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0.09 60,000
subjected to identical operating conditions will attain or 40,000
0.10 4.5
40,000 0.12 4
30,000
surpass before flaking due to material fatigue occurs. For 40,000 30,000
0.14
40,000
20,000 4
bearings operating at fixed constant speeds, the basic 15,000
0.12
30,000 20,000
30,000
3.5
15,000 0.16
rating life (90% reliability) is expressed in the total number 10,000
0.14
20,000
3.5
10,000 0.18 20,000 3
of hours of operation. 8,000 0.16
15,000
8,000
0.20
6,000 0.18 6,000
15,000
3
0.22
4,000 0.20
Basic dynamic load rating expresses a rolling bearing's 3,000 0.22
10,000 4,000
3,000
0.24
0.26
10,000
2.5
2,000
0.28
8,000
0.30
load rating is the load under which the basic rating life of 1,500 0.28 6,000
1,500
6,000
0.30
2
the bearing is 1 million revolutions. This is expressed as 1,000 4,000 2 1,000
0.35
4,000
1.9
800
pure radial load for radial bearings and pure axial load for 600
0.35
3,000
1.9
1.8
800
600
0.4
1.8
load rating (Cr)" and "basic dynamic axial load rating (Ca)." 300
0.5
2,000 1.6
1.5
300
0.5
2,000 1.5
The basic dynamic load ratings given in the bearing 200 1,500
1.4 200
0.6
1,500 1.4
0.6
tables of this catalog are for bearings constructed of NTN 150
1.3 150 1.3
100
1,000 0.7 1,000
standard bearing materials, using standard manufacturing 80
0.7 900
800
1.2 100
80
900
800
1.2
techniques. 60
0.8 700
600
1.1
60
0.8 700 1.1
600
0.9 0.9
40 500 1.0 40 500 1.0
1.0 0.95 1.0
The relationship between the basic rating life, the basic 30
1.1
400
0.90
30
1.1
400
0.95
0.90
15
1.2
1.3
300 0.85
0.80
20
1.2 300 0.85
15
1.3
formula. 10
1.4
1.49
0.75
1.4
0.80
A-17
●Load Rating and Life
When the load conditions vary at regular intervals, the Dimensions change significantly if bearings made of
life can be given by formula (3.4). high carbon chrome bearing steel with conventional heat
Φ1 Φ2 Φ j -1 treatment are used at temperatures in excess of 120˚C
Lm =( + +… )……………(3.4) for an extended period of time. NTN Engineering
L1 L2 Lj
therefore offers a bearing for high-temperature
applications specially treated to stabilize dimensions at
where,
the maximum operating temperature (TS treatment). The
L m : Total life of bearing
treatment however makes the bearing softer and affects
Φ j : Frequency of individual load conditions
life of the bearing. Life is adjusted by multiplying by the
(ΣΦ j = 1)
values given in Table 3.3.
L j : Life under individual conditions
If equivalent load P and rotational speed n are Table 3.2 Reliability factor a1
operating conditions of the bearing, basic rated dynamic
load C that satisfies required life of the bearing is Reliability % Ln Reliability factor a1
determined using Table 3.1 and formula (3.5). Bearings 90 L10 1.00
that satisfy the required C can be selected from the 95 L5 0.62
bearing dimensions table provided in the catalog. 96 L4 0.53
fh 97 L3 0.44
C = P ——……………………………………(3.5) 98 L2 0.33
fn
99 L1 0.21
3.3 Adjusted rating life Table 3.3 Treatment for stabilizing dimensions
The basic bearing rating life (90% reliability factor) can Max. operating Bearing characteristics
Symbol temperature (C˚) factor a2
be calculated through the formulas mentioned earlier in
Section 3.2. However, in some applications a bearing life TS2 160 1.00
factor of over 90% reliability may be required. To meet TS3 200 0.73
these requirements, bearing life can be lengthened by the TS4 250 0.48
use of specially improved bearing materials or
manufacturing process. Bearing life is also sometimes
3.3.3 Operating conditions factor a3
affected by operating conditions such as lubrication,
Operating conditions factor a3 is used to compensate for
temperature and rotational speed.
when lubrication condition worsens due to rise in
Basic rating life adjusted to compensate for this is
temperature or rotational speed, lubricant deteriorates, or
called "adjusted rating life," and is determined using
becomes contaminated with foreign matter.
formula (3.6).
Generally speaking, when lubricating conditions are
Lna = a1・a2・a3・L10…(3.6)
satisfactory, the a3 factor has a value of one; and when
where,
lubricating conditions are exceptionally favorable, and all
Lna : Adjusted rating life in millions of revolutions
other operating conditions are normal, a3 can have a
(106)
value greater than one. a3 is however less than 1 in the
a1 : Reliability factor
following cases:
a2 : Bearing characteristics factor
a3 : Operating conditions factor
A-18
●Load Rating and Life
¡Dynamic viscosity of lubricating oil is too low for bearing When a super heavy load is applied, harmful plastic
operating temperature distortion could be produced on the contact surfaces of
2 2
(13 mm /s or less for ball bearings, 20 mm /s for roller the rolling elements and raceway. The formulae for
bearings) determining basic rating life (3.1, 3.2, and 3.6) do not
¡Rotational speed is particularly low apply if Pr exceeds either Cor (Basic static load rating) or
-1
(If sum of rotational speed n min and rolling element 0.5 Cr for radial bearings, or if Pa exceeds 0.5 Ca for thrust
pitch diameter Dpw mm is Dpw・n < 10,000) bearings.
¡Bearing operating temperature is too high
If bearing operating temperature is too high, the 3.4 Machine applications and requisite life
raceway becomes softened, thereby shortening life. When selecting a bearing, it is essential that the
Life is adjusted by multiplying by the values given in requisite life of the bearing be established in relation to
Fig. 3.2 as the operating condition factor according to the operating conditions. The requisite life of the bearing
operating temperature. This however does not apply to is usually determined by the type of machine in which the
bearings that have been treated to stabilize bearing will be used, and duration of service and
dimensions. operational reliability requirements. A general guide to
¡Lubricant contaminated with foreign matter or moisture these requisite life criteria is shown in Table 3.4. When
If using special operating condition, consult with NTN determining bearing size, the fatigue life of the bearing is
Engineering. Even if a2 > 1 is used for specially an important factor; however, besides bearing life, the
bearings made of enhanced materials or produced by strength and rigidity of the shaft and housing must also be
special manufacturing methods, a2×a3 < 1 is used if taken into consideration.
lubricating conditions are not favorable.
3.5 Basic static load rating
When stationary rolling bearings are subjected to static
loads, they suffer from partial permanent deformation of
Operating conditions factor a3
1.0
the contact surfaces at the contact point between the
0.8 rolling elements and the raceway. The amount of
deformity increases as the load increases, and if this
0.6
increase in load exceeds certain limits, the subsequent
0.4 smooth operation of the bearings is impaired.
0.2
It has been found through experience that a permanent
deformity of 0.0001 times the diameter of the rolling
100 150 200 250 300 element, occurring at the most heavily stressed contact
Operating temperature ˚C point between the raceway and the rolling elements, can
be tolerated without any impairment in running efficiency.
Fig. 3.2 Operating conditions factor according to operating temperature
A-19
●Load Rating and Life
The basic static load rating refers to a fixed static load This is generally determined by taking the safety factor
limit at which a specified amount of permanent So given in Table 3.5 and formula (3.7) into account.
deformation occurs. It applies to pure radial loads for So =Co/Po…(3.7)
radial bearings and to pure axial loads for thrust bearings.
The maximum applied load values for contact stress where,
occurring at the rolling element and raceway contact So : Safety factor
points are given below. Co : Basic static load rating, N {kgf}
2 (radial bearings: Cor, thrust bearings: Coa)
For ball bearings 4,200 MPa {428kgf/mm } Po : Static equivalent load, N {kgf}
2
For self-aligning ball bearings 4,600 MPa {469kgf/mm } (radial: Por, thrust: Coa)
2
For roller bearings 4,000 MPa {408kgf/mm }
Table 3.5 Minimum safety factor values S0
Referred to as "basic static radial load rating" for radial
bearings and "basic static axial load rating" for thrust Operating conditions Ball Roller
bearings bearings
bearings, basic static load rating is expressed as Cor or High rotational accuracy demand 2 3
Coa respectively and is provided in the bearing dimensions
table. Normal rotating accuracy demand 1 1.5
(Universal application)
A-20