To calculate Incompressible flow pressure drop

Notes :

1. Typical Design Velocities for Process System Applications

Reference Applied Process Design - Ludwig

Service Velocity (ft/s) Velocity (m/s)
Process Liquid 4.0 - 6.5 1.4 - 2.0
Pump Suction (Without Boiliing) 1.0 - 5.0 0.30 - 1.52
Pump Suction (Boiliing) 0.5 - 3.0 0.15 - 0.91
Boiler Feed Water (discharge) 4.0 - 8.0 1.22 - 2.44
Drain Lines 1.5 - 4.0 0.46 - 1.22
Gravity Separators Flow 0.5 - 1.5 0.15 - 0.46
Vapor Liquid mixture out reboiler 15.0 - 30.0 4.6 - 9.1
Liquid to reboiler (no pump) 2.0 - 7.0 0.61 - 2.1
Vapor to Condensor 15.0 - 80.0 4.6 - 24.4

* 1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s

* For heavy and viscous fluid, velocities should be reduced 1/2 values shown
* Fluids not to contain suspended particles

Fluid Information

Density (kg/m3) 722.9

Viscosty (Pa.s) 6.00E-04
Vapour Pressure (bar A) 0.62
Flowrate (m3/hr) 373

Pipe Information

Pipe Size (Inches) 6

Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter (mm) 154.051
Pipe Length (m) 26

Fittings K-Values No.

Tee, Flanged, Dividing Line Flow 0.2
Tee, Threaded, Dividing Line Flow 0.9
Tee, Flanged, Dividing Branched Flow 1
Tee, Threaded , Dividing Branch Flow 2
Union, Threaded 0.08
Elbow, Flanged Regular 90° 0.3
Elbow, Threaded Regular 90° 1.5
Elbow, Threaded Regular 45° 0.4
Elbow, Flanged Long Radius 90° 0.2
Elbow, Threaded Long Radius 90° 0.7
Elbow, Flanged Long Radius 45° 0.2
Return Bend, Flanged 180° 0.2
Return Bend, Threaded 180° 1.5
Globe Valve, Fully Open 10
Angle Valve, Fully Open 2
Gate Valve, Fully Open 0.15
Gate Valve, 1/4 Closed 0.26
Gate Valve, 1/2 Closed 2.1
Gate Valve, 3/4 Closed 17
Swing Check Valve, Forward Flow 2
Ball Valve, Fully Open 0.05
Ball Valve, 1/3 Closed 5.5
Ball Valve, 2/3 Closed 200
Diaphragm Valve, Open 2.3
Diaphragm Valve, Half Open 4.3
Diaphragm Valve, 1/4 Open 21
Water meter 7
Total

Pressure Drop Calculation

Velocity (m/s) 5.5588813701 V = Q/A = 4Q/πd2

Reynold's No, Re 1.03E+06 Re = ρvd/μ
Pipe Roughness (mm) 0.05 Assumed
ε/d 0.0003245678
Moody Churchill(1973) Churchill(1977)
Friction factor
0.0162469881 0.0159467128 0.0159480814
Pressure Drop (bar) 0.3062701916 0.3006097351 0.3006355336
A
B

Hazen-Williams Equation for Water System

Flowrate, Q (L/min) 6216

Friction Loss Coefficient, C 150

Pipe Information
Pipe Size (Inches) 6
Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter (mm) 154.051
Pipe Length (m) 26

Pressure Drop (bar/m) 0.0131842578

Pressure Drop (bar) 0.3427907015
Design - Ludwig PTS / DEP
Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s)
1.4 - 2.0 0.5 - 5.0
0.30 - 1.52 1.0 - 1.5
0.15 - 0.91 -
1.22 - 2.44 -
0.46 - 1.22 -
0.15 - 0.46 -
4.6 - 9.1 -
0.61 - 2.1 -
4.6 - 24.4 -

Minor Head Loss (m) Minor Pressure Loss (bar) hfitting = KV2/2g
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

Colebrook-White
Churchill(1977) Chen Assumed fri0.01585839 Haaland Swamee and Jain
0.0159480814 0.0158849279 0.0158583852 0.0152202054 0.015951507
0.3006355336 0.2994450336 0.2989446814 0.286914424 0.3007001062
4.01E+21
9.393E-24
From NFPA 13
To calculate compressible flow pressure drop

Notes :

1. Typical Design Vapor Velocities

Reference Applied Process Design - Ludwig

Velocity (ft/s) (m/s) Velocity (ft/s) (m/s)
Service
≤6" 8" to 12"
Saturated Vapor - 0 to 50 psig 30 - 115 9.1 - 35.1 50 - 125 15.2 - 38.1
Gas or Supeheated Vapor
0 to 10 psig 50 - 140 15.2 - 42.7 90 - 190 27.4 - 57.9
11 to 100 psig 40 - 115 12.2 - 35.1 75 - 165 22.9 - 50.3
101 to 900 psig 30 - 85 9.14 - 25.9 60 - 150 18.3 - 45.7
Air and other gases - - - -
Saturated Steam (dry) - - - -
Superheated Steam - - - -
Vacuum Pipes - - - -

* 1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s

2. Usual Allowable Velocities for Duct and Piping System

Reference Applied Process Design - Ludwig

Service/Application Velocity (ft/s) Velocity (m/s)
Forced Draft ducts 2500 - 3500 762 - 1066.8
Induced-draft flues and breeching 2000 - 3000 609.6 - 914.4
Chimneys and Stacks 2000 609.6
Water Lines (max) 600 182.88
High Pressure Steam Lines 10000 3048
Low Pressure Steam Lines 12000 - 15000 3657.6 - 4572
Vacuum Steam Lines 25000 7620
Refrigerant Vapor Lines (HP) 1000 - 3000 304.8 - 914.4
Ventilating Ducts 1200 - 3000 365.76 -914.4

* 1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s

3. If the calculated pressure drop is less than about 10 % of the inlet pressure, Darcy formula can be used with re
volume should be used either on the upstream or on the downstream conditions.

4. If calculated pressure drop is greater than about 10 % and less than 40 % of inlet presure, the Darcy equation
accuracy by using a specific volume based upon average of upstream and downstream conditions.

5. For pressure drop higher than 40 % of inlet pressure, as in long pipes, other formulas should be used.
 Pressure Drop in Steam Pipe Calculation Using Babcock Empirical Equation

Pipe Diameter, d 6 inches

Pipe Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter, d 6.065 inches
Steam flow rate, w 1432 lbs/min
Pipe Length, L 138 feet
Steam Density, ρ 0.364 lb/ft3

ΔP = 19.7766196667 psi
1.3635499268 bar

F factor = 5.87E-07
ΔP /100 = 3.307

ΔP = 4.5643172076 psi
0.3146985936 bar

Presure Drop in Gas Pipeline calculation using Compressible Flow Equation For
Isothermal Condition
Pipe Diameter, d 4 inches
Pipe Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter, d 102.2604 mm

mass flow rate, w = 60 kg/s

Pipe Cross Section Area, A = 0.0082130574 m2
Temperature, T = 300 °K
Pipe Length, L = 1000 m
Compressibility Factor, z = 0.6
Friction Factor 0.02
Gas Constant 8.314

P12 - P22 = 15620604015.5221

P1 = 5.0000 bar
500000 Pa
P22 = 2.344E+11 Pa
P2 = 484127.46 Pa
4.8413 bar
ΔP = 0.1587 bar
 Presure Drop in Gas Pipeline calculation using Weymouth Equation

Pipe Diameter, d 4 inches

Pipe Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter, d 102.2604 mm

Volumetric Flow Rate, qh = 1100 m3/hr

Relative Density, Sg = 1
Temperature, T = 300 °K
Pipe Length, Lm = 1 km

P12 - P22 = 35273892418.3023 Pa

P1 = 5.0000 bar
500000 Pa
P22 = 2.147E+11 Pa
P2 = 463385.48 Pa
4.6339 bar
ΔP = 0.3661 bar

Presure Drop in Gas Pipeline calculation using Panhandle Equation

Pipe Diameter, d 4 inches

Pipe Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter, d 102.2604 mm

Volumetric Flow Rate, qh = 1100 m3/hr

Flow Efficiency Factor, E = 0.92
Pipe Length, Lm = 1 km

P12 - P22 = 16080152896.0811 Pa

P1 = 5.0000 bar
500000 Pa
P22 = 2.339E+11 Pa
P2 = 483652.61 Pa
4.8365 bar
ΔP = 0.1635 bar

Presure Drop in Natural Gas Pipeline calculation using Renouard Equation

Pipe Diameter, d 8 inches

Pipe Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter, d 202.7174 mm

Volumetric Flow Rate, qh = 1100 m3/hr

Relative Density, Sg = 1
Pipe Length, Lm = 1 km

P12 - P22 = 0.1218504748 bar

P1 = 5.0000 bar

P22 = 2.488E+01 bar

P2 = 4.988 bar
ΔP = 0.0122 bar
 Design - Ludwig PTS / DEP
Velocity (ft/s) (m/s)
Velocity (m/s) �=𝐴√((𝑃_1^2−
≥14"
𝑅𝑇(𝑓 𝐿/𝐷)))
60 - 145 18.3 - 44.2 -

110 - 250 33.5 - 76.2 -

95 - 225 28.9 - 68.6 -
85 - 165 25.9 - 50.3 - W = mass flow
A = Pipe Cross
- - 10.0 - 20.0 D = Internal Pi
- - 15.0 - 30.0 𝑍_𝑚=Mean C
- - 30.0 - 60.0 f = friction fact
- - 10.0 - 100.0

�_ℎ=2.61 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−

mula can be used with reasonable accuracy and specific �_ℎ=2.044 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−8)

ure, the Darcy equation may be used with reasonable

conditions.

should be used.
 𝑝_1^2−𝑝_2^2

𝑃_1−𝑃_2= ∆

∆𝑃/100 𝑓𝑒

Density (kg/m3) 100

Viscosity (cP) 0.02
Velocity (m/s) 73.0544027676 V = Q/A = 4Q/πd2
Reynold's No, Re 3.74E+04 Re = ρvd/μ
Pipe Roughness (mm) 0.05 Assumed
ε/d 0.0004889478
Moody Churchill Chen
Friction factor
0.0237527283 0.0237975089 0.0237995267

Sonic Velocity Calculation for gas flow

k (cp/cv) 1.4
MW (lb/mol) 28
T (F) 73.4

Vs 1151.4977446787 ft/s
350.9765125781 m/s
 Formulas

1. Compressible Flow Equation for Isothermal Condition :

�=𝐴√((𝑃_1^2−𝑃_2^2)/(𝑍_𝑚
𝑅𝑇(𝑓 𝐿/𝐷)))

W = mass flow rate, kg/s

A = Pipe Cross section Area, 𝑚^2
D = Internal Pipe Diameter, mm
𝑍_𝑚=Mean Compressibilty Factor, 𝑍_𝑚= 1/2 (𝑍_1+𝑍_2 )
f = friction factor

2. Weymouth formula :

61 𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−8) 𝑑^2.667 √([(𝑝_1^2−𝑝_2^2)/(𝑆_𝑔 𝐿_𝑚 )]288/𝑇)

�_ℎ= volumetric flow rate, m3/hr

P = Pressure, Pa
T = Temperature, K
Sg = Relative Density
Lm = Pipe Length, km
d = internal diam, mm

- friction factor used in Weymouth formula is f = 0.094/d^(1/3). This friction factor is identical with the one obtained from
Moody diagram for fully turbulent flow for 20" inside diameter.

3. Panhandle formula :

〖 10 〗 ^(−8) 〖 � 〖 〗
� ^2.6182 〖 ((𝑝_1^2−𝑝_2^2)/𝐿_𝑚 ) 〗 ^0.5394
�_ℎ= volumetric flow rate, m3/hr
P = Pressure, Pa
E = Flow efficiency factor, E = 0.92
Lm = Pipe Length, km
d = internal diam, mm
 - Panhandle formula is for natural gas pipes sizes from 6" to 24", and for renolds no between Re = 5 x 106 and Re = 14 x 106
gas Sg =0.6. The flow efficiency factor E is defined as an experience factor and is usually assumed to be 0.92 for average op

The panhandle friction factor is defined as f = 0.0454 (d/qhSg)0.1461. In the range where Panhandle formula is applicable,
one from Moody diagram because of that the flow rate are usually greater than those calculated using equation for isother

4. Renourd Equation for Natural Gas

𝑝_1^2−𝑝_2^2=46742 𝑆_𝑔.𝐿.�_ℎ^1.82.𝐷^(−4.82)

�_ℎ= volumetric flow rate, m3/hr at standard condition

P = Absolute pressure, Bar
Sg = relative density, Sg = Png/Pair
L = Pipe Length, km
d = internal diam, mm

5. Babcock Empirical Formula for Steam

𝑃_1−𝑃_2= ∆𝑃=0.000131(1+3.6∕𝑑)(𝑤^2 𝐿)/ 〖𝜌𝑑〗 ^5 𝑤= mass flow, lb/min
ρ = density of steam, lb/ft3
L = Pipe Length, feet
d = internal diam, inches
∆𝑃/100 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡=(𝑤^2 𝐹)/𝑝

Comparison of results between the various empirical steam flow formulas suggests the Babcock equation as a good averag
pressure 500 psia and below.
with the one obtained from
e = 5 x 106 and Re = 14 x 106, with specific gravity for natural
ed to be 0.92 for average operating conditions.

handle formula is applicable, the friction factors are smaller than

ed using equation for isothermal flow.

lb/min
steam, lb/ft3
h, feet
am, inches

ck equation as a good average for most design purposes at

To calculate two phase flow pressure drop

Vapour Liquid
Mass Flow rate (lb/hr), Wm 3000 1000
Density (lb/cu.ft) 0.077 63
Viscosity (cP) 0.00127 1.0
Liquid Surface tension, γ (dyne/cm) - 15.0

λ 1.0189221006
Ψ 4.830550194
Pipe Size (Inches) 2
Schedule 40
Pipe Internal Diameter (mm) 52.5018
Pipe Length (ft) 358
Pipe Cross Section Area (ft2) 0.0233028
Mass flow per ft2 (lb/hr) 128739.824307732 42913.274769244
To determine type of flow using graph
X-axis 1.6406514503
Y-axis 126349.035147759
Type of Flow Annular Flow
Velocity (ft/sec) 464.4293806195 0.1892119699
Reynolds Number, Re 7217201.85666364 3055.2821193209
Absolute Roughness (mm) 0.05 0.05
Friction Factor (using Churchill) 0.0194619335 0.045260119
Single phase Pressure Drop (psi/ft) 0.202569783 6.39752572274107E-05
X 0.0177712792

Flow Type Froth/Bubble Plug Stratified Slug

Φ 0.2378582369 0.1420267 0.0538476 2.7255182
Two Phase ΔP for horizontal flow 0.0114606976 0.0040862 0.0005874 1.5047794
(psi/ft)

Two Phase ΔP for vertical flow (psi/ft) 0.9526789445 0.9526789 0.9526789 0.9526789

Total Two phase pressure drop (psi) 5.0556086865 2.4155225 1.162955 539.66371
Total Two phase pressure drop (bar) 0.3485713183 0.1665441 0.0801828 37.208436

For Vertical Pipe

No. 1 2 3 4 5
No of Elevation 3 1 0 0 0
Height of Elevation 10 50 0 0 0
Each Height of Elevation 30 50 0 0 0
Total Height of Elevation 80
 Liquid
1000
63
1.0
15.0

221006
550194
2
0
5018
58
33028
42913.274769244

514503
35147759
ar Flow
0.1892119699
3055.2821193209
0.05
0.045260119
6.39752572274107E-05
712792

Annular*
1.24194109 *Set d=10 for any pipe larger than 10 inch

0.31244722

0.95267894

112.808782
7.77787766

6
0
0
0
To Calculate Pressure Drop in Vacuum System

Base Friction Factor, F1 0.0155

Base Friction Factor, F2 0.071
Diameter Correction Factor, CD1 0.96
Diameter Correction Factor, CD2 0.96
Temperature Correction Factor, CT1 1.5
Temperature Correction Factor, CT2 1.67
Initial Pressure, P1 (Inch Hg) 0.6

ΔPvac 0.226912 in.water/100 ft