09 Sun Power Electronics 20150818 PDF

Power Electronics for Renewable
Energy Integration into Hybrid

AC/DC Microgrids
Kai SUN
厚德载物
自强不息
Aug 27, 2015
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Tsinghua University
Outlines
Introduction
Series-distributed Renewable Generation

System Integrated to AC Bus
Differential Power Processing Renewable

Generation System Integrated to DC Bus
Control of AC/DC Interfacing Converters
Summary & Perspective

Tsinghua University
2 Department of Electrical Engineering
Outlines
Introduction



Tsinghua University
Introduction
 Microgrid is the main solution to integrate

renewable energy into power system
Tsinghua University
Introduction
 Hybrid AC/DC microgrid will play a very important
role in the future, which features both advantages
of AC microgrid and DC microgrid.
Tsinghua University
Introduction
 Power electronics converters are key elements to
connect renewable energy sources to microgrids.
 AC bus integration technique——
Series-connected distributed renewable
generation system
 DC bus integration technique——
Differential power processing (DPP) based
renewable generation system
 Connection technique of AC and DC buses—
Hierarchical control of AC/DC interfacing
converters with power quality improvements
Tsinghua University
Research Background
 Hybrid AC/DC microgrid will play a very important
role in future energy networks
AC bus DC bus
DC/AC DC/DC
PV AC/DC PV
AC/DC DC/AC DC/AC

Wind turbine AC/DC Wind turbine
DC/AC DC/DC
…… Energy storage
Energy storage
DC/AC DC/DC
AC/DC
Energy storage Energy storage
AC/DC
AC loads DC loads
Utility grid
Tsinghua University
Outlines
Introduction



Tsinghua University
Series-distributed Renewable
Generation System Integrated to AC Bus
Conventional distributed PV generation system
structure Drawbacks
 Series-connected
PV PV
PV PV PV PV PV
PV panels generate
PV PV DC high-voltage
PV PV PV PV PV  Power mismatch
DC DC  Without PV monitor
DC DC
PV PV PV PV PV  Non-redundant
DC BUS
Inverter
DC DC DC DC
AC AC AC AC
AC grid AC grid AC grid
Panel-level MPPT
Centralized String Multi-string
Tsinghua University
AC module structure Install at resident building and
commercial building with the
Micro-inverter
requirement for high reliability
Utility
Grid
PV PV PV AC Module
Merits： Drawbacks：
 Panel-level MPPT  high voltage-gain
 High reliability  Efficiency improvement hardly
 non-existed DC high-voltage  high cost per watt
 PV panel monitor  complex system
Tsinghuacontrol
University
PV
Utility
Grid PV
PV PV PV AC Module
Utility
Distributed series-connected Grid
PV generation system PV
Utility
Grid
1# 2# n#
Panel-level MPPT, statement monitor

Low voltage-gain, higher efficiency
PV PV PV Easy to be controlled by state grid order
Tsinghua University
The idea of research and develop distributed
PV grid-tied generation system with high
efficiency, high reliability and low cost
 Each PV panel interfaced with a power electronics
converter to realize panel-level MPPT .
 Each PV panel are series-connected by using

converters, and DC high-voltage is non-existed.
 Distributed dc-ac conversion with low voltage-gain.

The efficiency can be improved, and the hardware
cost can be reduced.
Tsinghua University
23.3V 23.8V 22.8V 22.3V 22.8V 23.3V 23.8V 21.3V 22.8V 23.8V 230Vac
10.3Aac
组件失配
PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV
240W 245W 235W 230W 235W 240W 245W 220W 235W 245W
• The output current of each micro-inverter is the same. The

sum of each micro-inverter output voltage is equal to the
utility grid voltage.
• When the output power of each PV panel is mismatch, each

micro-inverter regulates its output voltage according to the
output power of interfaced PV panels.
Tsinghua University
24.8V 25.3V 24.2V 23.7V 24.2V 10.3V 25.3V 22.7V 24.2V 25.3V 230Vac
9.69Aac
组件失配
局部遮挡
PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV
240W 245W 235W 230W 235W 100W 245W 220W 235W 245W
• When one of PV panels is in shadow, the total output power is

reduced. Since the sum of each micro-inverter output voltage
is clamped by the utility grid voltage, the output current of the
PV system is reduced.
• The output voltage of the micro-inverter interfaced with

shadowed PV panel is reduced. The output voltages of the
other micro-inverters are increased.
Tsinghua University
27.6V 28.2V 27.0V 0V 27.0V 11.5V 28.2V 25.3V 27.0V 28.2V 230Vac
8.69Aac
组件失配
局部遮挡
组件失效 PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV
240W 245W 235W 0W 235W 100W 245W 220W 235W 245W
• When one of PV panels is failure, the total output power is

reduced. Since the sum of each micro-inverter output voltage is
clamped by the utility grid voltage, the output current of the
PV system is reduced.
• The output voltage of micro-inverter interfaced with the

failure PV panel is zero. The output voltages of the other
micro-inverters are increased.
Tsinghua University
The typical structure of the distributed series-connected
PV grid-tied generation system
PV U1
PV U2
Utility
Grid
PV Un
Tsinghua University
Control Strategy— hybrid control of current source
and voltage source
One of micro-inverters, which control the grid-tied current
of the PV system, is enabled as the current-source
controlled inverter.
The other micro-grid inverters, which control output
voltages according to their interfaced PV panels, are
operated as voltage-source controlled inverters.
Merits：Control strategy is easy to implement
Drawbacks：The current-source controlled inverter is the key
inverter of the PV system. If the current-source controlled inverter
is damaged, the system can not be continue operation. Therefore,
the redundancy of the system is weak.
Tsinghua University
The waveforms of grid-tied current and utility grid voltage
200 10
100 5
0 0
-100 -5
-200 -10
0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
The waveforms of each micro-inverter output voltage

80
60
40
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
Tsinghua University
18 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99
Department of1Electrical Engineering
Control Strategy— Distributed control
Idea: All of the micro-inverters are voltage-source controlled.
The output voltage of each inverter is regulated according to the
active power. The output phase of each inverter is regulated
according to the reactive power.
Parallel System Series System
Power Distribution Output Current Output Voltage
Active Power Voltage Phase Voltage Amplitude
Reactive Power Voltage Amplitude Voltage Phase
uPV −
uPV _ ref DC-DC udc
iPV MPPT PI
PQ control for
+ Converter
Series-connected
udc
+
udc _ ref Pref U C _ ref
− PI PI
PV Systems
+
−
Pout Pout
× Double Closed
Loop PR Control
Inverter&
Filter
Qout
Qref ϕ
+ PI
− uTsinghua
University
C
iL
Qgrid
Discussion of the active and reactive power
control for each micro-inverters
Current strategy： The output voltage of
each micro-inverter is almost in phase with
the utility grid. The ratio of reactive power
and active power of each inverter is the same.
Improvement Target：The ratio of reactive

power and active power of each inverter is
different.
Pi 2 + Qi=
2
U i I grid= Const
The polygon rule is used to synthesis voltage vectors
Drawbacks：The circulating reactive power may be

exist. The control of each micro-inverter depends
on the communication.
Tsinghua University
utility grid voltage(blue), grid-tied current(green）
200 200
5 5
0 0 0 0
-5 -5
-200 -200
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
P=300W Q=-100Var P=300W Q=0Var

200 10
100 5
0 0
-100 -5
-200 -10
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Tsinghua University
21 P=300W Q=100Var
Department of Electrical Engineering
utility grid voltage(blue)
output voltages of each micro-inverter (red，green, pinch)
200 200
100 100
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -200
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
P=300W Q=-100Var
200
P=300W Q=0Var
100
-100
-200
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 1
Tsinghua 0.98
University
22 P=300W Q=100Var
Outlines
Introduction



Tsinghua University
Generation systems connected to DC bus are studied, to
take TEG(thermoelectric generation) as an example：
QH Advantages of TEG:
Hot side
Environmentally friendly for
TH waste heat generation
n type p type
A wide range of heat source
TC
High reliability and long lifetime
Cold side
QC
Problems：
e I
Schematic diagram of TEG

Power mismatch due to differences
of the modules characteristics
Tsinghua University
and
24 temperature
Main applications of TEG system according to
different heat sources：
Waste heat recovery TEG: to take car exhaust and industrial waste heat
as heat sources, is used for improving the utilization rate of power
Fuel TEG: to take fuel gas or hydroxyl fuel as heat sources, is used for
some special applications such as field survival and pipe protection
330W waste heat generator 500W waste heat generator

Tsinghua University
25 of engine gas of refuseof burning
Department Electrical Engineering
Referring to the structure of photovoltaic generation systems connected
to DC bus, there are centralized and distributed topologies in TEG
systems
centralized distributed and in series connected
DC
DC
DC
DC
distributed and in
parallel connected
DC DC
DC DC DC DC DC
DC DC DC
=
DC bus a) b) c)
Central system has higher conversion efficiency but lower MPPT efficiency;
Distributed system has high MPPT efficiency but lower conversion efficiency;
To achieve the highest power transform efficiency, the central-distributed
Tsinghua University
26 hybrid scheme based on power balancing mechanism is adopted.
Improved parallel power
balancing system TEM DC/DC
When power matches, only central
circuit works.
TEM DC/DC
Only mismatched power is processed Central
DC/DC
by distributed circuits
TEM DC/DC
All the power is transformed by single
stage
TEM DC/DC
Isolated circuits are adopted in
distributed converters
TEG Central-distributed DC bus Legend
hybrid converters Maximum power
module
transferred by
Mismatched power
Central- processed by
TEG module
distributed distributed circuits Power flow in the
hybrid Power processed generation system
by the central
system circuit Tsinghua University
Power loss of power
27 electric converters
Improved parallel power balancing system
Central
1#TEM Boost/Bcuk
1# flyback
2#TEM
2# flyback Advantages：
Each module works at its MPP;
Mismatched power is directly
transferred to the output by
3#TEM
flyback converters;
3# flyback
All the power is transformed by
single stage
Difficulty：
4#TEM
4# flyback To improve the efficiency of
flyback converters。
Tsinghua University
Experimental Flyback
prototype of converters
improved parallel Central
power balancing boost/buck
system
DSP
control panel
Tsinghua University
isbus
Control principle of the irefbus Central
Regulator
improved parallel power boost/buck
balancing system isteg1-isbus
ireffly1
Regulator 1#flyback
The bus current is isteg2-isbus
controlled by the central ireffly2
circuit and regulated to Regulator 2#flyback
the MPP current isteg3-isbus
ireffly3
Regulator 3#flyback
Differential currents are
controlled by distributed isteg4-isbus
circuits, and makes each ireffly4
TEG module reach its Regulator 4#flyback
MPP
Tsinghua University
uTEG1 (4V/div) uTEG (10V/div)

uTEG2 (4V/div)
uTEG3 (4V/div) uTEG1 (4V/div)
uTEG4 (4V/div)
uGSbo (10V/div)
(10s/div) uGSf1 (10V/div) (10s/div)
Internal resistance of each module is 2Ω；

Open circuit voltages of 4 TEG modules are
uTEG (10V/div) 8V, 10V, 12V and 14V, respectively.
1#flyback is turned off for 1#TEG has the
uTEG2 (4V/div) smallest MPP current.
uTEG1, uTEG2 , uTEG3 , uTEG4 and uTEG are
uGSbo (10V/div) output voltages of 4 TEG modules and the
uGSf2 (10V/div) (10s/div)
bus voltage.
uGSbo is the driving waveform of switch in the
Results of steady experiment: boost converter. u and u are driving
Tsinghua GSf2
GSf1 University
31 each TEG module works at its MPP waveforms of switches in
Department 1# and 2#Engineering
of Electrical flyback.
uopen4 (4V/div) uopen4 (4V/div)
uTEG (10V/div)
uTEG2 (4V/div)
uTEG3 (4V/div)
uTEG1 (4V/div)

(10s/div) (10s/div)
uGSf1 and uGSf4 are driving waveforms of
switches in 1# and 4# flyback.
uopen4 (4V/div)
The open circuit voltage of 4#TEG, uopen4
uTEG4 (4V/div) changes from 14V to 7V and then jumps to
14V.
When uopen4 is 7V 4#TEG has the smallest
uGSf1 (10V/div)
MPP current and therefore 1#flyback is
uGSf4 (10V/div) (10s/div) turned on and 4#flyback is turned off.
Results of dynamic experiment: When uopen4 returns to 14V 4#TEG has the
temperature variation largest MPP current so 1#flyback
Tsinghua Universityis
32 leads to voltage jump turned offDepartment
and 4#flyback is turned
of Electrical on.
Engineering
200 190
150 140
Pin /W Pout /W
100 90
117,2 158 203,6 117,2 158 203,6
Temperature /K Temperature /K
Central Hybrid Central Hybrid
98
Results of efficiency
96 comparison——
Pout/Pin 94 The system contains 4 TEG
/%
117,2 158 203,6 modules and the temperature
Temperature /K
differences are distributed linearly.
Central Hybrid
The improved parallel power balancing system based on central-distributed

hybrid scheme has lower efficiency compared with the central system. However,
with higher MPPT efficiency, the whole system has higher energy conversion
Tsinghua University
33 efficiency. Department of Electrical Engineering
Cascaded power balancing system
When power matches, only central TEM
circuit works.
DC/DC
Only mismatched power is processed by TEM
power balancing circuits Central
DC/DC DC/DC
None isolated topology can be adopted TEM

in power balancing circuits DC/DC
Part of the mismatched power is TEM
transformed by multiple stages
TEG Centralized Power balancing

circuits DC Legend
modules DC/DC Maximum power
bus
Power Differential from TEG modules
processed by power Power flow in the
centralized generation system
DC/DC Power losses of power
Tsinghua University
electronics converters
Cascaded power balancing system
1
I2 Central
1# TEM Boost/Bcuk
I 21
2# TEM
1# Buck/ Boost
Advantages：
I 32 Each Buck/Boost converter
transforms little mismatched
3# TEM power and has high efficiency.
Disadvantages：
I 43 3# Buck/ Boost Mismatched power needs to
2# Buck/ Boost be transformed by multiple
4# TEM
stages.
Tsinghua University
Experimental
prototype of
cascaded power 集中
Central
balancing boost-buck
Boost/Buck
system 双向
Bidirectiona
l buck-boost
Buck/Boost
DSP
控制板
control
panel
Tsinghua University
Control principles of cascaded
power balancing system
N TEG modules ， one isteg1
central ， circuit and N-1 ioref1 Central
power balancing circuits Regulator
boost/buck
must work together isteg2
ioref2 1#bireditional
Regulator
The bus current is buck/boost
controlled by the central isteg3
circuit and regulated to the ioref3 2#bireditional
Regulator
MPP current buck/boost
isteg4
ioref4
Differential currents are Regulator
3#bireditional
controlled by power buck/boost
balancing circuits to make
each TEG module reach its Tsinghua University
37 MPP Department of Electrical Engineering
Results of steady experiment——

Each module works at its MPP

uTEG4 (4V/div)
uTEG (10V/div)
(4s/div) (4s/div)

Open circuit voltages of 4 TEG modules are 8V, 10V, 12V and
14V, respectively.
uTEG1, uTEG2 , uTEG3 , uTEG4 and uTEG are output voltages of 4 TEG
modules and the bus voltage. Tsinghua University
Results of dynamic experiment——
Temperature variation leads to voltage jump
uopen1 (4V/格) uopen1 (4V/格)
uTEG1 (4V/格) uTEG1 (4V/格)
uTEG (10V/格) uTEG3 (4V/格)
uTEG2 (4V/格) uTEG4 (4V/格)
(10s/格) (10s/格)

Open circuit voltages of 4 TEG modules are 8V, 10V, 12V and
14V, respectively.
uTEG1, uTEG2 , uTEG3 , uTEG4 and uTEG are output voltages of 4 TEG
modules and the bus voltage.
The open voltage of 1#TEG, uopen1 changes fromTsinghua
11V to 15V and
University
39 then returns to 11V。 Department of Electrical Engineering
Outlines
Introduction



Tsinghua University
(a) (b)
Different operation modes in an ac-dc hybrid microgrid
(a) AC microgrid operation (b) DC microgrid operation
(c) AC and DC microgrid in hybrid operation
(d) DC to AC power flow (e) Ac to DC power flow
Tsinghua University
(c)
Tsinghua University
(d) (e)

Tsinghua University
DC hierarchical control System for the interfacing converters
between AC and DC buses ( mode (e) )
Tsinghua University
The problem of droop control

• Bus voltage drop
• Inaccurate load sharing
vdc
* Rd2
vdc
∆vdc1 ∆vdc2
Rd1
idc1 idc2 idc

The principle of droop
control Tsinghua University
The problem of droop control

• Bus voltage drop
• Inaccurate load sharing
vdc = vdc
*
− idc1 ⋅ Rd1 vdc = vdc
*
− idc2 ⋅ Rd2 vload = vdc
*
− idc1 ⋅ Rd1 − idc1 ⋅ Rline1
idc1
Rd1 Rline1 Rline2 Rd2
idc2 vload = vdc
*
− idc2 ⋅ Rd2 − idc2 ⋅ Rline2
+ + + + +
vdc* vdc1 Rload vload vdc2 vdc*
- - - - - idc1 Rd2 Rline2 − Rd2 / Rd1 ⋅ Rline1
= +
idc2 Rd1 Rd1 + Rline1
The equivalent circuit for DC
side of microgrid Rline1 Rd1
=
Rline2 Rd2
Tsinghua University
The improved droop control: vdc* + δv1 idc1/k1 + δi1

Gpiv Gpic
v dc1 - i dc1 -
1/2 1/2
vdc1 + idc1/k1 +
+ +
vdc2 idc2/k2
The mean value of voltage

and current controller
The DC output voltage and
current are transferred
between converters by a low-
bandwidth communication
networks, the problems are
solved simultaneously based
on the proposed controller.
The load sharing of improved droop Tsinghua University
The experiment for improved droop control

• The influence of communication delay
DC current（A）
DC voltage（V）
Converter 2 Converter 1
Converter 2
Converter 1
Time（s） Time（s）
(a) (b)
The results of original and improved control

（Communication delay：1μs）
(a) The DC voltage (b) The DC current
Tsinghua University

• The influence of communication delay
(a) (b)
（Communication delay：20ms）
•The system stability can be guaranteed with large
Tsinghua University
49 communication delayDepartment of Electrical Engineering

• The influence of line impedance
Converter 2
DC voltage (V)
DC current (A)
Converter 1
Converter 2
Converter 1
Time (s) Time (s)

(a) (b)
（ Rline1/Rline2=1/4）
Tsinghua University

• The influence of line impedance
DC current (A)
Converter 2 Converter 1
DC voltage (V)
Converter 2
Converter 1
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
（ Rline1/Rline2=1/8）
•The system stability can be guaranteed with different
line impedance Tsinghua University
Outlines
Introduction



Tsinghua University
Summary
• For AC bus access: A series renewable energy distributed
power generation systems and corresponding distributed
control strategy is proposed. The MPPT of single disturbed
power generator is ensured, and the system is implemented
based on low-gain converter, the system efficiency is
improved, and the system is suitable for grid scheduling.
• For the DC bus access: Two novel energy power balanced
generation systems are propose. The MPPT of disturbed
power generator is guaranteed and the maximum energy
conversion efficiency of whole system is achieved through
the optimization of power flow.
• For interfacing converter: A improved load sharing strategy
based on droop control is proposed. The mean value of DC
voltage and current is controlled based on a low-bandwidth
communications network. The bus voltage is restored and
the load sharing accuracy is improved. Tsinghua University
Perspective
• Research on the control of renewable energy

generator involving in the maintenance of the
grid voltage, frequency, and on optimization
control when the power quality improvement is
required.
• Research on the control strategy when the DC

bus voltage fluctuations resulting from AC bus
malfunction.
• Research on the novel interface switch based

on a solid state power electronics transformer
(SST) in AC/DC hybrid microgrid.Tsinghua University
End
Thank you for your attention!
Tsinghua University

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Power Electronics for Renewable

Energy Integration into Hybrid

Series-distributed Renewable Generation

Differential Power Processing Renewable

Control of AC/DC Interfacing Converters

Summary & Perspective

Series-distributed Renewable Generation

Differential Power Processing Renewable

Control of AC/DC Interfacing Converters

Summary & Perspective

 Microgrid is the main solution to integrate

AC/DC DC/AC DC/AC

Series-distributed Renewable Generation

Differential Power Processing Renewable

Control of AC/DC Interfacing Converters

Summary & Perspective

Panel-level MPPT, statement monitor

 Each PV panel are series-connected by using

 Distributed dc-ac conversion with low voltage-gain.

• The output current of each micro-inverter is the same. The

• When the output power of each PV panel is mismatch, each

• When one of PV panels is in shadow, the total output power is

• The output voltage of the micro-inverter interfaced with

• When one of PV panels is failure, the total output power is

• The output voltage of micro-inverter interfaced with the

The waveforms of each micro-inverter output voltage

Improvement Target：The ratio of reactive

Drawbacks：The circulating reactive power may be

P=300W Q=-100Var P=300W Q=0Var

Series-distributed Renewable Generation

Differential Power Processing Renewable

Control of AC/DC Interfacing Converters

Summary & Perspective

Schematic diagram of TEG

330W waste heat generator 500W waste heat generator

uTEG1 (4V/div) uTEG (10V/div)

(10s/div) uGSf1 (10V/div) (10s/div)

Internal resistance of each module is 2Ω；

uopen4 (4V/div) uopen4 (4V/div)

uTEG4 (4V/div) uTEG4 (4V/div)

Central Hybrid Central Hybrid

The improved parallel power balancing system based on central-distributed

None isolated topology can be adopted TEM

TEG Centralized Power balancing

Results of steady experiment——

uTEG1 (4V/div) uTEG1 (4V/div)

Internal resistance of each module is 2Ω；

uTEG1 (4V/格) uTEG1 (4V/格)

uTEG (10V/格) uTEG3 (4V/格)

uTEG2 (4V/格) uTEG4 (4V/格)

Internal resistance of each module is 2Ω；

Series-distributed Renewable Generation

Differential Power Processing Renewable

Control of AC/DC Interfacing Converters

Summary & Perspective

Different operation modes in an ac-dc hybrid microgrid

The problem of droop control

idc1 idc2 idc

The problem of droop control

The improved droop control: vdc* + δv1 idc1/k1 + δi1

The mean value of voltage

The experiment for improved droop control

The results of original and improved control