AKSHARA COACHING CLASSES

2ND FLOOR, SS.SHETTY COMPEX, HOSABETTU

II PU MATHEMATICS

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

CONTINUITY

 Suppose 𝑓 is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let 𝑐 be a point in the
domain of 𝑓, Then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑐 if
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
 More elaborately, if the 𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝐿𝐻𝐿), 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑅𝐻𝐿) and the value of
the function at 𝑥 = 𝑐 exist and equal to each other, then 𝑓 is said to be continuous at 𝑥 =
𝑐.

DIFFERENTIABILITY

 Suppose f is a real function and c is a point in its domain. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑐 is

𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
defined by lim ℎ
ℎ→0
𝑑
Provided this limit exists. Derivative of 𝑓 at c is denoted by 𝑓’(𝑐) or (𝑓(𝑥)). The
𝑑𝑥
function defined by
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Where ever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of 𝑓. the derivative of 𝑓 is
𝑑 dy
denoted by 𝑓’(𝑥) or 𝑓(𝑥) or if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by or 𝑦’. The process of finding derivative
𝑑𝑥 dx
of a function is called differentiation.
 Algebra of derivatives:
i. (𝑢 ± 𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ ± 𝑣′
ii. (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢. 𝑣 ′ + 𝑣. 𝑢′
𝑢 ′ 𝑣.𝑢′ − 𝑢.𝑣 ′
iii. (𝑣 ) = 𝑣2
 Theorem
If a function 𝑓 is differentiable at a point 𝑐, then it is also continuous at that point.
Proof:
𝑓(𝑥)− 𝑓(𝑐)
Since f is differentiable at c, we have lim = 𝑓′(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥−𝑐
But for 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐, we have
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐) = . (𝑥 − 𝑐)
𝑥−𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑐)
Therefore lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐)] = lim [ (𝑥−𝑐) . (𝑥 − 𝑐)]
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐)
lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑐)] = lim [ ] . lim[(𝑥 − 𝑐)]
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑐) 𝑥→𝑐
′ (𝑐).
=𝑓 0=0
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Hence 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
 Derivative of particular function.

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇′(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
1. 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1

2. 𝑥 1

3. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥

4. 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎

5. 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 0

6. √𝑥 1
2√𝑥
7. log 𝑥 1
𝑥
8. sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

9. cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

10. tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

11. sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥

12. cot 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

13. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . cot 𝑥

14. sin−1 𝑥 1
√1 − 𝑥 2
15. cos −1
𝑥 1
−
√1 − 𝑥 2
16. tan−1 𝑥 1
1 + 𝑥2
17. cot −1 𝑥 1
−
1 + 𝑥2
18. sec −1 𝑥 1
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
19. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 1
−
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

 Chain rule

Let 𝑓 be a real valued function which is a composite of two functions 𝑢 and 𝑣;

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣
i.e., 𝑓 = 𝑣 𝑜 𝑢. Suppose 𝑡 = 𝑢(𝑥) and if both 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑡 exist, we have

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
 Suppose f is a real valued function which is a composite of three functions 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤; i.e,
𝑓 = (𝑤 𝑜 𝑢) 𝑜 𝑣. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑢(𝑡), then
𝑑𝑓 𝑑(𝑤 𝑜 𝑢) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
= . = . .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

 Logarithmic differentiation
Suppose the given function f is of the form
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑢(𝑥)]𝑣(𝑥)
By taking logarithm (to the base e) the above may be written as by using the formula
log 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏 log 𝑎
log 𝑦 = 𝑣(𝑥) log[𝑢(𝑥)]
Using chain rule we may differentiate the above eqn. to get
1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑣(𝑥). . 𝑢′ (𝑥) + 𝑣 ′ (𝑥). log[𝑢(𝑥)]
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑢(𝑥)
Which implies that,
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 [𝑣(𝑥). . 𝑢′ (𝑥) + 𝑣 ′ (𝑥) . log[𝑢(𝑥)]]
𝑑𝑥 𝑢(𝑥)

 Parametric differentiation
A relation expressed between two variables x and y in the form 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) is
said to be parametric form with t as a parameter.
In order to find derivative of function in such form, we have by chain rule
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑔′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∴ = (𝑎𝑠 = 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓′(𝑡) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 Second order derivative

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

If 𝑓′(𝑥) is differentiable, we may differentiate the equation again w.r.t. x, Then the left side
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
becomes 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) which is called the second order derivative of y w.r.t. x and is denoted by
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
. The second derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted by 𝑓′′(𝑥). It is also denoted by 𝐷 2 𝑦 or 𝑦′′ or
𝑦2 if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).