How to Cite References Using the

Turabian (Chicago) Style

This guide introduces the Turabian format and provides examples of citation styles used
in completing research papers. Turabian may be used for any discipline including the humanities, social
sciences, and natural sciences. For additional examples, consult the 7th edition of Kate Turabian’s
Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, located at the Reference Desk (REF DESK
LB 2369 T8 2007).

FORMS OF CITATIONS
Two forms of citation are permitted by Turabian, the traditional method of footnotes with a bibliography
and the method of parenthetical references with a reference list at the end of the paper.

The following types of citations are commonly used by writers in the humanities:
Footnotes (N): First line is indented five spaces and following lines begin at left margin.
Bibliographies (B): First line begins at left margin and following lines are indented five spaces.

The following types of citations are commonly used by writers in the social and natural sciences:
Reference List (R): First line begins at left margin and following lines are indented five spaces.
Parenthetical references (P): Authors' names and dates of publication are given in parentheses within the
running text or at the end of block quotations.

BOOKS
ONE AUTHOR

N 1. Stephen R. Yarbrough, After Rhetoric: The Study of Discourse Beyond Language and
Culture (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), 84.

B Yarbrough, Steven R. After Rhetoric: The Study of Discourse Beyond Language and Culture.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999.

P (Yarbrough 1999, 84)

R Yarbrough, Stephen R. 1999. After rhetoric: The study of discourse beyond

language and culture. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

TWO AUTHORS

N 3. Richard E. Isralowitz and Darwin Telias, Drug Use, Policy, and

Management (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998), 66.

B Isralowitz, Richard E. and Darwin Telias. Drug Use, Policy, and Management.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998.

P (Isralowitz and Telias 1998, 66)

R Isralowitz, Richard E. and Darwin Telias. 1998. Drug use, policy, and management.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger.

THREE AUTHORS

N 6. Claire M. Renzetti, Jeffrey L. Edelson, and Raquel Kennedy Bergen, eds., The Sourcebook
on Violence Against Women (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2001), 52.

B Renzetti, Claire M., Jeffrey L. Edelson, and Raquel Kennedy Bergen, eds. The Sourcebook
on Violence Against Women. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2001.

P (Renzetti, Edelson, and Bergen 2001, 52)

R Renzetti, Claire M., Jeffrey L. Edelson, and Raquel Kennedy Bergen, eds. 2001.
The sourcebook on violence against women. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS

N 5. Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English

Language (London: Longman, 1985), 25.

B Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartik. A

Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

P (Quirk and others 1985, 25)

R Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartik. 1985.
A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.

NO AUTHOR GIVEN

N 2. Song of Roland (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1959]), 20-25.

B Song of Roland. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1959].

P (Song of Roland [1959], 20-25)

R Song of Roland. [1959]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

INSTUTITION, ASSOCIATION, OR CORPORATION AS AUTHOR

N 17. American Library Association, Librarian’s Copyright Kit (Chicago:

American Library Association, 1982), 32.

B American Library Association. Librarian’s Copyright Kit. Chicago: American

Library Association, 1982.

P (American Library Association 1982, 32)

R American Library Association. 1982. Librarian’s copyright kit. Chicago:
American Library Association.

EDITOR OR COMPILER AS AUTHOR

N 9. Nicholas Roe, ed., Keats and History (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1995), 65.

B Roe, Nicholas, ed. Keats and History. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1995.

P (Roe 1995, 22)

R Roe, Nicholas, ed. 1995. Keats and history. New York: Cambridge University
Press.

EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST

N 12. David Flanagan, Java Script: The Definitive Guide, 4th ed. (Sebastopol,
Ca.: O’Reilly, 2002), 145.

B Flanagan, David. Java Script: The Definitive Guide, 4th ed. Sebastopol, Ca.:
O’Reilly, 2002.

P (Flanagan 2002, 145)

R Flanagan, David. 2002. Java script: The definitive guide. 4th ed. Sebastopol, Ca.:
O’Reilly.

CHAPTER OR ARTICLE IN A WORK BY ONE AUTHOR

N 8. Susan Millar Williams, “Cross Purposes,” in A Devil and a Good Woman,

Too: The Lives of Julia Peterkin (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1997),
26.

B Williams, Susan Millar. “Cross Purposes.” In A Devil and a Good Woman, Too:
The Lives of Julia Peterkin. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1997.

P (Williams 1997, 26)

R Williams, Susan Millar. 1997. Cross purposes. In A devil and a good woman,
too: The lives of Julia Peterkin. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press.
CHAPTER OR ARTICLE BY ONE AUTHOR IN THE WORK OF ANOTHER AUTHOR

N 2. Simon Ortiz, “The Language We Speak,” in Living Languages: Contexts

for Reading and Writing, ed. Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde
Moneyhun (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1997), 43.

B Ortiz, Simon. “The Language We Speak.” In Living Languages: Contexts for

Reading and Writing, ed. Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde
Moneyhun, 40-47. Upper Saddle River N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1997.

P (Ortiz 1997, 43)

R Ortiz, Simon. 1997. The language we speak. In Living languages: Contexts for
reading and writing, ed. Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde
Moneyhun, 40-47. Upper Saddle River N.J.: Prentice Hall.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES
SCHOLARY JOURNAL THAT PAGES EACH ISSUE SEPARATELY

N 5. Nancy M. Somerick, “A Strategy for Protecting the Integrity of an

Internship Program,” Public Relations Quarterly 46, no. 3 (2001) : 40-43.

B Somerick, Nancy M. “A Strategy for Protecting the Integrity of an Internship

Program.” Public Relations Quarterly 46, no. 3 (2001) : 40-43.

P (Somerick 2001, 40-41)

R Somerick, Nancy M. 2001. A strategy for protecting the integrity of an internship

program. Public Relations Quarterly 46, no. 3 : 40-43.

SCHOLARY JOURNAL WITH CONTINUOUS PAGINATION

N 3. Joseph B. Mosca and Steven Pressman, “Unions in the 21st Century,”

Public Personnel Management 24 (1995) : 164.

B Mosca, Joseph B. and Steven Pressman. “Unions in the 21st Century.” Public
Personnel Management 24 (1995) : 159-166.

P (Mosca and Pressman 1995, 164)

R Mosca, Joseph B. and Steven Pressman. 1995. Unions in the 21st century. Public
Personnel Management 24 : 159-166.
MAGAZINE ARTICLES (IN CONTRAST TO ARTICLE IN SCHOLARY
PUBLICATION)

N 10. Anna Quindlen, “The Inalienable Right to Whine,” Newsweek, 13

December 1995, 102.

B Quindlen, Anna. “The Inalienable Right to Whine.” Newsweek, 13 December

1995, 102.

P (Quindlen 1995, 102)

R Quindlen, Anna. 1995. The inalienable right to whine. Newsweek, 13 December,

102.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Rarely listed in bibliography and/or reference list. Instead, use parenthetical or note citations.

N 15. Chicago Sun-Times, 23 May 1999.

P (Chicago Sun-Times, 23 May 1999)

If item must be cited in bibliography or reference list use the following:

B Chicago Sun-Times. 23 May 1999.

R Chicago Sun-Times. 1999. 23 May.

If several issues of the same newspaper are used, note only name of the paper and the dates:

B New York Times. 4 March-5 May 1954.

R New York Times. 1954. 2, 13, 26 February; 3, 10, 12 May.

ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS
For articles in electronic format, follow the guidelines for articles in print journals. In addition, include
the URL and the date you accessed the material. Note that a URL alone is not sufficient; you must
provide the full facts of publication, as far as they can be determined, so that a reader can search for the
source even if the URL changes. Generally, include as much information about the resource as possible
and be sure to include 1) The URL of the website or the name of the database you retrieved the item from;
2) The date you accessed the item. The access date should be the last item included in the citation.

N 4. Brian Uzzi and Jarrett Spiro, "Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World
Problem," American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September 2005), under "Milgram's
Small World Theory," http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/
090090/090090.html (accessed December 19, 2005).

B Uzzi, Brian, and Jarrett Spiro. "Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem."
American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September 2005).
 http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ AJS/journal/issues/v111 n2/090090/090090.html
(accessed December 19, 2005).

P (Uzzi and Spiro 2005, under "Milgram's small world theory")

R Uzzi, Brian, and Jarrett Spiro. 2005. Collaboration and creativity: The small world
problem. American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September).
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ AJS/journal/issues/v111 n2/090090/090090.html
(accessed December 19, 2005).

Online databases of articles generally list all the elements necessary for citations. Include the stable URL
listed, which also identifies the database in which you consulted the article.

N 6. Lawrence A. Shapiro, "Multiple Realizations," Journal of Philosophy 97, no. 12

(December 2000): 642, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-362X%28200012%2997%
3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (accessed June 27, 2006).

B Shapiro, Lawrence A. "Multiple Realizations." Journal of Philosophy 97, no. 12

(December 2000): 635-54. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-362X%28200012%2997%
3A 12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (accessed June 27,2006).

P (Shapiro 2000, 642)

R Shapiro, Lawrence A. 2000. Multiple realizations. Journal of Philosophy 97, no. 12 (December):
635-54. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici = 0022-362X%28200012%2997%3A
12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q [accessed June 27, 20061.

COMMERCIAL ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

N 7. Anne Tyler, in Contemporary Authors Online, http://galenet.galegroup.com/

servlet/GLD/hits?r=d&origSearch=true&o=DataType&n=10&l=d&c=1&locID=parkside&secon
dary=false&u=CA&u=CLC&t=KW&s=1&NA=anne+tyler (accessed August 12, 2009).

B Contemporary Authors Online http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/GLD/

form?locID=parkside&l=2P

P (Anne Tyler, Contemporary Authors Online)

R Anne Tyler in Contemporary Authors Online, http://galenet.galegroup.com/

servlet/GLD/hits?r=d&origSearch=true&o=DataType&n=10&l=d&c=1&locID
=parkside&secondary=false&u=CA&u=CLC&t=KW&s=1&NA=anne+tyler
(accessed August 12, 2009).
WEBSITES

N 9. University of Texas Libraries, “Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection,” University of

Texas at Austin, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html (accesses August 12, 2009).

B University of Texas Libraries, “Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.” University of Texas at

Austin, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html (accessed August 12, 2009).

P (University of Texas Libraries)

R University of Texas Libraries. Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. University of Texas at

Austin, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html (accessed August 12, 2009).

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES
Well-known reference works are not generally included in bibliographies. You may cite them, instead, in
footnotes or parenthetical references. If you must cite the source in a bibliography or reference list, follow
the format for book or article/chapter within a book. Remember, however, that students are encouraged to
use subject specific encyclopedias in conducting research and that these items should be fully cited in
bibliographies and reference lists.

BOOK REVIEWS
N 6. Jennifer Hamer, review of Family in the Caribbean: Themes and
Perspectives, by Christine Barrow, Journal of Comparative Family Studies
33, no.1 (2002) : 139.

B Hamer, Jennifer. Review of Family in the Caribbean: Themes and Perspectives,

by Christine Barrow. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 33, no.1 (2002) :
139-140.

P (Hamer 2002, 139)

R Hamer, Jennifer. 2002. Review of Family in the Caribbean: Themes and

perspectives, by Christine Barrow. Journal of Comparative Family Studies
33, no.1 : 139-140.
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
SOUND RECORDINGS

N 7. Itzhak Perlman, The American Album, EMI Classics 7243 5 55360 2 (CD), 1995.

B Perlman, Itzhak. The American Album. EMI Classics 7243 5 55360 2. CD. 1995.

P (Perlman 1995)

R Perlman, Itzhak. 1995. The American album. EMI Classics 7243 5 55360 2 (CD).

VIDEORECORDINGS

N 21. Jean Kilbourne and Jhally Sut, Slim Hopes, DVD, written and presented by Jean
Kilbourne (Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2002).

B Kilbourne, Jean and Jhally Sut. Slim Hopes, DVD. Written and presented by Jean
Kilbourne. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2002.

P (Kilbourne and Sut, 2002)

R Kilbourne, Jean and Jhally Sut. 2002. , DVD. Written and presented by Jean
Kilbourne. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation.

Update 8/09:dk