55.

56. (a) What is cumulative cultural evolution?

In order to explain the motivation behind our research on cumulative cultural evolution, we begin by
explaining why it is an interesting behavioural phenomenon and an important topic of study.
Cumulative cultural evolution is distinct from culture in the general sense in a number of ways. While
culture is accepted by most to refer to a socially transmitted heritage peculiar to a particular society
(Boyd & Richerson 1985),1 the definition of cumulative cultural evolution is considerably
narrower. Boyd & Richerson (1994) showed that social learning could increase the average fitness of
a population if it permitted ‘learned improvements to accumulate from one generation to the next’ (p.
134), essentially describing what they later termed cumulative cultural evolution (Boyd & Richerson
1996). Tomasello (1990, 1999; Tomasello et al. 1993) has coined the term ‘the ratchet effect’ to capture
a similar notion: ‘The process of cumulative cultural evolution requires not only creative invention but
also, and just as importantly, faithful social transmission that can work as a ratchet to prevent
slippage backward—so that the newly invented artifact or practice preserves its new and improved
form at least somewhat faithfully until a further modification or improvement comes along.’
(Tomasello 1999, p. 5). Hence, cumulative cultural evolution refers to situations in which social
transmission allows for successive improvements to performance over generations of learners,
generated by the accumulation of modifications to the transmitted behaviours.

57. First, what is religious tolerance?

The meanings of "religious intolerance" and "religious tolerance" are closely tied
together. Unfortunately, the latter has two distinct meanings:

1. Religious and social conservatives often interpret the phrase as related to a

persons beliefs about other people's different religious beliefs. It means
that, to be tolerant, one must accept all religions as equally valid and true.

This is close to a religious concept called "pluralism" which states that all
religions are true and valid within their own cultures." One problem is that
if diverse beliefs are all true, then absolute truth does not exist. This
conservatives generally find unacceptable. Also, taken to a logical extreme,
this definition of tolerance would require people to accept the existence of
Yahweh, Allah, the Wiccan Goddess, Thor, Re, Jupiter, Venus, Diana,
Fergus, etc. as real Gods and Goddesses.
 2. Among other individuals and groups, "religious tolerance" is related to a
person'sactions in response to other people's different religious beliefs and
practices. It means that one must avoid oppressing or discriminating against
persons whose religious beliefs happen to be different from yours.

It is a statement of fundamental human rights. It is like racial tolerance,

gender tolerance, etc. You probably don't agree with what other people
believe, but you extend them the freedom to believe and act as their
religion requires.

Sexism noun
prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.
synonyms: sexual discrimination, chauvinism, gender prejudice, gender bias
"your hiring practices have generated numerous complaints about sexism"

look·ism
nounconstruction of a standard for beauty and attractiveness, and judgments made
about people on the basis of how well or poorly they meet the standard.

58. B

59. D In the wake of the death of Alexander the Great in 323

bce, Chandragupta (orChandragupta Maurya), founder of the Mauryan dynasty,
carved out the majority of an empire that encompassed most of the Indian
subcontinent, except for the Tamil-speaking south.

68. C I n 1916, the Jones Act replaced the Philippine Organic Act and
the Assembly became the currentHouse of Representatives of the Philippines. The
first Philippine Assembly elections were held on July 30, 1907. These were the first
nationwide elections ever held in the Philippines.

69. D LorenzoM. Tañada

Father of Philippine Politics
The assassination of longtime client and friend, Ninoy Aquino, further
stoked the flames of Tañada's brand of nationalism as he, at 88, continued
to actively "fight oppression by alien powers or homegrown petty tyrants"
until "the last pulse of his veins". He led the Filipino people, swept in a
current of newfound courage, in a fight for true democracy, civil liberties
and national sovereignty.
70. C

SECTION 1. Petition. – The petition for a writ of amparo is a remedy available to any person
whose right to life, liberty and security is violated or threatened with violation by an unlawful act
or omission of a public official or employee, or of a private individual or entity.

71. B

30. C

The intensity, as expressed by the Modified Mercalli Scale, is a subjective measure that describes how
strong a shock was felt at a particular location. The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter of
the California Institute of Technology, is the best known scale for measuring the magnitude of
earthquakes

31. C

In more recent developments, geography has become a distinct academic discipline.

'Geography' derives from the Greek γεωγραφία – geographia, a literal translation of which
would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography"
was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC).

32. D

Everest is made up of marine limestone. This same process creates the pink Himalayan salt
you can buy at some grocery stores. Next up is Mauna Kea, the largest mountain in the world
from its base to peak .

33. C.

Size

Because they are two-dimensional pieces of paper, maps expand and contract
easily. You can use maps that are large enough for everyone in the room to
see, or small ones that students can use individually. Globes are usually
produced in one size that is too small for everyone to see clearly at once and
too large for everyone to have his or her own. Two -dimensional maps are
inexpensive and easy to copy and reproduce en masse or to blow up to large
proportions while still rolling easily into a casing.
Close Ups

Maps allow teachers to enlarge areas of the world so that students can see the
layout of cities and towns close up. Maps exist for the entire world, from
countries, states and cities down to street blocks. Using these different kinds
of maps together helps students connect the things on the maps to the world
around them.

Visual Connections

It is much easier to see the distances and relationships between areas of the
Earth on a map than on a globe. Because maps are flat, the shortest distance
between two points is a straight line. Students can easily see the beginning
and end of the line and judge for themselves how close or far away two points
are from each other. This is harder on a globe because it is three -dimensional.
For instance, if a student wants to see how far Washington, D.C., is from
Istanbul, he must turn the globe to find the cities. The movement makes it
difficult to judge distance, and some of the visual comprehension is lost. On a
flat map, however, a student can easily point to eac h city and measure the
distance between her fingers with a glance.

34. D

Although very little is known about the life of Greek poet Homer, credited with being the first to
write down the epic stories of The Iliad and The Odyssey, the impact of his tales continues to
reverberate through Western culture.

35. D

A gulf is a part of the ocean (or sea) that is partly surrounded by land (it is
usually larger than a bay). A hill is a raised area or mound of land. An island is a piece
of land that is surrounded by water. An isthmus is a narrow strip of landconnecting
two larger landmasses.

83. B

US Army General Douglas MacArthur was the first and only field marshal in the history of
the Philippine Army, a position he held while also acting as the Military Advisor to the
Commonwealth Government of the Philippines with a rank of major general. President
Quezon conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the
supervision of the creation of the Philippines nation-state.
MacArthur was accorded the rank as Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the
Philippines, which retained his services to form an army in response to the growing danger
from Japan and the increasing likelihood of war in the Pacific.
MacArthur retired from the United States Army as a major-general, having previously served as a full
general while Chief of Staff of the United States Army. President Manuel L. Quezon then hired him
as a military advisor and commissioned him a Field Marshal in the Philippine Army, a rank which had
not previously existed. (MacArthur’s wife found the situation amusing and often remarked that
MacArthur had gone from holding the highest rank in the United States Army to holding the highest
rank in a non-existent army.)
President Quezon officially conferred the title of Field Marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony
at Malacañan Palace on August 24, 1936. He was presented at that time with a gold baton and a
unique uniform.[1] Although unofficially considered as the five-star rank in the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, MacArthur wore no special insignia as Field Marshal of the Philippines, except for a
modification to his army officer’s cap. To the standard gold-trimmed visor of a United States
general's cap, MacArthur added gilt trim to the front body of the cap, above the visor. MacArthur
referred to this modified headdress as his "Philippine Field Marshal's cap" and wore it for the
duration of World War II and into the Korean War. However, the modified army headdress was
against regulations, and MacArthur never officially obtained permission to wear this as a part of his
uniform.
On December 31, 1937, MacArthur first retired from the U.S. Army and the Philippine Army. He
ceased to represent the United States as military adviser to the government but remained in the
Philippines as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity.[2]
In July 1941, MacArthur was recalled to active duty as Supreme Allied Commander South West
Pacific Area.[3] For the duration of the war he continued to wear the "Field Marshal's cap".
84. D

Final Legislative Action

After both houses have given final approval to a bill, a final copy of the bill, known as the “enrolled
bill,” shall be printed, and certified as correct by the Secretary of the Senate and the Secretary General of
the House of Representatives. After which, it will be signed by the Speaker of the House and the Senate
President.

A bill may become a law, even without the President’s signature, if the President does not sign a bill
within 30 days from receipt in his office. A bill may also become a law without the President’s signature if
Congress overrides a presidential veto by two-thirds vote.

86. B

Still, I remain unconvinced. To believe that he would have renounced the works and
beliefs of a lifetime, simply to escape the sentence of death, flies in the face of how he
had lived his whole life. After all, he had decided to return to his homeland, knowing
fully well he would be placing himself in the hands of those who hated him and who
had the power and means to dispose of him legally—as had been done with the
martyrs Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora in 1872 and to whom the Fili is dedicated. He
could have easily remained in Europe or lived in Hong Kong, as he did briefly with
his family. To believe that he would write and submit a letter—a letter that by the way
 was only produced in 1935, 39 years after the execution—saying he was in error
regarding the Church’s behavior is to imagine a man so completely different from
what he had been his whole life as to be unrecognizable, a figment of some clerical
imagining. Consider how his body, uncoffined, was dumped unceremoniously into a
hole in the ground. You would think a man who had given these priests what they
wanted would at least have been accorded a Christian burial. Consider too these last
seven lines of Mi Ultimo Adios, particularly the second one, from the writer Edwin
Agustin Lozada’s translation:
I go where there are no slaves, hangmen, or oppressors,
Where faith doesn’t kill, where the one who reigns is God.
Goodbye, dear parents, brothers and sisters, fragments of my soul,
Childhood friends in the home now lost,
Give thanks that I rest from this wearisome day.
Goodbye, sweet foreigner, my friend, my joy;

87. C
The 2012 renewable share in the world's electricity mix was 20.8%, compared to 19.9% in
2011 and 18.3% in 2002. Growth in renewable output was particularly ...

88. C

Photograph by Vesilind Priit Which natural disaster cannot be caused. Avalanche

Earthquake Volcanic eruption Hurricane While earthquakes, volcanic activity, and avalanches
can be caused by shifts in tectonic plates, hurricanes originate over warm tropical oceans with
low atmospheric.

89. D

The Cry of Pugadlawin - Philippine History

www.philippine-history.org/cry-of-pugadlawin.htm

1.
2.
News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby ... the Katipunan
gatheredat the house of Juan Ramos in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. ... as a sign of their
defiance and determination to rise against the Spaniards.

90. B

Why you shouldn't wash your dishes by hand - The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/.../why-you-shouldnt-wash-your-dishes-by-hand/

1.
May 5, 2015 - Modern dishwashers have become highly energy and water efficient.
... practice in many households to — after dinner — wash the dishes by ... “While it may be
possible to use less water/energy by washing dishes by hand, it is ... Opening the dishwasher
shortly after the cycle ends also helps dishes dry.”.

40 WAYS TO FIGHT

91. D

92. B

93. D What the Hittite had that other cultures in the region did not was the knowledge of
how to make iron. The Hittite had learned the secretive process for extracting iron from rocks
containing iron ore. That is not to say that other cultures had not attempted to do the same, but
the Hittite were able to understand the best methods for increasing the heat in their forges to a
massive degree in order to separate the ore from the base rocks. This concept alone is the main
reason that the Hittite was able to unify their nation and expand it to neighboring borders.

The Hittite used this new found metal as a way to create stronger weapons. Their swords,
shields, and armor were all crafted using iron as opposed to bronze. The iron was more durable
and held a sharper edge over a longer period of time. Considering that many of the military
campaigns fought throughout this time were hand-to-hand combat, this gave the Hittite a massive
edge over their competitors. The Hittite used these stronger, sharper weapons to continually
expand their empire and to overcome rebellions within their own border

94.

95. C

96. C the only poem written by HOMER.

97. A

98.

99.

100. C Social Studies is the integrated study of social sciences and humanities to
promote civic competence, and NCSS leads and supports the community ofsocial
studies educators in promoting a knowledgeable and engaged citizenry.

102. D

103 A.

104.
105. A

106. A

107. A

108. B

37. B

File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg

A 15th century depiction of the Ptolemy world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geographia (circa 150)

While the works of almost all earlier geographers have been lost, many of them are partially known
through quotations found in Strabo. Strabo's seventeen volume work of geography is almost
completely extant, and is one of the most important sources of information on classical geography.
Strabo accepted the narrow band of habitation theory, and rejected the accounts of Hanno and
Pytheas as fables. None of Strabo's maps survive, but his detailed descriptions give a clear picture
of the status of geographical knowledge of the time. A century after Strabo Ptolemy launched a
similar undertaking. By this time the Roman Empire had expanded through much of Europe, and
previously unknown areas such as the British Isles had been explored. The Silk Road was also in
operation, and for the first time knowledge of the far east began to be known.
Ptolemy's Geographia opens with a theoretical discussion about the nature and techniques of
geographical inquiry, and then moves to detailed descriptions of much the known world. Ptolemy
lists a huge number of cities, tribes, and sites and places them in the world. It is uncertain what
Ptolemy's names correspond to in the modern world, and a vast amount of scholarship has gone into
trying to link Ptolemaic descriptions to know locations.
Pliny the Elder's Natural History also has sections on geography.
For the most part Ancient Greek geography was an academic field. There is little evidence that maps
or charts were used for navigation. It does, however, seem that at least in Athens the people were
acquainted with maps and that several were on public display. It was the Romans who made far
more extensive practical use of geography and maps.

38. C

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a

closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement
of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone
is referred to by different names, including hurricane(/ˈhʌrɪkən, -
keɪn/),[1][2][3] typhoon(/taɪˈfuːn/), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply
cyclone.[4] A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific
Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean; while in the south Pacific or Indian
Ocean, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones" or "severe cyclonic
storms".[4]
"Tropical" refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively
over tropical seas. "Cyclone" refers to their winds moving in a circle,[5] whirling round their central
clear eye, with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphereand blowing
clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis
effect. Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their
energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which
ultimately recondensesinto clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. This energy
source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as nor'easters and European
windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. Tropical cyclones are
typically between 100 and 2,000 km (62 and 1,243 mi) in diameter.
The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular
momentum imparted by the Earth's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a
result, they rarely form within 5° of the equator.[6] Tropical cyclones are almost unknown in the South
Atlantic due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone.[7] Also,
the African easterly jet and areas of atmospheric instability which gives rise to cyclones in the
Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, along with the Asian monsoon and Western Pacific Warm Pool,
are features of the Northern Hemisphere and Australia.
Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to the impact of a tropical cyclone, compared to inland
regions. The primary energy source for these storms is warm ocean waters, therefore these forms
are typically strongest when over or near water, and weaken quite rapidly over land. Coastal
damage may be caused by strong winds and rain, high waves (due to winds), storm surges (due to
severe pressure changes), and the potential of spawning tornadoes. Tropical cyclones also draw in
air from a large area—which can be a vast area for the most severe cyclones—and concentrate
the precipitation of the water content in that air (made up from atmospheric moisture and moisture
evaporated from water) into a much smaller area. This continual replacement of moisture-bearing air
by new moisture-bearing air after its moisture has fallen as rain, may cause extremely heavy rain
and river flooding up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the coastline, far beyond the amount of water that
the local atmosphere holds at any one time.
Though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can
relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat energy away from the tropics and transport it
toward temperate latitudes, which may play an important role in modulating regional and
global climate.

39. D

40. D

Active: This one is easy ... or is it? Any volcano that is erupting is considered
active. That's a no-brainer. However, a volcano showing signs of unrest—let's
say earthquake swarms, inflation, abundant degassing of carbon dioxide
and/or sulfur dioxide – that would be active as well. The USGS
definition mentions that any volcano that has erupted during historic times
could be considering "active". That last category I tend to call "potentially
active" (and grades into "dormant") as they might not be showing any signs of
current volcanic active above or below the surface. So, volcanoes
like Kilauea or Sakurajima or Cotopaxi are active. So are places that abundant
earthquake swarms are occurring, like Barðarbunga before the Holuhraun
eruption. If there are clues that magma is on its way and an eruption might be
in the works, that volcano is active.
California's Shasta, seen from Interstate 5, has not erupted since 1786.
<A
HREF="HTTPS:/ / COMM ONS.W I KIM EDI A.ORG/W IKI /MOUNT_SHASTA#/M EDI A/ FIL E:MOUNT_SHASTA_FROM _ I
-5.JPG">LI TTLE M OUNTAI N 5 / W IKIMEDIA COMM ONS</A> | <A
HREF="HTTP: // CREATIV ECOMMONS. ORG/ LI CENSE S/ BY-SA/ 3.0/ ">CC-BY-SA 3.0</A>

Dormant: Now things get a little dicier. The USGS defines a dormant volcano
as any volcano that is not showing any signs of unrest but could become active
again. California's Shasta is a dormant volcano by that definition (although
could be considered "active" by some because it has erupted in historic
times.) Yellowstone is another "dormant" volcano, yet the level of constant
unrest under Yellowstone might make it "active" by my definition. A truly
dormant volcano by the USGS standards might be Clear Lake in California,
which hasn't erupted in likely close to 10,000 years. I tend to think of any
volcano that is no longer showing signs of volcanic unrest as "dormant", so
Tongariro (mentioned above) is now dormant because magmatic/volcanic
activity appears to have ceased – at least any activity that reveals itself through
geophysical means. The length of dormancy is tricky as well. A volcano could
be dormant for tens to maybe even hundreds of thousands of years, provided
there are some bouts of unrest that suggest it has the potential to erupt again.
Remember, lots of volcanoes also have very active hydrothermal systems that
circulate water from the surface to depth where they are heated up by cooling
magma. Even if the volcano has hot springs, mudpots, even geysers, those are
hydrothermal features, not volcanic. It takes a long time to cool a body of
magma in the crust because (1) magma is hot when it intrudes, usually over
700ºC and (2) rock is a good insulator. A body of magma of decent size that
feeds an eruption could take half a million to a million years to cool (and
crystallize) to reach equilibrium with the temperature of the rocks around it.
All that heat can drive a lot of hydrothermal action.

PHLIAR / FLICKR | CC BY-SA 2.0

Extinct: It takes a lot to be an "extinct" volcano. The rule of thumb I use is

about 1 million years since the last eruption ... and that's a long time! Sutter
Buttes, just outside of Sacramento in California, is an oddity of a volcano in the
Central Valley. It is likely related to the same source of magmatism as Clear
Lake and Sutter Buttes hasn't erupted in ~1.4 million years. This means that
Sacramento likely doesn't need to worry about the Buttes because they are
extinct. This doesn't mean that a new volcano can't form in the same place. If
you look at many volcanoes in the Cascades, such as Baker or Lassen Peak, they
are built on the remnants of ancestral volcanoes that might be millions of
years old. There seems to be evidence that once a volcano is established in one
location, it is a preferred path for magma to use for millions of years – but that
might be in bursts of 500,000 years, then quiet for a million, then a new
volcano.
So that's my take on whether a volcano is active, dormant or extinct. If your
volcano is making noise or popping off, then its active. If your volcano has
erupted in the past but right now is quiet, it is likely dormant. If your volcano
hasn't erupted in over a million years, you have yourself an ex-volcano. The
distinctions aren't black and white, but you can begin to see how
volcanologists view the lives of volcanoes.
The eruption is usually quiet but can sometimes be violent. Stromboli, which lies on an island
near Italy, is a famous active volcano. Intermittent volcanoeserupt at fairly regular time
periods. Mount Asama, Mount Etna, and Hualalai are some intermittent volcanoes.

An active volcano is a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past
10,000 years. An active volcano might be erupting or dormant.

An erupting volcano is an active volcano that is having an eruption...

A dormant volcano is an active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to erupt
again.

An extinct volcano has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not
expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.

41. D

What are Different Sources of Energy?

There are 10 main different sources of energy that are used in the world to generate power. While there
are other sources being discovered all the time, none of them has reached the stage where they can be
used to provide the power to help modern life go.

All of these different sources of energy are used primarily to produce electricity. The world runs on a
series of electrical reactions – whether you are talking about the car you are driving or the light you are
turning on. All of these different sources of energy add to the store of electrical power that is then sent
out to different locations via high powered lines.
Here is an overview of each of the different sources of energy that are in use, and what’s the potential
issue for each of them.

Solar-power-energy

1. Solar Energy

Solar power harvests the energy of the sun through using collector panels to create conditions that can
then be turned into a kind of power. Large solar panel fields are often used in desert to gather enough
power to charge small substations, and many homes use solar systems to provide for hot water, cooling
and supplement their electricity. The issue with solar is that while there is plentiful amounts of sun
available, only certain geographical ranges of the world get enough of the direct power of the sun for
long enough to generate usable power from this source.

2. Wind Energy

Wind power is becoming more and more common. The new innovations that are allowing wind farms to
appear are making them a more common sight. By using large turbines to take available wind as the
power to turn, the turbine can then turn a generator to produce electricity. While this seemed like an
ideal solution to many, the reality of the wind farms is starting to reveal an unforeseen ecological impact
that may not make it an ideal choice.

3. Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is the energy that is produced from beneath the earth. It is clean, sustainable and
environment friendly. High temperatures are produced continuously inside the earth’s crust by the slow
delay of radioactive particles. Hot rocks present below the earth heats up the water that produces
steam. The steam is then captured that helps to move turbines. The rotating turbines then power the
generators.

Geothermal energy can be used by a residential unit or on a large scale by a industrial application. It was
used during ancient times for bathing and space heating. The biggest disadvantage with geothermal
energy is that it can only be produced at selected sites throughout the world. The largest group of
geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United
States.
4. Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen is available with water(H2O) and is most common element available on earth. Water contains
two-thirds of hydrogen and can be found in combination with other elements. Once it is separated, it
can be used as a fuel for generating electricity. Hydrogen is a tremendous source of energy and can be
used as a source of fuel to power ships, vehicles, homes, industries and rockets. It is completely
renewable, can be produced on demand and does not leave any toxic emissions in the atmosphere.

5. Tidal Energy

Tidal energy uses rise and fall of tides to convert kinetic energy of incoming and outgoing tides into
electrical energy. The generation of energy through tidal power is mostly prevalent in coastal areas.
Huge investment and limited availability of sites are few of the drawbacks of tidal energy. When there is
increased height of water levels in the ocean, tides are produced which rush back and forth in the
ocean. Tidal energy is one of the renewable source of energy and produce large energy even when the
tides are at low speed.

Wave-power-energy

6. Wave Energy

Wave energy is produced from the waves that are produced in the oceans. Wave energy is renewable,
environment friendly and causes no harm to atmosphere. It can be harnessed along coastal regions of
many countries and can help a country to reduce its dependance on foreign countries for fuel. Producing
wave energy can damage marine ecosystem and can also be a source of disturbance to private and
commercial vessels. It is highly dependent on wavelength and can also be a source of visual and noise
pollution.

7. Hydroelectric Energy

What many people are not aware of is that most of the cities and towns in the world rely on
hydropower, and have for the past century. Every time you see a major dam, it is providing hydropower
to an electrical station somewhere. The power of the water is used to turn generators to produce the
electricity that is then used. The problems faced with hydropower right now have to do with the aging of
the dams. Many of them need major restoration work to remain functional and safe, and that costs
enormous sums of money. The drain on the world’s drinkable water supply is also causing issues as
townships may wind up needing to consume the water that provides them power too.

8. Biomass Energy

Biomass energy is produced from organic material and is commonly used throughout the world.
Chlorophyll present in plants captures the sun’s energy by converting carbon dioxide from the air and
water from the ground into carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. When the plants are
burned, the water and carbon dioxide is again released back into the atmosphere. Biomass generally
include crops, plants, trees, yard clippings, wood chips and animal wastes. Biomass energy is used for
heating and cooking in homes and as a fuel in industrial production. This type of energy produces large
amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

9. Nuclear Power

While nuclear power remains a great subject of debate as to how safe it is to use, and whether or not it
is really energy efficient when you take into account the waste it produces – the fact is it remains one of
the major renewable sources of energy available to the world. The energy is created through a specific
nuclear reaction, which is then collected and used to power generators. While almost every country has
nuclear generators, there are moratoriums on their use or construction as scientists try to resolve safety
and disposal issues for waste.

10. Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil and Natural Gas)

When most people talk about the different sources of energy they list natural gas, coal and oil as the
options – these are all considered to be just one source of energy from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels provide
the power for most of the world, primarily using coal and oil. Oil is converted into many products, the
most used of which is gasoline. Natural gas is starting to become more common, but is used mostly for
heating applications although there are more and more natural gas powered vehicles appearing on the
streets. The issue with fossil fuels is twofold. To get to the fossil fuel and convert it to use there has to
be a heavy destruction and pollution of the environment. The fossil fuel reserves are also limited,
expecting to last only another 100 years given are basic rate of consumption.

It isn’t easy to determine which of these different sources of energy is best to use. All of them have their
good and bad points. While advocates of each power type tout theirs as the best, the truth is that they
are all flawed. What needs to happen is a concerted effort to change how we consume energy and to
create a balance between which of these sources we draw from.

20. B

20. B physical geography. The scientific study of the natural features of the Earth's surface,
especially in its current aspects, including land formation, climate, currents, and distribution of
flora and fauna. Also called physiography.

21. D

Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around
3500 BC. The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between
multiple cities and states around the Tigris and EuphratesRivers.

23. C Ural Mountains, which form the boundary between Europe and Asia. Caucasus
Mountains, which also separate Europe and Asia, and are the namesake of the Caucasian
race. Carpathian Mountains, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe. Alps, in
Central Western Europe.

76. A Bell Trade Act, formally Philippine Trade Act of 1946, an act passed by the
U.S. Congress specifying the economic conditions governing the emergence of the
Republic of the Philippines from U.S. rule; the act included controversial provisions that
tied the Philippine economy to that of the United States.
When the Philippines became independent on July 4, 1946, its economy had been
thoroughly devastated by World War II. Payment of war damage claims by the U.S.
government and an influx of capital were both desperately needed. The Bell Act set
quotas on Philippine exports to the U.S., pegged the Philippine peso to the U.S. dollar
at a rate of 2:1, and provided for free tradebetween the two countries for 8 years, to be
followed by gradual application of tariffs for the next 20 years. Many Filipinos objected
to the so-called Parity Amendment, which required an amendment to the Philippine
constitution allowing U.S. citizens equal rights with Filipinos in the exploitation of natural
resources and operation of public utilities; nonetheless, some powerful Filipinos
involved in these negotiations stood to benefit from the arrangement.
A strong incentive for Philippine acquiescence was the fact that American payment of
$800,000,000 in war damage claims was made contingent upon Filipino ratification of
the Bell Act. The act remained extremely unpopular in the Philippines. It was later
superseded by an agreement more favourable to Filipino interests, the Laurel-Langley
Agreement, which took effect in 1956.

77. C

78. C
The Philippine Independent Church (Spanish: Iglesia Filipina
Independiente; Tagalog: Malayang Simbahan ng Pilipinas; Latin: Libera Ecclesia Philippina,
colloquially called the Aglipayan Church) is an independent[2] Christian denomination in the form of
a national church in the Philippines. Its schism from the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed in
1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina due to the alleged mistreatment of
the Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of José Rizal during Spanish colonial rule.
Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation, and suggested that former Catholic
priest Gregorio Aglipay[3][4] be the head of the church. It is also known as the "Aglipayan Church",
after its first Supreme Bishop, Gregorio Aglipay, who like José Rizal, later became a Freemason, in
May 1918.[5][6]
Pope Leo XIII instructed the Archbishop of Manila, Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa
to excommunicate those who initiated the schism.[7]Since 1960 the church has been in full
communion with the Episcopal Church in the United States, and through it, the entire Anglican
Communion.
Members commonly believe in the rejection of the exclusivity right to apostolic succession by the
Petrine papacy, the allowing of priestly ordination of women, optional clerical celibacy, tolerance
of Freemasonry, lack of requiring in believing transubstantiationand the Real presence of Christ in
the Eucharist, and support for contraception and same-sex civil rights. Many saints canonized by
Rome after the 1902 schism are not recognized by the Aglipayan church and its members.
As of 2017 the Supreme Bishop was Rhee Timbang, whose central office is located at the National
Cathedral of the Holy Child in Ermita, Manila

79. B

The declaration of a law or regulation as unconstitutional proceeds from the principle that under
the Philippine legal system, the Constitution is the supreme (orfundamental law) of the land.
... As the supreme law of the land, a Constitution is not promulgated by Congress in the same
manner ordinary laws are promulgated.Feb 1, 2011

80. D Bell Trade Act, formally Philippine Trade Act of 1946, an act passed by the U.S.
Congress specifying the economic conditions governing the emergence of the Republic of the
Philippines from U.S. rule; the act included controversial provisions that tied the Philippine
economy to that of the United States.

81. C

It is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate (upper chamber), and the House of
Representatives(lower chamber), although colloquially, the term "congress" commonly
refers to just the latter. TheSenate is composed of 24 senators half of which are elected every
three years.

82. C

It was founded on February 15, 1889 and existed up to November 15, 1895. Its first editor
wasGraciano Lopez-Jaena but he was soon succeeded by Marcelo H. del Pilar. La
Solidaridad was a political propaganda paper with a liberal, reformist orientation dedicated to
the task of fighting reaction in all its forms.