mag-
5.3. Hardening n netic) 38
a. Effect of mass I__™ 11 c. Group III—Nonhardenable chro-
5.4. Tempering n mium-nickel and chromium-
5.5. Case hardening 14 nickel-manganese steels (aus-
a. Carburizing 14 n, Properties and tenitic and nonmagnetic)
uses of steels i
38
38
b. Cyaniding ~ iß 11.1. Structural steels 38
c. Carbonitriding 16 a. Plain carbon structural steels 38
d. Nitriding : IQ
b. Alloy structural steels 39
5.6. Surface hardening 17 11.2. Tool steels 39
a. Induction hardening 17 11.3. Stainless and heat resisting steels 40
b. Flame hardening 17 a. Group I—Hardenable chromium
5.7. Special treatments 17 steels (martensitic and mag-
a. Austempering 17 netic) 1 41
b. Martempering ~ 18 b. Group II—Nonhardenable chro-
c. Cold treatment Z 18 mium steels (ferritic and mag-
d. Ausforming 18 netic) 41
6. Hardenability ig c. Group III—Nonhardenable chro-
7. Heat treatment of cast irons 20 mium-nickel and chromium-
! 7.1. Relieving residual stresses (aging) 20 nickel-manganese steels (aus-
i'! stenitic and nonmagnetic) 41
7.2. Annealing 20
a. Malleabilizing ~ 22 d. Precipitation-hardenable stainless
7.3. Normalizing, quenching, and tempering- 22 steels 42
11.4. Nickel maraging steels 44
7.4. Special heat treatments 22 12. Selected references 45

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-61523