KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A 2003

) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A

A CONGLOMERTE BED AS A POSSIBLE

LOWER BOUNDARY OF QULQULA
RADIOLARIAN FORMATION FROM
AREA (NE-IRAQ)

By: Kamal Haji Karim

Haji57barzinjy@yahoo.com

Abstract
A conglomerate bed is found and discussed in detail for the first time at the base of Qulqula
Radiolarian Formation at the between Chuarta- said Sadiq Towns. This bed is underlain directly by
Lower Cretaceous Balambo Formation. As a result of this new superposition stratigraphic relation, a
newer age of U. Cretaceous (Turonian -Santonian) is suggested for Qulqula Formation, instead of that
determined before (Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous age). The previous tectonic boundary and the
allochthonous Qulqula Formation are replaced by a basal conglomerate and, autochthonous boundary
respectively.
The conglomerate is identified compositionally and texturally as polymictic and orthoconglomerate
(grain-supported which consists of different type of chert and limestone pebbles and boulders. According
to composition and texture, the depositional nature of the conglomerate is so clear that cannot be
confused with tectonic breccias. The bed is deposited during reversal of basin paleoslope direction and
trench development, when the basin margin transformed from diverging to converging one. Qulqula
Formation is supposed to be deposited in a subduction trench forming an accretionary prism during the
colliding of the Iranian and plates
In most area, the bed is about half meter thick and mapped continuously for about 30 km from Kaolos
village, near Said Sadiq town, to Sourala village near Chuarta town. In the field, the conglomerate is
located in clear and predictable stratigraphical and geomorphologic position.

Keywords: Bedded cherts, radiolarite, Qulqula Formation, Qulqula Group, Subduction zone,
Conglomerate, Stratigraphy

Introduction
The age and stratigraphic position of,
Qulqula Radiolarian and Qulqula
Conglomerate Formations, as Qulqula
Group, were controversial because of
insufficient studies and complex structure
of the occurrence area. The Formation
was first mentioned by Bolton (1955b)[1]
and gave more detailed definitions in
1958. Buday and Jassim (1987)[2] used
“Qulqula Formation” instead of “Qulqula
Radiolarian Formation” which is also,
for simplicity, is followed in this paper.
The present study is concerned with the
area located between Said-Sadiq and
Chuarta town (Fig. 1) to the north and
northeast of Kurra Kazhao Mountain
about 35 km to the northeast of
Sulaimaniya City. Tectonically, the area
represents the southern boundary of
Intermediate Zone of Bolton (1958)[3].
(Fig.1). Buday and Jassim (1987)[2] put
the area between Suerala and Haji
Mamand villages in the Outer Belt of the
Qulqula-Khwakurk Subzone
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A
In the area of the study, the lower thick
limestone beds of the formation are
forming relatively small mountains and
ridges. They are trending, as a long belt,
from Kaolos village to Sourala village
near Chuarta town (Fig.2)
Under these beds occurs
Balambo Formation, which form
the highest mountain in the area,
as Kurra Kazhao, with elevation
of 2208 meters (Fig.2). Along the
highest peaks of the small
mountains, the contact between
the above two formations is
cropping out as a conglomerate
bed.
The lower part of Qulqula
Formation, the main subject of
this paper, is composed of
alternation of four successions of
limestone beds and same
numbers of chert ones and they
are dipping at nearly 45 degrees
toward northeast. The limestone
beds are consisting of fine grain
black limestone layers, which are
easily distinguished. They are
labeled L1, L2, L3 and L4, upwards in
the photos and figures, such as (Fig.3 and
plate 1.1). It is possible that these four
limestone successions are representing
imbrication of one limestone succession.
The chert beds are composed of white,
black, brown or blue, thin beds of chert
with occasional interbeds of varicolored
shale and marl. White cherts are more
common in the lowest succession of the
bedded cherts. In the lower limestone
beds, two beds of intraformational
conglomerate are found (Plate 2.4). In
addition to these the occurrence of some
lamination and cross-lamination are also
2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A
observed in the lower limestone
succession
The maximum development of the
limestone succession is observed in the
northwestern part of the studied area,
exactly south of Parazan, Gueza Rash
and Dola Pamo villages. In this area, their
thicknesses are reaching (25) m for each
succession (Plate 1.2). While their
thickness decrease toward southeast and
become about 7 m near Dola Chaot
village (Plate 1.3).
Balambo Formation, which
underlies Qulqula Formation, is
composed of gray or yellowish,
thin-bedded limestone, forming
smooth weathering slopes
without marked features. Thin
section study is showing many
Cretaceous species of planktonic
forams Globotrancana sp and
Globogerinoids sp. This type of
lithology is similar to that given
by Bellen, et al., (1959)[4] at the
type locality. In the
northwestern part of the study
area, Shiranish Formation covers
Qulqula Formation, but the
stratigraphic relations is not clear
because of intense disturbance by large
transverse normal fault near Suerala
village (Fig.1).
AUTOCHTHONISM VIRSUS
ALLOCHTHONISM IDEAS
According to Heron and Less, (1943)[5],
Qulqula Formation is allochthonous rock
unit and transported from the east to the
present location. Bolton (1958)(3),
Simirnov and Nelidov (1962)[6]
considered the formation as
autochthonous rock unit and have not
undergone any change in position except
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A
faulting, Buday and Jassim (1987)[2]
reported thrusting of Qulqula on Balambo
Formation for about 15 km. They also5.
mentioned that Penjuin metamorphic
Group (Aptian-Albian) is laterally
equivalent to Qulqula Group.
Recently, depending on allochthony,
Nazar, (1997)[7] regarded Balambo and6.
Qulqula Formations to two far separated
trench–like basins, at both sides of
spreading mid-oceanic ridges.
In the present study, the autochthony is
proved for Qulqula Formation. This is
inferred from the following facts:
1. Balambo Formation, according to all
previous studies, is in its original
location.
2. The studied basal conglomerate was
linked the two above formations
together in unconformable
stratigraphic relation. These two facts
prove that any relative movement
between the two formations has not
happened.
3. In Mawat area (Fig.1) Al-Mehaidi
(1975)[8] and Surdashy (1997)[9]
have indicated the thrust surface
within younger formations (Tertiary
Units).
4. The studied area, unlike Mawat and
Penjuin areas has relatively simple
structure and shows neither ancient
igneous activity nor metamorphism.
The simplicity of the structure in this
area was also reported by Buday and
Jassim (1987)[2]. Moreover they
mentioned that the area between
Chuarta and Haji Mamand contains
some conglomerate without giving
any detail. Bolton, (1958)[3] recorded
uncertain conglomerate in the same
area. Chuarta-Haji Mamand area is
representing the northwestern part of
2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A
the studied area (Plate 1.2) and
(Fig.2).
Along the extension of the
conglomerate bed, evidence of
thrusting and faulting (slickenside,
tectonic breccias and mineralization)
are not found.
Tectonic breccias, as an evidence for
fault, are commonly cut across the
bedding surface, but the conglomerate
bed is parallel to both bedding plane
of Balambo and Qulqula Formations.
The author surveyed lateral extension
of the bed for more than 25 km (Fig.1
and 2) and did not find thrust surface
or deformation like those associated
with fault. So this is accurate proof
for sedimentary origin of the
conglomerate.
STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION AND
GEOMORPHOLGIC CONDITION
OF THE CONGLOMERATE BED
The conglomerate bed is first
discovered at 1.5 km south of Dostadra
village directly 15 m below and south to a
mountain peak (about 1500 meter high),
locally known as Qali Kiche, (Plate 1.1)
and (Fig.3). The bed is located 10 meters
below the base of the lowermost, black,
thick limestone bed. This bed is found
during geological observation in this area
for discovering the nature of lower
boundary of Qulqula Formation. Buday
(1980)[10] asked for detail study of this
boundary.
The latter bed is separated from
yellowish gray limestone beds of upper
part of Balambo Formation by 20 meters
of varicolored shale, marl and sandstone
of Qulqula Formation. At the middle of
this interval, the conglomerate is cropping
out as a bed of about 20 cm thick.
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A
Since 1997 till this moment all the area,
showed in the geological map and along
the bed extension, is surveyed for
knowing the mutual relations with the
surrounding units. The result is that, the
stratigraphic position mentioned above
and types of geomorphologic landform,
related to the bed, are predictable and
nearly similar throughout the area. This
excludes any thrusting and displacement
of Qulqula on Balambo Formation, at
least in this area.
For expanding this study the contact
between the two formations is inspected
at Halabja area, which showed gradational
(not unconformable) contacts especially at
northeastern limb of Shinarwe anticline
(or mountain) exactly at the midway and
on the road between Tawera and Hawar
villages at 8km northeast of Halabja
Town..
Geomorphologically, the bed is located
in a center of a small saddle-like
depression, formed by rapidly weathering
shale and marl of the above mentioned
(20) m interval between the two
formations. This depression is located
near and to the south of mountain peaks in
the area, there the rear (back) of the
saddles (pointing to the southwest) are
formed by Balambo and the front by
Qulqula lower beds (the lower succession
of limestone beds) (Plate 1.1) and (Fig. 3).
This fieldwork, as the author aware, is the
first one in this area after that of
Waddington (1955)[11]. In their study of
petrology and origin of the Mawat and
Penjuin igneous complex, Jassim and Al-
Hassan (1977)[12] regarded the position
of the conglomerate as surface of reverse
fault. They put the thrust line near
Penjuin town (Fig. 1), but in present study
neither the thrust nor the reverse fault are
identified in the area.
2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A
The suggestion of thrust surface and the
reverse fault is based (in my opinion) on
the intense deformations of middle and
upper part of the formation because of
this the continuation of this area is called
Crushed Zone in Iran. Other reason is the
fact the science of sedimentology and
petrology were not reached such level, at
that time, to differentiate between tectonic
breccias and sedimentary breccias and
conglomerate.
The intense deformations in the Qulqula
Formation is attributed to the following
two points, the first is due to soft
sediment of middle and upper parts,
which composed mainly of alternation of
marl and shale with thin beds of chert.
(See page 3 and point 6 for detail)
The second reason is that the whole part
located in the lowland in the area (may be
syncline), which were easily squeezed and
deformed between mountains, in contrary
to lower part which was supported by
high Kurra Kazhao and Kanasir
mountains, and contains thick competent
limestone beds (Fig. 3). The second point
is mentioned, indirectly, by Buday and
Jassim (1987)[2]. They stated that
Qulqula Formation is a basement of
Paleogene molasses sediments (now
occurring in lowlands).
LITHOLOGY AND THICKNESS
OF THE CONGLOMERATE
In the central part of the studied area,
especially near Dostadara village, the
thickness of the conglomerate is about 30
cm, while it increases southeastward and
exceeds (2) meters near Kaolos village
but decreases to the northwest reaching
(20) cm near Dol Pamo village (Fig. 2).
Lithologically, it is composed of angular
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A
to subangular and poorly sorted pebbles
and boulders of cherts and limestone
(Plate 2.3).
Therefore, the conglomerate bed is
grain-supported and bounded by
calcareous and ferrugeinous (Plate,
2.2). Selley (1988)[13] has called the
grain and matrix supported
conglomerate, as orthoconglomerate and
paraconglomerate respectively. This latter
one is not found in the studied area.
This lithology shows constancy
throughout the area with some change in
grain size and lithology from place to
another. Near Dostadara Village the clast
are subangular but those near Kaolos are
angular and coarser than other area.
Selley, (1988)(13) referred this type of
rock as sedimentary breccias and
attributed its deposition to immediately
adjacent to unconformity in terrestrial and
subaqueous screes and in more extensive
fanglomerate environments. He returned
their angularity to proximity of
environments where newly eroded
detritus has not yet undergone abrasion
and rounding. The same author showed a
photo (in p.330) much similar to that of
present study, especially that exist near
Kaolos Village. Pettijohn (1975)[14]
classified this type of rock as
orthoconglomerate and he attributed its
deposition to high velocity river or beach
surf.
Thin section study of limestone
pebbles and boulders shows two types of
lithology. One type is composed of a
mixture of pellets and oolith-like grains
(Plate, 3.2), which can be called
grainstone according to Dunham
classification (1962)[15]. The other type
composed of sorted and parallel arranged
thin bioclast (wackestone) (Plate, 3.1). as
mention below, this lithology is most
2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A
probably belongs to Qamchuqa
Formation).
The cherts grains of yellow, black or
blue color, sometime surrounded by marly
limestone, resemble the nodules seen by
the author in limestone of Kometan
Formation in Dokan area.
Composionally, the conglomerate is
called polymictic conglomerate. This is
because it composed of mainly of two
types of lithologies (chert and limestone
clasts)
Genetically, according to above
lithologies, the source rocks of the
conglomerate can be derived from two
source rocks. One for the limestone grains
and the second to the chert ones, the
former is transported from shallow neritic
limestone, which may be driven from
formation such as Qamchuqa that is not
too far from studied area. Another
possibility is weathering of shallow
limestone of Jurassic Periods such as
Barsarine, Naokelekan and Sekhnian
Formations.
Kwon, et al. (2002)[16] studied
limestone conglomerate from Korea and
he returned their origin to deposition and
diagenesis. The origin of chert grains in
the conglomerate are making no problem
because both Balambo Formations and
Jurassic units contain chert nodules and
bands which during weathering and
transportation can resist and form
conglomerate after deposition and
lithification.
AGE CONTROVERSIES
OF QULQULA FORMATION
There is no agreement about the age
of the formation. But it seems that the
common trend of the age determination is
toward assignment of younger age with
publishing new papers. In this connection
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A
Waddington (1955)[11] supposed that the
formation is older than Jurassic. Karim
(1974)[17] inferred the age of Albian to
Cenomanian from foraminifera study. In
Turkey similar rocks known as Celio
Series and continuation of Tanjero are
considered to be Late Cretaceous-
Paleocene by Altunli (1966)[18]. While in
northern Iran, the Radiolarite rocks
known as Karaj Formation are aged lower3.
and Middle Eocene by Darvichzade
(1992)[19].
The former author attributed the source
of silica in these rocks to igneous
extrusion in to Eocene basins. In Oman
the chert, associated with Samail
ophiolite, is estimated to be lower art of
Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-
Toronian) in age (Coleman, 1981)[20].
Stockolin (1974 in Darvichzade,
1992)[19] put radiolarite (equivalent to
Qulqula) above the limestone of
Cenomanian-Turonian (equivalent to
Balambo) (Fig.4). He suspected the
contact between the radiolarite and the
limestone and named it “uncertain
contact” which he considered its nature
either to thrusting or to changed
sedimentary surface. The geology of
Southern Iran is nearly similar to
studied area (Fig.5)
The thin section study and cooked
samples are failed to fine index fossil for
biozonation. Moreover acids treat 11
samples but yield no any palynomorphs.
In the present study, base on stratigraphic
position, the Qulqula as whole is
suggested to be younger than Balambo
Formation (may be Coniacian to lower
Campanian). This is according to the
following evidences:
1. The conglomerate bed is the first field
evidence for clear superposed
stratigraphic relation between
2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A
Balambo upper part (Toronian) and
Qulqula lower part (accordingly
Coniacian) (Fig. 6).
2. The result of this study is closer to
that recorded in Turkey where similar
rocks known as Celio Series and
continuation of Tanjero are considered
to be U. Cretaceous-Paleocene by
Altunli (1966)[18].
In the studied area (as near Suerala
village) and surrounding area such as
Mawat, the younger formations like,
Shiranish, Tanjero and Red beds, are
all located in the low lands (may be a
syncline). This is also true for the
Qulqula Radiolarian Formation and
according to Al-Mehaidi (1975)[8],
the latter formation, in Mawat area, is
underlying the former ones. In my
opinion, inspite of faulting and
deformation, this type of occurrence is
the natural stratigraphic superposition
in that area, where Balambo
Formation possibly underlies Qulqula,
in the same stratigraphic situation as
observed in the studied area (Fig. 7).
4. According to Bolton (1958)[3],
Qulqula Conglomerate Formation was
observed merging into Shiranish
Formation and the former is partly
contemporaneous to Qulqula
Formation. If this is true, it means that
Qulqula may be time equivalent to
Kometan Formation.
5. As cited by Bellen, et al., (1959)[4],
upper part of Balambo Formation
contain radiolarian fauna and
Kometan contains chert concretion,
these are evidences for starting
deepness of Early Late Cretaceous
basin and also increase of igneous
extrusion, depositing silica in the form
of bedded chert in the basin of
Qulqula Formation.
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A
6. Buday and Jassim (1987)[2]
mentioned many igneous intrusion
bodies (dykes) in the Qulqula
Radiolarite Formation. The age of
these bodies was not given accurately
for them but they are thought to be
younger than Cretaceous. So the
deposition of the formation is more
convenient to be Upper Cretaceous
than other ages.
7. When one looks at the curve of
eustatic sea level change during
Jurassic and Cretaceous, the deep
basin below CCD is most probable for
Cretaceous than Jurassic.
BASIN CONFIGURATION AND
PALEOGEOGRAHY OF QULQULA
FORMATION
One can infer from the facies
distribution maps given by Buday,
(1980)[10] that the basins
paleogeographic slope direction was
toward northeast during Lower
Cretaceous till Middle Turonian. During
later ages (Coniacian and Santonian) the
general basin paeoslope direction is
reversed 180 degree toward southwest.
This reversal is associated with
colliding of Arabian and Iranian Plate.
This colliding is lasted till the oceanic
crust is exhausted and then the two related
continents are collided at Upper
Cretaceous. This collision is changed the
studied area from passive continental
margin to active one and development of
subduction zone (trench) in the southwest
side of the island arch (Fig.8). The
deposition of the conglomerate, in a
subaerial environment, is occurred during
this reversal of paeoslope direction and
development of subduction zone. In this
connection Davis et al. (2002)[21] has
found conglomerate at the Tibet area,
2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A
which is developed, along the zone of
collision between Indian and Asian plates.
The deposition of the conglomerate is
occurred prior to the final collision
between India and Asia continents.
According to Krumbein and Sloss
(1963)[22], the deposition of
conglomerate like the one described in
this study is occurring in rapidly
subsiding basin and receive its fluvial
sediments from rapidly eroded uplift.
In the associated trench it is supposed
that Qulqula Formation is deposited
during the middle of Upper Cretaceous. In
this basin bedded chert is continuously
deformed in its place or transported for
short distance, forming an accretionary
prism over Balambo Formation (Fig.8). In
addition to this, the sediments (chert, marl
and shale) are added by scrapping off the
oceanic sediments. By this huge thickness
of bedded chert is accumulated forming
Qulqula Formation. This processes is
coupled with exhausting of oceanic crust
under the Iranian plate.
Later, the chert accretionary prism is
uplifted above sea level during
Campanian and Maastrichtian by either
faulting or adding new sheet from
southwest so that the accommodation
space is reduced to zero. The eroded
clastic sediment is supplied to nearby
basins of Shiranish and Tanjero
Formations. Tectonically the new
age of the formation coincides with the
end of Subhercynian and beginning of
Laramide Orogeny during which the most
intense basin irregularity is occurred
forming deep narrow basin and high
paleoridge fringing the basin on an active
continental margin, (Fig. 8).
In this study both plate tectonic and
block faulting are used for basin
reconstruction of Qulqula formation. This
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A 2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A

is because neither plates tectonic nor
vertical faulting concept can be used
separately for this purpose.
The lower part is deposited in relatively4.
shallower environment ( LST) than other
parts, and the clastics are supplied from
high paleoridge formed by Jurassic and
Cretaceous outside the occupation area of5.
Qulqula Formation.
When the principles of sequence
stratigraphy of (Emery and Myer,
1996[23], Nichols, 1999[24]; Vincent et
al 1998[25], Haq, 1991[26] and are used
the conglomerate as representative of
sequence boundary. While the6.
gradational contact, in Halabja area is
regarded as correlative conformable
contact between Balambo and Qulqula
Formation.
Conclusions
This paper has concluded the followings:8. The maximum development of the
1. For the first time a conglomerate bed
is found in the area and discussed in
detail, which is located at the base of
Qulqula Radiolarian Formation and at
the top of Balambo Formation.
2. This basal conglomerate is traced for
about 30km continuously in Said
Sadiq-Chuarta area, which is
occurring in predictable stratigraphic
and geomorphologic position.
3. Lithologically the bed is composed of
pebbles and boulders of different
grains of cherts and limestone and,
being grain supported, it is called
orthoconglomerate.
All the evidences show the
depositional origin of the bed because
no breccias, slickenside and
mineralization are found.
In accordance with this new discovery
a newer age (Upper Cretaceous) is
suggested for Qulqula Formation,
which according to stratigraphic
position is younger than Balambo
Formation and older than Shiranish
Formation.
The autochthonism idea is further
confirmed by this conglomerate,
which excluded any change local
faulting, and deformation.
7. The deformation had occurred in a
trench of subduction zone, which was
formed accretionary prism.
lower succession of limestone beds
are observed in northwestern part of
the studied area, reaching 30m in
thickness for each succession, and
decrease toward northeast which
about (7) m thick.

References
1.Bolton, C. M.G., 1955b. Report on the geology and economic prospect of the Qala Dizeh
area Site Inv. Co. Report, SOM Library. No.269, Baghdad.
2.Buday, T. and Jassim, S.Z., 1987. The regional geology of Iraq: Tectonism, Magmatism
and
Metamorphism. I.I. Kassab and M.J. Abbas ( Eds ) ,Baghdad, 445 p.
3.Bolton, C.M.G., 1958.The Geology of Ranya area. Site Inv Co. Upubl. Report, SOM
Library, Baghdad.
 KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation ( ) ( A 2003
) (Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A

4.Bellen, R. C. Van., Dunnington, H.V., Wetzel, R. and Morton, D.,1959. Lexique

Stratigraphique International. Asie, Iraq, Vol.3,Fasc. 10a, 333pp
5.Heron. A.M., and Lees, G.M., 1943. The zone of nappes in Iraqi Kurdistan. Min.
of Development. Unpbl. Report.SOM Library, No. 133.
6.Smirnov, A.V. and Nelidov, V.P, 1962 Report on 1: 200000 Prospecting correlation of
Choarta -Sulaimaniya and Penjuin areas. Unpubl. Report, SOM Library, No. 290.
7.Nazar, M.S.N., 1997. A plate tectonic senario for the Phanerozoic Succession in Iraq. Iraqi,
Geol. J. Vol.30, No. 2, pp 85–110.
8.Al-Mehaidi, H.M., 1975. Tertiary Nappe in Mawat Range, N.E Iraq, Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq,
8, PP 31-44
9.Surdashy, A. M., 1997 . Depositional environment and post depositional deformation of
Naopurdan Limestone Unit from Chaurta-Mawat area, NE-Iraq, Iraqi Geological Sociaty,
vol.30, No.2.
10.Buday,T., 1980. The Regional Geology of Iraq , Vol. 1: Stratigraphy, I.I.MKassab and
S.Z. Jassim(Eds ),D.G. Geol. Surv. Min. Invest. Publ. 445p.
11.Waddington,A.P.E., 1955b. Report on Geological survey of the Halabja area. Site Inv. Co.
Report, SOM Library, NO. 266,Baghdad.
12.Jassim, S. Z. and Al-Hassan 1977. Petrography and Origin of the Mawat and Penjuin
igneous complexes. Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq. Special Issue on 4th Iraqi Geol. Conf., Baghdad,
1976.
13.Selley, R.C.,1988. Applied Sedimentlogy, Academic Press, London. 446pp
14.Pettijohn, B.G., 1975. Sedimentary Rocks, Third Edition Harper and Row Publishers, New
York,London. 628p.
15.Dunham, R.J., 1962.Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture:
in Ham, W.E. (Ed), Classification Carbonate rocks: A symposium, A.A.P.G. No.1 pp
108 -121.
16. Kwon , Y. K. Chough, S. K. , Choi, D. K. and Lee D. J. 2002. Origin of limestone
conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup (Cambro–Ordovician), mid-east Korea.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. Vol.149, no. 4, pp.265-283.
17.Karim, A. S., 1974a Biostratigraphy of Qulqula Series. Section. J1 – near Basni in Mawat
–
Choarta area. NIMCO L.B. Unpubl. Report.
18.Altinli, I. E., 1966. Geology of Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia Turkey, Min., Rep.
Explor. Ist. Bull. Foreign Edit, 60,Ankara, Turkey, PP 35-76
19.Darvechzade, A. 1992. Geology of Iran, Neda Publication. Tehran, 901p.
20.Coleman, R. G. 1981.Tectonic setting for ophliolite obduction in Oman . Journal of
Geophysical Research, Vol.86, No.B4, pp.2497-2508.
21.Davis, A. M., Aitchison,J. C, Badengzhu Hui Luo and Zyabrev S.. 2002.
Paleogene island arc collision-related conglomerates, Yarlung–Tsangpo suture zone,
Tibet. Sedimentary Geology, Vol.150, No. 3, pp.247-290.
22.Krumbein ,W. C. and Sloss, L. L. 1963. Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. Second Edition,
W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 660p.
23.Emery, D. and K. Myers, 1996. Sequence stratigraphy. Blackwell
Scientific Limited. 297p.
24.Nichols,G. 1999. Sedimentology, and Stratigraphy, Blackwell Science Ltd., p355
25.Vincent, S. J., Macdonald, D. I. M. and Gutterige, P. 1998. Sequence Stratigraphy,
in: Doyle, P. and Bennett, M. R. (editors). Unlocking the Stratigraphical Record, John
Wily & Son, New York, p.532.]
 ‫) ( ‪KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪(Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A‬‬

‫‪26.Haq, B. U. 1991. Sequence stratigraphy, sea level change and significance for the deep sea.‬‬
‫‪Spc. Publs. Int. Ass. Sediment. NO.12. p.3-39‬‬
‫‪27.Al-Mehaidi, H.M., 1975. Tertiary nappe in Mawat Range, N.E Iraq,‬‬ ‫‪Jour.‬‬
‫‪Geol. Soc. Iraq, Vol. 8, pp. 31-44.‬‬

‫نيَوان‬ ‫سنووري خوارةوةي‬ ‫ضينيَكي كونطلومري َ ت وةك‬

‫ثيَكهتووي قولقولة‬
‫سيد صادق سةرووي‬ ‫و بالَةمبؤ ‪ ،‬لة ناوضةي ضووارتا‪-‬‬
‫رِؤذهةلَت عيراق‬
‫كمال حاجي كريم‬
‫بةشى جيؤلؤجى ‪ /‬كؤليَجى زانست ‪ /‬هةريَمى كوردستان ‪-‬‬
‫عيَراق‬

‫بؤ يةكةم جار ضينيَكىكونطلومري َ ت دؤزراوةتةوة لة لة بنكةى‬

‫ثيضكهاتوو ى قولقول ة و ة ل ة سةروو ي ثيَكهاتوو ى بالَةمبؤ و ة بةدريَذى‬
‫باسى كراوة لةدةر ئةنجامى ئةم ثةيوةندىيةى ضينةكانى زةوىلةدواى يةك‬
‫كؤناشيان ] ديارى‬ ‫‪ ,‬تةمةنيَكى تازةى [ كريتاسي سةروو [سنومانيان‬
‫كراوة لة جياتى تةمةنى ثيَشوو ‪ .‬سنور جولَةى ثيَشوو طؤراوة بة‬
‫طواستراوة‪،‬‬ ‫قولقولةى‬ ‫وةثبَكهاتووى‬ ‫بنكةيى‬ ‫كونطلوميرايتى‬
‫سةلماندراوة كة لةشويَنى خؤيداية بةليةنى كةمةوة لة ناوضةى ليَكؤ لَينة‬
‫وة كةدا ‪0‬‬
‫ضينةكة واناسراوة تةوة كة بريتى ية لة كوطلوميراتى تةواو )(‬
‫‪ Orthoconglomerate‬وة ثي ًَكهاتوة لة جؤرى جياواز لة دةنكؤلَةى بةردى‬
‫ضيَرت و بةردى كلس (‪ Polymictic conglomerate) 0‬بة ثىَى ثيَكهاتةو ضنراوى‬
‫كونطلوميَريتةكة وادةركةوتووة كة بنضينةى نيشتنى هةية نةك بنضينةى‬
‫تةكتؤنى كةبة ئاسانى جيا دةكريَتةوة لةبريشيا ‪.‬وةلةليةنى تكتونى يةوة‬
‫رووة خوارى‬ ‫رانةوةى ِ‬ ‫ل طة ِ‬ ‫كونطلوميَريتة كة نيشتووة لةكاتى لةهة َ‬
‫ل و ضوونة خوارةوة‬ ‫نيشتطةى كؤن و دروست بوونى ناوضةى ضالَى قو َ‬
‫‪ 0‬وة دانراوة كة ضينةكة نيشتوة لة ضالَي قولَي بةرةو خوارضوو كة (‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪) Accretionary prism‬‬
‫ضينةكة نزيكةى نيو مةتر ئةستورة وة بةبةردةوامى بؤدريَذى ‪30‬كم لةسةر‬
‫زةوى و نةخشة روو ثيووكراوةو لةطوندى كةولوسةوة (نزيك سةيد‬
‫صادق ) بؤ طوندى سويَرة لة (نزيك ضوارتا )‪ 0‬لةرووي سترا تيطرافى و‬
‫جيو مؤر فؤ لوجى يةوة ضينةكة كةوتؤرتة شويَنيَكى ثيَش بينينى كرا وة‬
 ‫) ( ‪KAJ) Kourdistan Acadamation‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪(Journal,2003 ,2(1),Part A‬‬

‫طبقة مد ملكات كحد سفلي لتكوين قولقولة‬

‫في منطقة جوارتا‪-‬سيد صادق ‪ ،‬شمال شرق العراق‬
‫كمال حاجي كريم‬
‫قسم الجيولوجى ‪ /‬كلية العلوم ‪ /‬جامعة السليمانية ‪ /‬اقليم كوردستان‬
‫‪-‬العراق‬
‫تم ايجاد طبقة مد ملكات لول مر ة و وصفها بتفصيل حيث تقع‬
‫فوق تكوين بلمبو ‪ 0‬نتيجة لهذه العلقة‬ ‫تحت قاعدة لتكوين قولقولة و‬
‫الطباقية الجديدة حددت الكريتاسي اعلى ( سنومانيان‪ -‬كوناشيان) كعمر جديد للتكوين‬
‫مكان العمر القديم ‪ 0‬غيرت ‪ ،‬في هذه الدراسة ‪ ،‬حد فاصل تكتوني قديم الى حد‬
‫فاصل طباقي غير متوافق متمثل با لمدملكات القاعدية و بهذا ثبت على ان تكوين‬
‫قولقولة قد ترسبت في موقعها الحالي ‪ ،‬على اقل في منطقة الدراسة ‪0‬‬
‫ومتعددة اصخارية ((‬ ‫ان الطبقة عبارة عن مدملكات متكاملة(‪)Orthoconglomerate‬‬
‫‪ Polymictic conglomerate‬حيث تتكون من حبيبات مختلفة احجام من حجر الصوان و‬
‫كلس ‪ 0‬و تم اثبات الصلي الرسوبي من دراسةالمكونات و النسيج و استبعد اصل‬
‫التكتوني و بريشي و استنتجت على ا نها ترسبت خلل انعكاساس انحدار الحوض‬
‫الترسيبي و تكوين الغور ومنطقة غطس الصفائح التكتونية حيث هناك تكونت بشكل‬
‫) ‪)Accretionary prism‬‬
‫يصل سمك الطبقة الى ‪50‬سم و تم متابعتها لمسافة ‪ 30‬كم على الرض من القرية‬
‫كولوس ( قرب سيد صادق) الى قرية سورلة ( قرب جوارتا) ‪ 0‬تقع الطبقة طباقيا و‬
‫جيومورفولوجيا في مكان يمكن متوقعها بسهولة‬