Chapter 1: Information and

Data Processing
Scope:

In this chapter, it describes the concepts of data processing and Information

Technology, the technological advances and development of computers including its
capabilities and limitations.

Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the concepts of data processing
2. Discuss the history and development of computer
3. Determine the importance of Information Technology
4. Distinguish the different types of computers
5. Realize the impact of Information Technology in our lives

The present time marks continuously the globalization of computer-based

environment. It has profoundly altered the gate and passage of mankind, and has opened up
broad vistas of technological advances of great changes for the future. The proliferation and
mass advances of Information Technology have profound effects on different social sectors,
particularly the technological merger of computers and communication producing an
information environment. The complex information and the demand for rapid processing of
data have contributed to the prominence of computer technology throughout the country. The
services provided by computers have made an impact in our daily lives. Majority of modern
establishments like banks, factories, airlines, government agencies, schools, hospitals,
institutions and private offices use computer system in their daily transactions. With the
outbreak of computers all over the world, there is a need to understand the proper use of the
system. This in turn requires the students, professionals, and business executives to be
familiar with the application of computer system so that they can function effectively in an
information-based society, thus, sustaining economic supremacy.

A. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information Technology (IT) is the hardware and software that make

information systems possible. It uses technology in managing and processing
information. Hardware refers to devices and other physical things used in
processing information such as computers, workstations, physical networks, data
storage, and transmission devices. Software is the computer programs that
interpret user inputs and tell the hardware the procedure on what to do. Software
includes operating systems, end-user application and office automation.

Information Technology is a subsystem of Information System (IS) through

business processes. Information System uses IT to capture, transmit, store,
retrieve, manipulate, or display information used in one or more business
processes. In a business context, it is a fusion of computer, telecommunication
and convergence of various information-based technologies. These are
considered powerful and valuable tools for business processes in today’s
competitive world.

IT changes the procedure and the process by which business

operates. Some of the Information Technology-based products and
services nowadays include Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Motion
Sensing Devices, Wireless Mobile Phones, Compact Discs (CD’s),
Internet Computerized Delivery System, Online Recruitment Process,
Online Ticket Reservation, Caller ID, Voice Mail, Electronic Commerce,
Online Business Transctions, etc.

B. DATA PROCESSING

Data processing is a process of transforming data into the desired output.

It is a system wherein facts, data, and figures are manipulated to create
information and to give results in more usable form. Data is a raw material or a
collection of unorganized facts while information is the processed and organized
data produced as the output of data processing operations.

Data processing consists of four phases, namely: Input, Process, Output

and Storage. This can be illustrated simply as follows:

 INPUT – This phase involves the capturing or obtaining original data and
placing it into the data processing system. Initially, the data processing cycle
begins with data entry. Incoming data, facts and figures shall be recorded
on source documents or may be entered using keyboards or direct input
devices. Examples of data entered into the computer include name of
employees, code number, hourly rate, number of hours, inventory,
expenses, sales figure, discounts, interest, etc.

 PROCESS – The gathered data is manipulated using the following

operations:
 a. Classification – Data are organized into groups or classes by assigning
predetermined codes to the items being arranged. Types of codes used
are numeric, alphabetic, and alphanumeric characters.

b. Calculation – It involves the arithmetic computation and manipulation of

data.

c. Sorting – It arranges the data in a logical sequence from first to last,

biggest to smallest, or oldest to newest.

d. Summarizing – It reduces bulk of data to a more concise and usable form.

e. Storage – The manipulated data is stored for future reference, for further
processing, or for producing a desired output.

 OUTPUT – These data are the results of the processing activities. They are
transferred or communicated electronically to other locations, or they may be
reproduced by printers or other machines. Some of these machines include
Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) that print receipts, airline reservation
systems that print electronic tickets, printers that print payrolls, etc.

 STORAGE – The data, information, and programs are stored in computer-

processable form such as flash drive, CD-ROMs, and hard disk.

C. TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING

 Manual System – All operations from data gathering to output

preparations are performed by man without the aid of any single
machine. For example: The processing of accounting data are
handwritten in journals, ledgers and financial statements.

 Mechanical Data Processing or Key Driven System – Majority of work is

performed by man and some assistance is provided by a machine. For
example: The processing of accounting data is performed manually with
the use of office machine and other labor- saving devices such as cash
registers, adding machines, calculators and multicopy forms.

 Punched Card System – Man gathers data and transcribes them into
cards that are then feed into electromechanical devices. The input data
are first recorded in a code form by punching holes in cards and these
cards are then feed to the electromechanical machines that perform
processing steps. This punched card system needs human intervention
between steps.
  Electronic Data Processing or EDP – Bulk of operations is performed by
a computer to generate the desired output. For example: The
processing of accounting data using computer system like billing
statements of Manila Electric Company (MERALCO), Metro Manila
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), Philippine Long Distance
and Telephone Company (PLDT), banks, credit institutions, etc.

D. METHODS OF PROCESSING DATA

 Batch Processing – This method refers to the running of several computer

programs one after another without the need of a human operator to run
each program individually. This is also known as a stacked job processing
and it is the most basic and simplest method.
 Real -Time Processing – This method responds immediately within a
matter of seconds. The real-time processing is used to enter data to
immediately update files. It uses terminals linked to a CPU via
telecommunication lines for immediate processing of data. Examples:
airline reservation system, status of an item in an inventory system,
purchase orders, product distribution, etc.
 Distributed Processing – It is a method of data processing. It generally
consists of remote terminals linked to a large central computer to help the
users conduct inquiries about the accounts, business transactions, and
other data processing operations. Examples: Electric Billing System
(EBS), Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Telephone System, Local Area
Networking (LAN), Wide Area Networking (WAN), Electronic Mail (E-Mail),
Internet, etc.

E. INFORMATION SYSTEM

Computer system takes the raw data then converts it into information. An
information system combines a computer system with an organization’s existing
four P’s, namely: procedure, processes, people and practices. These four P’s
work together to convert the raw data into information that can be used by an
organization to carry out activities, achieve results, and make decisions.

Information systems contribute to organizations by processing the input or

the given data, and providing the required information.
F. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

The term “computer” denotes a digital device. It is an automatic, high

speed, digital, electronic data processing machine used for performing program
instructions to produce the desired output. It is considered as universal
information processing machine. It is a programmable and multi-user machine
that accepts raw facts and figures, and processes them into the desired
information. It can choose and manipulate data, copy and move paragraphs,
compare entries, retrieve information, and perform both arithmetic and non-
arithmetic operations. It is fast and accurate manipulating system designed and
organized to accept and store input data automatically, process information, and
produce output results under the direction of a detailed step-by-step program of
instructions.

Computers are very efficient and cost-effective machines that assist

people in achieving the greatest results in their work. The time required for the
computers to perform basic operation ranges from hundreds of thousands to
several millions per second. It has built-in self-checking capabilities for
monitoring the accuracy of the internal operations.

Computers can perform the following data processing activities rapidly,

accurately and reliably.

 Input and output operations – A computer can accept and supply

processed data to a wide range of devices in various locations.

 Calculation and text manipulation – A computer can perform

calculations on numbers, non-numerical letters, and other symbols
used in words and sentences.

 Logic and comparison operations – A computer can make comparison

for decision making.

 Storage and retrieval operations – A computer can internally accept

data and program instructions that may be quickly called up fo use.

Thirty years ago, it is possible for an organization to ignore computers.

Today, the benefits of Information Technology are so great in meeting the needs
of the competitive environment. The benefits of computer and Information
Technology are as follows:

 Higher efficiency
 Improved customer service
  Lower costs
 Control the user operations
 Less error
 Less reliance on labor-intensive clerical processes
 Easily update information
 Better planning and decision making
 Leveraging investments
 Enhancing products and services

G. BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

For the past five thousand years, early devices were used to help people
process data. As we grow, there have been many developments and
tremendous changes in technology. The scientific aspects and Information
Technology enlighten our way to perceive changes at an increasing rate.

The history of computers provides an understanding of technological

changes, processes, and development. It has profound impact on the
development of computational devices which in turn affect our society today and
in the future.

3500 B.C.

Abacus is one of the earliest devices used for arithmetic calculations. It consists
of a slab divided into sections, and pebbles used for counting. This was
originally used by Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Romans and people in the early
century.

1642 – 1730

Blaise Pascal, a French Scientist, developed the first mechanical calculating

machine capable of adding and subtracting numbers. The device consists of
gears with ten(10) teeth each gear. The device has the ability to manipulate
arithmetic operations with various digits using the gear.

During the same period, Gottfried Leibnitz, a German Mathematician, improved

Pascal’s invention and developed the Leibnitz Calculating Machine. This was the
first machine that performs direct division and multiplication.

Falcon’s Loom, developed in 1727, used punched cards to process and control
arithmetic operation.
1752 – 1834

Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French Weaver, invented punched card that

functions as a program and provides set of instructions to the machine to
produce a specific weave or design of fabrics.

1791 – 1871

Charles Babbage, a Lucasian Mathematics Professor at Cambridge University

in England, proposed an analytical engine. This a general-purpose
programmable computer employing punch cards to input data using steam
engine for power. He had designed a prototype computer that was 100 years
ahead of his time. He was assisted by Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace, the first
computer programmer. During the time of Charles Babbage, the computer
development started. He was called the “Father of Computer”.

1860 – 1926

Herman Hollerith developed the reliable sorting and tabulating machine utilizing
the machine-readable card concept, known as “census machine”. He converted
the equipment to commercial use using statistics system. Later, histabulating
Machine Company merged with others to form the International Business
Machine (IBM) company.

1939 – 1944

Howard Aiken, a Harvard Professor, designed Mark 1 digital computer. This

electromechanical device uses electromagnetic relays for computation.

John Vincent Atanasoff, a Physics and Mathematics Professor at Iowa State

College, together with Clifford Berry, his graduate assistant, conceived the first
prototype digital electronic computer. They called it the “Atanasoff Berry
Computer” or ABC that uses vacuum tubes for storage and arithmetic-logic
functions.

1943 – 1946

In 1943, the Colossus was designed in secret at Bletchlay Park in Britain to

decode German messages. J. Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly invented
the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Computer) and the
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). ENIAC weighs 30
tons and occupies the space of a three-bedroom house. It could perform 300
multiplication per second, making it 300 times faster than any other device of the
day. ENIAC was used by the Army until 1955. EDVAC was the first operational
electronic digital computer but it was not completed. Several years later, EDSAC
(Electronic Discrete Stored Automatic Computer) was developed at Cambridge
University. This was the first stored program electronic computer. In 1946,
Eckert and Mauchly founded their own company and developed the first
UNIVAC. (Universal Automatic Computer). This was the first commercial
computer for data processing and for record-keeping system.

1950 – 1965

These years marked the era of the second generation computers. The large
computer corporations began the design and construction of electronic digital
computers particularly mainframes. The computers were made smaller and
faster and had greater computing capacity. The practice or the writing application
programs in machine language gave way to the use of higher level programming
language. These languages were designed to process both scientific and
business applications. International Business Machine (IBM), General Electric
(GE) Company, and Burroughs designed the Second Generation Computers.

1965 – 1969

The introduction of batch processing approach was developed during these

years. The computer center collected the used jobs and fed them to the
computer in batches at scheduled intervals. The inevitable delays resulted them
to develop the time sharing concept that uses a number of independent,
relatively low speeds, online and simultaneously usable station.

In 1965, the creation of a microprocessor began. A microprocessor contains all

the integrated circuits (IC) needed to perform arithmetic, logic and control
functions. Similarly, the creation of an independent software industry began on
the same year. Computer companies sold or leased their hardware while
independent software vendors supplied programs to the users.

1970 – 1979

The development of personal computer (PC) began in 1970. The PC explosion

started with the introduction of Altair 8800, Scelbi-8H and Apple computers. At
the same moment, the two programmers Bill Gates and Paul Allen translated
program instructions in BASIC and this was introduced to market by the Microsoft
Corporation. In 1972, Steven Jobs founded the Apple Computers that became
the major entrance into the microcomputer industry. The Apple II computer
developed by Steven Jobs was the first personal computer sold in assembled
form. By the end of 1977, the dominant machines were the Apple II, Atari,
Commodore, and TRS-80 model from the Radio Shack Division of Tandy
Corporation. These leading machines were being used everywhere in homes,
schools and work places.

1980 –1987

In 1981, IBM Microcomputers started to expand their market by introducing

personal computers suited for business applications. Manufacturers had come
up with more advanced electronic digital microcomputers supporting business
applications and graphics environment. In 1982, portable computers were
introduced. In 1984, the first personal laser printer and desktop publishing were
launched in the industry.

1988 – Present

The invention of smaller-sized computer but greater in storage capacity was

introduced. Microsoft Corporation made a dynamic history in expanding their
software ventures catering majority of the users today. Other present
developments include the era of laptop, computer notebook, programmable
calculators, mobile devices, routers, digital cameras, multimedia, fiber optics,
wireless and data transmission devices, virtual office, interactive TV, voice mail,
Internet, etc.

The Future

Technology shall grow at an increasing rate, and this rate of explosion is

expected to continue. Video conferencing and virtual office replace the majority
of business travel. Workers may stay, work and study at home using computer
system, and everything can be online. Without doubt, there will be continuous
technological advances that will not only revolutionize the way we do business
but will touch our lives in a profound way.

H. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER

The computer has the following capabilities:

 It is self directing. The user merely input all the instructions to the
computer and the computer processes the data.

 Ability to store and retrieve information. The computer has the ability to
remember or recall data when man finds the need for them.
  Ability to perform mathematical operations and solve complex formula at
high speed and with great precision. A very fast computer can perform
the addition of 20 million pairs of ten-digit number in one second.

 Ability to perform logic operation. The computer is capable of comparing

numbers, letters of alphabet, and special characters. Based on the results
of comparison, the computer can direct its operation to take alternative
actions.

 Ability to communicate with the user or with other machines. The

computer is capable of transmitting messages from one computer or place
to another.

The computer has the following limitations:

 It can do only what is designed or programmed to do. If you ask the

computer to get the total payroll for a certain period, it will give you only the
total payroll and not the net salary or gross salary of each employee.

 It cannot correct input data. If you mistakenly entered an hourly rate of

P180 per hour, the computer cannot respond to the actual rate of P190 per
hour.

 It cannot think and cannot derive meanings from objects. The computer
cannot interpret your favorite poem or cannot determine your present
mood.

 It can only process jobs expressed in a finite number of steps leading to a

precisely defined goal.

 It cannot completely avoid making errors due to power fluctuations, system

malfunctions, and human errors.

I. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

According to Technology:

a. First Generation (1951 – 1958)

Components : Vacuum Tubes

Auxiliary Units : Punched Card
Operation Speed : 10-3 second or milliseconds
 Processing Speed : 2,000 instructions per second
Memory Capacity : 1,000 – 4,000 bytes
Software : User-written Programs; Machine Language
Characteristics : Quite large and produce enormous amount of
heat; Batch Processing

b. Second Generation (1958 –1964)

Components : Transistors
Auxiliary Units : MagneticTape
Operation Time : 10-6 second/microseconds
Processing Speed : 1,000,000 instructions per second
Memory Capacity : 4,000 – 32,000 bytes
Software : Canned Programs; Symbolic Language

Characteristics : Smaller size,generated little heat, less expensive,

and require less power than the vacuum tube
circuits; Real-time Processing.

c. Third Generation (1964 – 1971)

Components : Integrated Circuits (IC) chips

Auxiliary Units : Disk
Operation Time : 10-9second or nanoseconds
Processing Speed : 10,000,000 instructions per second
Memory Capacity : 32,000 – 3,000,000 bytes
Software : Canned Programs; Symbolic Languages
Characteristics : Smaller size, more reliable, greater speed and
greater storage capacity than the 2 nd Generation
Computers; ability to process several programs
simultaneously; Time-sharing; and Multi-
programming.

d. Fourth Generation (1971 – date)

Components : Large Scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) and Very

Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VSIC) chips
Auxiliary Units : Disk and mass storage
Operation Time : 10-12second or picoseconds
Processing Speed : 100,000,000 to I billion instructions per second
Memory Capacity : Up to more than 100 gigabytes
Software : Data Management System
 Characteristics : Smaller size, lesser power requirements, greater
speed than the 3rd Generation Computers; Virtual
Memory.

e. Fifth Generation

Characteristics : Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert System (ES).

It is concerned with simulating the process of
reasoning in order to provide light on the nature of
rational thought.
Examples : Robotics, Game-Playing, Language and Linguistic
Communication, etc.

 According to Data Manipulated or Operation:

a. Analog Computer – It is a type of computer that manipulates or

processes data in continuous form and normally operates by revolving.
Since the data are represented in continuous form, the actual results
are not very accurate. Examples of analog devices include
thermometers, watches, barometers, etc.

b. Digital Computer – It is a type of computer that represents data in

discrete digits such as numbers, letters, symbols, etc. The operation is
done by counting. Examples of digital devices include digital watch,
digital weighing scale, etc.

c. Hybrid Computers – It is a combination of analog and digital

computers known as “digi-ana” or “ana-digi”.

 According to Storage Capacity or Memory Size:

a. Supercomputers

Supercomputers are high-capacity machines and are considered the

fastest calculating devices. These are used in modeling complex
phenomena such as for oil exploration, weather forecasting, car simulation,
nuclear explosions, and airplane and parachute design. Developers of
super computers include Cray Research, Intel Supercomputers, Convex,
Hitachi Cube, Fujitsu, NEC, and MasPar.

Characteristics : High-capacity computers

 Uses : Worldwide Weather Forecasting, Oil Research,
Aircraft Design, Mathematical Research

b. Main Frame Computer

Mainframe computers are water or air-cooled computers which are

capable of great processing speed and data storage. These machines are
operated by professional programmers and technical people. Examples of
mainframe users are banks, airlines, SSS, GSIS, and other companies that
handle millions of transactions. Developers of mainframe computers
include IBM, Fujitsu, Hitachi, NEC, Unisys, AT&T, Encore Computers, etc.

Characteristics : Fast and large capacity computers and handles

millions of transactions
Memory Capacity : 20+ gigabytes
Disk Storage : Billions or gigabytes
Capabilities : Highly sophisticated operating systems, reliable
security software, sophisticated file management,
multi-programming, and multi-processing;
simultaneously serves the needs of many users
Uses : Banks, airlines, insurance companies, mail and
order companies, houses, schools, Bureau of
Internal Revenue, Metropolitan Waterworks and
Sewerage System (MWSS)
Examples : Burroughs B 1900 Series, DEC VAX 1170,
Fujitsu (FACOM) M Series, Hewlett Packard HP
3000 Series 42, Honeywell DPS, IBM 360, NCR
8500, Sperry Univac 9400, etc.

c. Mini Computer

Minicomputers are machines used either as single workstation or as a

system feed by network to several terminals. These are used by medium-
sized companies for accounting, manufacturing, and as “servers”.
Developers of minicomputers include Digital Equipment Corp., Data
General, Hewlett-Packard, Tandem, NCR, IBM, Pyramid Technology, and
Sequent Computer System.

Characteristics : Refrigerator –sized machines

Memory Capacity : up to 50+ gigabytes
Disk Storage Capacity : Billion of megabytes
Capabilities : Operating system and software offer the users
fast and accurate access to data and
 information; allow multiprogramming but in a
smaller scale.
Uses : Used by medium-sized companies for specific
purposes like accounting, inventory, payrolls and
other business transaction systems.
Examples : Burroughs L4000, Control Data CDC Eclipse
S/140, PDD 11/23 Hewlett Packard HP 250,
Honeywell DPS, IBM System 34, NCR 1632,
Sperry Univac System 80, Wang VS 80

d. Micro Computer

Microcomputers are small computers used as personal computers or as

terminals connected to a network. These types of computers come in
several sizes, as follows:

 Desktop

Desktop PCs are those in which the system cabinet sits on a desk, with
keyboard and monitor located in front. Floor-standing PCs are the system
motherboard enclosed in a mini-tower casing.

 Laptops

A laptop computer is a portable computer equipped with a flat display

screen and weighs 1.5 to 8.9 kilograms. The top of the computer opens up
and serves as the screen.

 Notebooks

A notebook computer is a portable computer similar to the size of a thick

notebook and weighs 0.70 to 3.3 kilograms. The display screen and
keyboard are smaller than the desktop.

 Pocket PC’s

A pocket personal computer or a hand-held computer weighs about 0.1

kg. These are used as electronic diaries, personal communicators, and as
pocket organizers.

Characteristics : Serial computers that can fit on a desktop

or in the briefcase.
Memory Capacity : 640 kilobytes – 5 gigabytes
 Capacity : Limited operating system, deficient security
and file management facilities and
considered as stand-alone machines.
Uses : Work stations and tool maker computers

Examples : Desktop, laptop, notebook, palontop, Apple

II, Apple Macintosh, IBM PC-
XT/AT,486/586, Atari 400, Burroughs B90,
Cannon BX, Compaq, Commodore, Fujitsu
Micro 80, Hewlett Packard 85, IBM PC
8000, Northstar Horizon, Olivetti Q1, Radio
Shack TRS-80, Sharp MZ-80A and Texas
Instruments
.
According to Function:

a. Special Purpose Computer – This performs specific set of functions like

score contest, navigational purpose, video games, etc. Examples: Atari,
Nintendo, Control Fuel Processor, Ignition Instrument, Braking Systems,
ATM, etc.

b. General Purpose Computer – It can store different programs and

performs variety of functions such as inventories, payroll, billing, etc.
Example: IBM-PC/AT, 486/586 PC, IBM RISC 6000, Macintosh,
AS400,etc.

J. ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER

A computer system is made up of five elements, namely: Peopleware,

Procedure, Software, Hardware and Communication. It is best illustrated in
the figure below.

+ + + + =
Peopleware Procedures Software Hardware Communication

 Hardware – It refers to the physical electronic data processing devices and

tangible parts that constitute the computer system. It includes the
keyboard, monitor, disk drive, CPU, printer, hard disk, mouse, CD-ROM,
and other tangible parts including its maintenance and development.

 Software – It refers to the program or set of instructions that enable the

computer system to operate effectively. It includes the system software,
 application software, programming languages, and logical steps or
procedure in a program.

 Liveware or Peopleware – It refers to the people involved in the data

processing operations such as the programmers, computer operators,
system administrators, systems analysts, computer technicians, MIS staff,
data encoders, and other people who are users and operators of the
system.

 Procedures – These are descriptions of how things are done including the
steps for accomplishing a result. Procedures are laid in manuals called
documentation which contains instructions, rules, or guidelines to follow
when you use hardware or software. Nowadays, procedures come out in
a computer disk which provide directions on the monitor.

 Communication – This is the process by which electronic data and

information sends and transmits data from one place to another through
land, air, and sea via transmitting channels.

K. IT ORGANIZATION

The most common IT organizational structure makes use of a functional

framework. The three basic groupings are: Systems Development and
Programming, IT Operations and Technical Support Group. The framework
groups are categorized by their respective functions. An example of IT
organizational structure is illustrated below:

Most companies employing IT facilities need one or more IT personnel.

Regardless of the number of people employed, the types of function are typically
performed. An IT Head or IT Manager is employed to superhead the different
functional areas of the IT Department. In a small company, the owner of the
business performs the functions of a typical IT Department.
The IT industry consists of all organizations that supply computer systems
and/or services. These companies and institutions are divided into the following
categories:

 Hardware and peripheral equipment manufacturers;

 Software developers;
 Computer dealers and distributors;
 Technical and support services;
 Sales & IT vendors;
 Supply and outsourcing companies;
 Schools and training centers; and
  IT- related businesses.

L. LIVEWARE

Liveware refers to personnel who works in the IT Department and those

involve in the IT industry. Some of the IT positions are as follows:

 Systems Analyst – Responsible for studying the requirements of the

company’s computer-based applications, specifying the required design, and
developing appropriate systems documentation.

 Programmer – Develops, writes, compiles, tests, and develops program logic,

analyzes program specifications provided by the systems analyst; and
prepares program documentation.

System Programmer – Prepares reviews and analyzes the systems software

supplied by the manufacturer; determines the best configuration for the
installation; evaluates changes of existing systems; designs programming
standards and operating procedures; and guides system analysts,
programmers and operators in the use of systems software.

Application Programmer – Prepares and develops program for specific tasks.

 Computer Operator – Runs computer programs, conducts test runs for

systems being developed, responds to program request, reports problems to
programmers, labels files, and performs back-up procedures.

 Data Encoder – Types input data and information, and converts source
documents into computer acceptable form.

 Data Controller – Receives and reviews outputs, set-up inputs, and maintains
control on jobs for computer processing.

 IT Librarian – Stores, controls and issues data files, retrieves back-up files
from storage files, and maintains records of data files.

 Computer Technician – Responsible for the trouble shooting, repair and

maintenance of computer equipment.

 Computer Engineer – Designs computer system adopting the latest

technology and development for fast and efficient use.
 Communication Analyst – Plans, designs and reviews the installation of
communication network needed to support the computerization requirements
of the company.

 Database Administrator – Analyzes the company information needs, designs,

maintains, and controls the company record keeping system.

 Office Automation Specialist – Evaluates, implements, interconnects, and

supports the software products used in the office.

 EDP Auditors – Conducts audits by tracing transactions through the computer

system from the input through output.

M. REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate the following terminologies:

a. Systems Programmer and Application Programmer

b. Information Technology and Information System

c. Key Driven System and EDP

d. Artificial Intelligence and Expert System

e. Hardware and Software

f. Desktop and Laptop

 g. Analog and Digital Computers

h. Transistor and Vacuum Tubes

i. Voice Mail and E-Mail

j. EDSAC and EDVAC

2. Give the meaning of the following acronyms:

a. CD

b. IT

c. AI

d. EDP

e. EDSAC

f. WAN

g . E B B S
 h . E D V A C

i . L A N

j . V S I C

3. Multiple Choice : Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It is the earliest device used for arithmetic calculations.

a. Calculator b. Computer c. Abacus

2. It is the process of transforming data into the described output.

a. Input b. Data Processing c. Output Process

3. It is a type of computer that represents data in discrete digits.

a. Hybrid b. Digital c. Super Computer

4. He improved Pascal invention and developed the Leibnitz Calculating

Machine.
a. Gottfried Leibnitz b. Jacquard Leibnitz c. Blaise Pascal

5. He developed the reliable sorting and tabulating machine by utilizing

the machine-readable card concept known as
“census machine”.
a. Herman Hollerith b. Herman Melville c. Leo Tolstoy

6. It describes how things are done including the steps for accom-
plishing a result.
a. Process b. Procedures c. Hardware

7. It refers to a person who designs computer system adopting the latest

technology and development for fast and efficient use.
a. Computer Wizard b. Computer Engineer c. Programmer

8. It Involves the obtaining or capturing the original data and placing it into
the data processing system.
a. Process b. Input c. Output

9. It involves the arithmetic computation and manipulation of data.

 a. Calculation b. Addition c. Solution

10. He is known as the Father of Computer.

a. Steven Jobs b. Bill Gates c. Charles Babbage
Chapter 2: The Computer
System
Scope:

The chapter presents the components of computer system, the hardware

itself including other peripheral devices. The management of computer system,
the hardware problems, safety precautions, and trouble shooting strategies are
briefly discussed.

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify the components of computer system

2. Enumerate the various input and output devices
3. Identify and explain the commonly used hardware problems
4. Differentiate the various peripheral devices
5. Discuss the importance of learning computer system

Computer system is a series of devices that read and process the input
data; store and retrieve it; and produce the output information. It is a group of
integrated parts that have the common purpose of performing various operations.
The computer system consists of all the support equipment necessary for its use;
instructions that specify the performance of certain tasks; procedures that people
must follow to operate the computer; and the users of the system.

This chapter introduces the computer system in action, its components,

the hardware itself, and functions of various peripheral devices.

A. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

The computer system consists of a series of devices that operates

together to accomplish one or more goals. All system elements are linked and
controlled together so that the system’s goal is achieved. The components of
computer system typically consist of four functional parts, namely: Input Device,
Output Device, Central Processing Unit, and Auxiliary Storage Devices. These
units are interrelated to one another as shown in figure below:
1. Input Unit – It is the component of computer system designed for data entry
operations. It allows direct human or machine communication while others
require data to be recorded on an input medium. The input device reads and
transmits data to the main memory of the computer. Input maybe in the form
of keyboarding, pointing, scanning, or voice recognition device.

Data are entered into this device by pressing appropriate keys. Examples of
input devices are:

a. Card Reader – It reads punched card data and transmits it to the CPU.
Data is recorded as punched holes.

b. Punched Paper Tape – Data are recorded as holes punched in a

continuous paper and transmits it to the CPU. Punched paper tape may
be produced by special adding machines, accounting machine’s teletypes,
and card registers.

c. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Reader(MICRR) – It reads characters

and data printed with magnetic ink such as on checks. These characters
are found at the bottom of the checks that indicate the account number
and the code where the bank is located.

d. Optical Character Recognition Reader – It is commonly known as read

typed or handwritten document. It senses data using photoelectric device.
Major users of this device are the department stores, groceries and
gasoline stations in printing credit card receipts.

e. Bar Codes – These are printed pattern of wide and narrow vertical bars
used to represent numerical codes in machine-readable form. Almost all
products sold in the supermarkets and bookstores have bar codes which
conform to the Universal Product Code (UPC), a standard bar code format
that lists the product maker’s identification number and a product number.
Scanning devices translate images of text, drawings, and photos into
digital forms.

The images can then be processed by a computer displayed on a monitor,

stored in a storage device, or communicate to another computer. Some of
the scanning devices include image scanning, fax machines, and optical
scanner. When the bar code is dragged past an optical scanner at the
check out counter, the point of sale computer matches the product number
with its price lists of the database and rings up the correct amount.
 Fax machine is a device that scans an image and sends it as electronic
signals over telephone lines. The image is sent to a receiving fax machine
which creates the image on the paper.

f. Online Terminal – Data is entered in a typewriter-type device

(e.g.,keyboard) which is directly connected to the CPU. Other input
devices include mouse, trackball, touch screen and joystick.

g. Voice Input – It is a relatively new input device and the latest in

technology. It promises to improve the efficiency of the data entry for a
wide range of applications where the user normally enters the word in a
normal speaking voice. The computer digitizes the sound of each system
word and stores the digitized data in its memory. This is used for calling
an airline reservation directing through a computer system.

2. Output Unit – It is the component of computer system that provides the user
the results of the processed data. The information is transmitted from the
CPU to this output device where it is then printed or recorded. Examples of
the output devices are given below:

a. Printer – It produces printed paper output known as “hardcopy” or a paper

printout.

b. TV Screen or Monitor – It is a terminal device that prints messages on a

television-like tube. The output is said to be “softcopy” since it is not
retained as a permanent record.

c. Card Punch – It is a device in a computer system that punches card

information which has transmitted from the CPU.

d. Plotter – This refers to a graphical device that displays and prints

information in graphical form. An example of this device is Roland Plotter
which is used for Computer Aided Design (CAD) program by architects,
draftsmen and civil engineers.

e. Paper Tape Punch – It produces punched holes on a continuous paper

tape.

f. Computer Microfilm – It produces output as miniaturized microfilm records.

g. Flat Panel Display or Flat Screen – It is a thin display screen that uses
number of technologies in order to reduce the screen thickness and
weight. The technologies include Liquid Crystal Display (LCD),
 electroluminiscent and plasma display used as the screen of a laptop or a
notebook or other desktop computers.

3. Processing Memory Hardware – It is the physical device that controls the

computer operations. It accepts and stores the program and data in the main
memory or primary storage. Once the program and data are stored, the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes and processes the data. CPU is
known as the “brain of the computer”. It is composed of three parts, namely:
Primary Storage, Arithmetic Logic Unit, and Control Unit.

a. Primary Storage – It is the internal storage and main memory of the

computer that contains the stored program or set of instructions necessary
to read the input data and convert it to the output. Primary memory stores
data such as the operating system, application program, data used by the
application program, and the output produced from the processing and
even between or after the processing operations.

b. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – It is the part of the CPU that has special
circuitry for performing arithmetic and logic operations, manipulates data,
and makes comparison.

c. Control Unit (CU) – It is the part of the CPU which controls, supervises,
coordinates and directs the operations of the computer.

4. Secondary Storage Unit – It is the component of a computer system that

stores information subsequently used by the CPU or a more permanent basis
in secondary or auxiliary storage. Examples of auxiliary storage devices are:

a. Paper – It is a traditional medium for storing data. It is easy to use but so

bulky that businesses need huge space to store paper records and
documents. Finding data and information in a firm’s paper archives can
take hours, days or weeks. Records stored in a computer can be
determined any time. Some of the examples of the paper output include
savings and current account deposit slip, requisition of stock for immediate
shipment, request for information printout, etc.

b. Micrographics – It uses photographic techniques to reduce the paper into

miniature-sized products on microfilm. This is a form of computer output
that bypasses paper and reduces pages of output into tiny images stored
on a film. A hand-sized card or microfiche can store hundreds of pages
but it takes several minutes to locate the data and cannot be changed.
 c. Disk Drive – It is a device that holds, spins, reads and writes data. It is a
mechanical machine with a spindle on which disk can be mounted. It
accesses data form the disk or stores data into the disk. A disk can be a
soft disk or a hard disk. Soft disk refers to diskettes or floppy disk, and a
hard disk is a magnetic disk built on a rigid base that has a higher storage
capacity and has a faster access than a floppy disk or diskette.

d. Magnetic Disk – It is a flat, circular plotter on which data can be stored

using the magnetic process. This device is used to read data from the
disk into the CPU and writes data from the CPU onto the disk. The data
can be represented as magnetized dots according to a predetermined
code.

e. Optical Disk – It is a disk that is written and read by lasers. It is also called
as CD-ROM, which stands for Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. It holds
text, graphics, and sound; and accommodates hundreds of times more
data than floppy disks and seven or more times as much as the hard
disks. Optical disk includes R/W (Read/Write) compact disks.

f. Magnetic Tape – It is a flexible, flat plastic ribbon on which data can be

stored using the magnetic process. The plastic tape is coated with
magnetic material where data can be represented as magnetized dots
according to a predetermined code. It reads data from the tape into the
CPU and writes data from the CPU onto the tape.

Combining all the components of computer system, the configuration of

computer is illustrated on below:

B. MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE

Microcomputers are the smallest, cheapest and the most available type of
computers in the Philippines. The basic microcomputer hardware is composed
of the Keyboard, the Central Processing Unit, the Video Display Unit or Monitor,
Storage Device and other peripheral devices.

1. KEYBOARD

The keyboard is an input device similar to the typewriter keyboard. It is

used for entering data and instructions. The placement position of keys varies
according to its brand. A typical keyboard is shown below:
 The IBM PC-XT/AT keyboard consists of typewriter alphabetic keys,
numeric keypad, and the function keys. The typewriter key consists of letters A
to Z, numbers 0 to 9, standard punctuation, and other additional keys that
perform control functions. The additional keys are:

CAPS LOCK CAPITALS LOCK KEY – When this key is pressed once, it locks
the characters A to Z in the upper case position. While the Caps
Lock is on, letters may be shifted to lower case by pressing the
SHIFT KEY. The upper case mode may be released by
pressing back the Caps Lock Key.

SHIFT SHIFT KEY – Pressing the shift keys together with any
alphabetic key changes the alphabetic keys to the upper case
mode. When the upper keys (numbers) are being pressed with
the Shift Key, special characters or upper portion of the keys will
appear on the screen.

ENTER ENTER KEY or RETURN – This is the carriage return key. This
is pressed if you want to go to the next line.

PRT SC PRINT SCREEN KEY – When the printer is on and this key is
pressed together with the Shift Key, whatever is displayed on
the screen will be printed on paper.

BACKSPACE This key is pressed to move the cursor one character to the left
of the cursor while deleting the character. To avoid deleting the
character, use the cursor left key on the numeric pad.

SPACE BAR This is used for entering spaces. Unlike the typewriter, space
bar cannot be used to move over character already on the
screen.

ALT ALTERNATIVE KEY – When this key is pressed together with

the alphabetic key, it enables the user to enter some of the
basic key words.

CTRL CONTROL KEY – When this CTRL is pressed together with the
alphabetic key, it enables the user to perform specific functions
and commands.

ESC ESCAPE KEY – This is pressed in case of process interruption

or to abandon the previous command.
TAB KEY It is used to move the cursor to the next tab stop at the right of
the cursor’s present position.

The numeric keypad is used to facilitate numeric data entry. It consists of

numbers 0 to 9, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Ins, Del, Home, End and arrow keys.

NUM LOCK NUMERIC LOCK – When this key is pressed once, keys 0 to 9
of the numeric keypad will be placed in the numeric state.
Pressing NUM LOCK again will return to cursor control keys.

SCR LOCK SCROLL LOCK KEY - When this key is pressed together with
CTRL, it enables the user to return to the command level
without saving any changes that were made.

INS INSERT – When the NUM LOCK is off, this key is used to insert
or to add characters in the middle of the 0 line. To get back to
normal operation, press the INS key again.

DEL DELETE – When the NUM LOCK is off, this key deletes any
characters at the right of the erased character and will move
one position to the left.

CURSOR UP This is used to move the cursor one line up.

CURSOR This is used to move the cursor one line down.

DOWN

CURSOR This key is used to move the cursor one character position to
RIGHT the right.

CURSOR This key is used to move the cursor one character position to

LEFT the left.

HOME HOME – This key is used to move the cursor to the upper left
position of the display screen.

END END – This key is used to move the cursor one position to the
right of the last character on the line.

The function keys consist of ten (10) to twelve (12) functions depending
on the model of the keyboard. (F1, F2 … F12). If any one of these keys is being
pressed, it performs specific functions.
2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the processor and known as the
brain of the computer. It interprets instructions and manipulates data to produce
information. It consists of three parts, namely: Primary Storage, Control Unit and
Arithmetic Logic Unit. The Primary Storage contains the stored program and
addressable locations in terms of bytes. This is the main memory of the
computer where data and program are stored while the jobs are in progress. The
Control Unit (CU) of the CPU selects, interprets and executes the program
instruction. It supervises the activities and functions of the entire system. The
speed with which an instruction is executed is directly related to the computer’s
built-in lock speed or the number of pulses produced each second. Most
personal computers have clock speed of 2 to 32 megahertz. One megahertz
(MHz) measures one million times per second. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
performs arithmetic operations at high speed, manipulates data operations, and
makes comparison. Since CPU is manufactured using integrated circuits, the
term CPU is applied to microprocessor.

The limits of a computer’s capabilities are determined by its

microprocessor. A microprocessor is a tiny chip of silicon that contains the
equivalent of hundreds of thousands of transistors.

The three main types of microprocessors that have been developed over
the years are as follows:

a. ”86" Series of Chips – These were developed by Intel and are commonly
referred to as 286’s, 386’s, 486’s, and 586’s used primarily in IBM and
IBM-PC compatible personal computers.

b. ”68000" Series – These chips were developed by Motorola and used

primarily in the Apple Computers.

c. RISC Chip – This was developed by Motorola and IBM RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set Computing) chips and has found their way from powerful
workstations into personal computers. Examples of RISC chips include
the Power PC used in Macintosh line and Digital’s Alpha Chip. The Alpha
is the world’s fastest and the most powerful microprocessor. (Laudon, 99).

The microprocessors commonly used in today’s personal computer’s are:

 a. 8088, 8086 and Turbo compatibles – These chips are used in 1970’s
personal computers like Apple II and they cannot run in today’s leading
application software.

b. 80286 – It is used for IBM PC XT’s computers with a conventional memory

of 640 Kb.

c. 80386 – It is used mainly for DOS applications. 80386 DX delivers better

performance and more expensive than 80386 SX.

d. 80486 – It has a state of the art microprocessor that includes numeric co-
processor that speeds mathematical computations. It is used in the
earliest version of windows environment.

e. 68030 - It is the microprocessor for Macintosh applications.

f. 586 / Pentium – It is the enhanced and advanced version next to 80486

microprocessor. Some of the hardware developments of Pentium are as
follows:
 Pentium MMX
 Pentium Pro
 Celeron
 Pentium II
 Pentium III
 Pentium IV

3. VIDEO DISPLAY UNIT

A monitor is a Visual Display Unit (VDU) device similar to a

television screen. It is also known as terminal or video board. It is
capable of displaying at least 16 lines of 64 characters or 16 lines of 40
characters, or 24 lines of 40 characters, or a common size of 24 lines
of 80 characters. Most desktop computers use Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT) or Flat Screen, while portable notebook computers use Flat
Panel Display (FPD).

The two general types of monitor are monochrome and color

monitors. Monochrome monitors come in three varieties: black and
white, black and green, and black and amber. Color monitors are more
expensive than monochrome and they are ideal for computer graphics
and for displaying business charts and graphs. The number of distinct
dots or pixels that the monitor can display represents the resolution of
monitor. The more the dots, the higher the resolution.

Video display adapter is a circuit board that determines the

resolution, number of colors, and how fast the images appear on the
display screen. A video display adapter with 256 kilobytes or memory
provides 16 colors while one megabyte supports 16.7 million colors.

Higher resolution monitor uses range of color that adds

dimension to the display screen. Color graphics monitor is powered by
one of several types of display adapters or arrays. The Color
Graphics Array (CGA) supports 640 by 200 pixels, the Enhanced
Graphics Array (EGA) supports resolution of 640 by 350 pixels, the
Video Graphics Array (VGA) has resolution of 640 by 480 pixels or 16
colors and the Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA) has resolution of
1,024 by 1,280 pixels and supports 256 colors. XGA or eXtended
Graphics Array supports up to 16,777,216 colors depending on the
video display adapter memory. Latest type of monitor includes Digital
Monitor Display, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Plasma Monitor.

4. STORAGE DEVICE

A disk is a storage device found inside the motherboard of the computer.

It is a mechanical machine with a spindle on which a disk can be mounted. Its
function is either to store data into the disk or access data from the disk. Inside
the disk drive is a head that can read and write information to any location on the
surface of the disk.

THE DISKS

A disk is a random access storage device which refers to either fixed disks
or diskette. There are two types of disks that can be used for microcomputers,
namely: hard disk and soft disk.

a. Hard Disk – It is a permanent record of output in a computer system.

It is rigid and coated with a magnetic substance that stores megabytes
of data. Hard disk costs P3, 000.00 to P20, 000 depending on the
storage capacity that ranges from 40 megabytes (MB) to 400 gigabytes
(GB).

b. Soft Disk – It refers to the floppy diskette commonly known as

“floppies” or “floppy disk”. It is the most popular type of disk made of
circular vinyl material enclosed in a rigid plastic envelope. The size of
 the diskette varies, storing 360 KB to 1.44 MB. Available sizes are 8
inches (floppies), 3.5 inches (microfloppies) and 5.25 inches
(minifloppies) in diameter. Information is written along the concentric
part of the circle known as tracks. Looking at an inserted diskette into
the disk drive, the read and write head spins, moving back and forth
from one track to another. The tracks are divided into sections known
as sectors and the space on the diskette is measured in terms of
bytes.

1 track = 16 sectors
1 sector = 256 bytes
1 byte = 8 bits
1 byte = 1 character
1 kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte (MB) = 1,048,576 bytes
1 gigabyte (GB) = 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 terabyte (TB) = 1 trillion bytes

c. Optical Disk – Optical disk technology involves the use of a laser

beam to store or retrieve data as microscopic spots on a disk. A
single optical disk can store the equivalent of over 400 diskettes.
The first optical disk came out in 1978 and the audio compact disk
came out in 1982. The CD-ROM was the first application of optical
storage for business processing. They emerged in 1985 for
publishing databases, directories and encyclopedias.

d. Flash Disk or Thumb Drive - is the smallest external storage device

with standard size of 1.5 cm. by 4 cm. It is inserted in a USB port
of the motherboard casing, ranges from 64MB to 8GB memory.

THE DISKETTES

Diskettes are flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a protective envelope and

they are used mainly with microcomputers. The types of diskettes are:

a. Single Sided – contains 40 tracks, 8-9 sectors per track and holds
up to 160-180 kbytes of information.

b. Double Sided – contains 40 tracks per side, 8-9 sectors per track
and holds up to 320-360 kbytes information. Other types of double
sided diskette contain 80 tracks per side, 9 sectors per track and
holds up to 720 kbytes of information.
 c. High Density – contains 80 tracks per side, 15 sectors per track and
holds 1.4 megabytes of information.

The two types of diskettes are illustrated below:

In handling diskettes, the following measures are considered:

a. Never bend a diskette.

b. Never touch the negative surface of the diskette.

c. Do not wipe or clear the diskette surface.

d. Always keep the diskette in their storage envelope after use.

e. Protect the diskettes from heat, direct sunlight, moisture and magnetic
fields like transformers, AC motors, magnets, TV, radio, cell phones,
etc. Strong magnetic fields will erase the data stored in a diskette.

f. Never insert or remove the diskette while the disk drive’s light is on.

g. Avoid contamination of diskettes with cigarette ashes, dust or other

particles.

h. Do not write directly on the diskette jacket with a hard point device such
as ball point or lead pencil. Use felt tip pen.

Nowadays, only few people are using diskette. Instead they are using flash disk
because it is smaller in size and it has larger storage capacity than the diskette.

5. PRINTER

A printer is a primary output device that produces printed information or

paper output from the computer. The printout or printed outputs are known as
hard copies. Printers can be classified by how they print and by how fast they
operate.

Printers are classified as follows:

a. According to the Amount of Information Printed at a Time

 i. Character or Serial Printer – It prints one character at a time just like a
typewriter.
ii. Line Printer – It prints one line of characters at a time.
iii. Page Printer –It prints the whole or entire page at a time.

b. According to Operation

i. Impact Printer – It prints character by physically striking paper using inked

ribbon. It uses the familiar typewriter approach of pressing a typeface
against paper and ink ribbon using daisy-wheel or dot matrix printer.

ii. Non-impact Printer – It prints character by means of photography, heat or

thermal method, ink spray, electrostatic, chemical, ink jet technology, or
laser xerographic method. Laser printers write the desired output image
on a copier drum with a beam of laser light that operates under computer
control. The printout is high quality, higher than 300 dots per inch and is
suitable to desktop publishing.

c. According to Style

i. Character Printer – It prints the whole letter or character similar to a

typewriter.

ii. Dot Matrix Printer – It prints character with dots or short dash/line that are
activated within the grid. In the dot matrix mechanism, an arrangement of
tiny hammers strikes to produce the desired characters.

iii. Laser Printer – It uses laser-beam source to create images on drum.

These images are then treated with magnetically charged ink-like toner
and transferred from drum to paper. Laser printers print characters clearly,
smoothly, and high quality image compared to the dot matrix printers.
Laser printers produce 10 – 300 pages per minute in various colors.

iv. Bubble Jet or Ink Jet Printer – It prints character in semi-laser form;
sprays one or more colors of small droplets of ink at high speed onto
paper. The printing speed is slower than the laser printers.

Other graphic output devices include plotters and film recorders. Plotters
use pen or ink jet approaches. Pen plotters use either drum or flat-bed
paper holders that move along the carriage to produce motion across the
paper. Inkjet plotters are used to create graphics with curves and
complex shapes applied for engineering and architectural applications.
Film recorders print design drawings or graphic presentations based on
 the screen display. The screen of the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is
photographed with black and white or color film to produce printouts of 35
millimeter slides.

C. PERIPHERAL DEVICES

Computer system can be equipped with an amazing variety of peripheral

equipment.

1. Mouse – It is an input device equipped with one or more buttons housed in

a palm-sized case and designed to roll on the mouse pad next to the
keyboard. It is used to move chunks of text from one place in a document
to another, to select from lists, to create charts and other graphics, and to
communicate with the computer. As the mouse moves, the circuits relay
signals move a pointer on the screen. Mouse is connected either via the
serial port or via a special mouse port using a 9 pin mouse port connector.
Macintosh and Windows environment use a mouse together with the
keyboard for entering data and for performing operations.

2. Modem – It is a device used to convert the digital output from a computer

to an analog signal through transmission lines. A modem, short for
MOdulator/DEModulator, links the computer by telephone to other
computers and information services. A network modem encodes data for
transmission along telephone lines. A modem is required at each end of
the communication channel at its source (to change a computer signal into
an analog signal that can be carried over telephone lines), and at its
destination (to change the analog signal back into digital signal).
Modulation converts data from digital form (computer signals) to wave
form (sound signals). Demodulation converts data from wave form back to
digital form.

The rate at which the modem transfers information is called the baud rate.
At lower speed, the baud rate roughly equals the number of hits
transmitted per second. A 300-baud modem used by microcomputer
includes 200, 1200, and 2400 baud, however, rate of 110, 150, 600, 4,800,
9,200 and 9,600 are supported by DOS.

3. Joystick or Hand Controls – A joystick is a pointing device that consists of

a vertical handle like a gearshift lever mounted on a base with one or two
buttons. The joysticks control the movement of text or objects in the figure
game program, video games, and in some computer-aided design
systems.
4. Fax Machine – A fax machine or facsimile transmission device scans an
image and sends it as electronic signals over telephone lines to a
receiving fax machine, which creates the image paper. It is a fast and
reliable way of transmitting text document.

The two types of fax machines are:

 Dedicated Fax Machine – It is a specialized device that sends and

receives fax documents from one place to another.

 Fax Modem – It is installed in a circuit board inside the computer

system. It sends signals directly from the computer to someone
else’s fax or computer fax modem. Fax modem can be installed in
a computer notebook and can be linked up in a cellular phone and
thereby receive wireless fax messages.

5. Scanner – It is a peripheral device that digitizes artwork or photographs

and stores the image as a file that can be merged with text in many word
processing and page layout programs. It is used for capturing ready-made
picture images to be added in the text. Hand-held scanner is applicable
for light desktop publishing where the user needs to scan pictures and
store them in the computer. Flatbed scanner reads a full page of text at a
time and offers optical character recognition capabilities which can scan
printed objects and convert it into text that can be displayed, edited or
printed in the word processing program.

6. Math Co-processor – The Math co-processor is used for 386

microprocessor in order to run a Computer Aided Design program. It
includes a set of floating point numbers which are strongly needed for
specific types of applications like spreadsheetsand AutoCad program like
fluid flow, thermal calculations, nuclear and scientific calculations. In 486
and 586 microprocessor, Math co-processor is an integrated feature into
its capabilities.

7. Optical Disk (CD-RW) – It is a disk data using an optical process. It is

referred to as CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) or CD-RW
(Compact Disk Read/Write Memory). It uses the same technology as CD
and DVD audio disks. In an optical disk reader, the laser system reads
the intensity of light reflected from the disk surface and sends these data
as a digital signal to the computer. In business, this technology is suitable
for storing large data like industrial catalogs, company’s policy manual,
personnel directories, encyclopedia, children’s games, etc.
8. Trackball – A trackball is a movable ball that is rotated with fingers or palm
of the hand. This is an alternative peripheral to the mouse. The trackball
uses the principle of twirling the ball for fast positioning of the cursor.
Instead of moving the mouse around on the desktop, trackball is moved
with the tips of the fingers. It is especially suited to portable computers.

9. Tape Drives – This is used as a point-of-sale terminal for a busy retail

operation or for works that produces a lot of data everyday. Tape drives
can be added to the system to back-up the entire hard disk quickly.

10. Bar Code Readers – Bar codes are vertical stripped marks that can be
seen on most manufactured retail products. Bar code readers scan a
computer-readable code such as the Uniform Product Code (UPC) of retail
items and transforms the codes into ordinary numbers in digital forms.
This is attached to the computer by a serial port or expansion slot. The
price of particular item is set within the store’s computer and appears on
the sales-clerk’s point-of-sale terminal on the receipt. Records of sales are
input to the store’s computer and used for accounting, restocking store
inventory, and identifying products that do not sell well.

11. Touch Screen – A touch screed is a video display screen that has been
sensitized to receive input from the touch of a finger. The screen is
covered with a plastic layer, behind which are invisible beams of infrared
light. It is used to convey information quickly particularly for locating
directories and guides in hotels and shopping malls, and for displaying
menus in fastfood restaurants.

12. Light Pen – A light pen is a light-sensitive stylus, or pen-like device,

connected by a wire to the computer terminal. The user brings the pen to
a desired point on the display screen and presses the pen button which
identifies that screen location to the computer. Light pens are used by
graphic designers, engineers, and illustrators.

13. Pen-based System – Pen-based computer system uses pencil-like stylus

to enter handwriting and marks into a computer. This handwriting method
is used for entering data and convert it to text. This kind of handwriting
recognition is found in some kinds of electronic organizers such as the
sharp wizard, IBM’s pen-based Think Pad computer, and Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones.

14. Digitizing Tablets – A digitizing tablet consists of a tablet connected by a

wire to a stylus. A stylus is a pen-like device with which the user copies or
 sketches an image. It is used primarily in drawing, painting, shading and
designing.

15. Electronic Cameras – The electronic camera captures images in electronic

form for immediate viewing on a television or computer display screen.
Still-video cameras are like camcorders and capture only single video
image at a time. Pictures must be converted by a video capture board
before they can be stored in a computer. An example of a still-video
camera is Canon RC-570. Digital camera uses a light-sensitive silicon chip
to capture photographic images in digital form. The bits of digital
information can be copied directly into the computer’s hard disk for
manipulation and printing. Examples of digital cameras are Logitech’s
Fotoman, Dycam’s Model 4, Newscamera 200, and Apple Computer’s
Quick take 100.

16. Sensors – A sensor is a type of input device that collects specific kind of
data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer. It is
used for detecting all kinds of things like speed, movement, weight,
pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, current, smoke, light, images, etc.
In other countries, sensors are used to detect the volume of traffic, sudden
changes of the wind direction, air pollution standards, and robbers from
looting.

17. Human Biology Devices – Movements and characteristics of the human

body when interpreted by sensors, optical scanners, voice recognition
systems, and other technologies can become human-biology devices.
Some examples are enumerated on the next page.

 Biometric System – The system identifies a person through fingerprint,

voice intonation or other biological characteristics. For example, the
Vetinal Identification Device uses a ray of light to identify a network of
blood vessels at the back of one’s eyeball. This system can be used
instead of using a password for identifying authorized computer user.

 Line-of-Sight System – It enables a person to use his/her eyes to

“point” or look at the screen in directing a computer. This is
accomplished by a video camera mounted beneath the monitor in front
of the viewer. When the user looks at a certain place on the screen, the
video camera and the computer translate the area being focused into
screen coordinates.

 Cyber Gloves – This is used in virtual reality games as sensor in

detecting body movements. The data for the movements are sent to a
 computer system. This technology is used for human-controlled robot
hands applied in nuclear plants and dangerous activities.

 Brainware Device – It analyzes the electrical signals of the brain and

translates them into computer commands. This is best applied in
artificial intelligence.

18. Optical Character Reader (OCR) – An optical character reader detects the
alphanumeric characters printed or written on paper. It may be a handheld
scanner or a page scanner to detect a light reflected from a line or from
the page of the text. It is used to scan large volume of data such as in the
billing statements.

D. SURGE PROTECTOR AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR

In using the computer system, surge protector is very important peripheral

device. It controls and stops current surges before entering into the computer
system. Surges are common in electrical lines caused by the intermittent
operation of power-hungry equipment such as cooling units, elevators, welding
machine, heaters and switching operations. Lightning can also be a cause of
surges that send millions of volts headed straight in the computer.

For severe voltage fluctuations and brownouts, an Automatic Voltage

Regulator (AVR) ensures a steady voltage delivered to the computer. For
brownouts and power failures, an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) is
advisable. UPS switches automatically to back-up important business records.
When the power comes back, the battery charges automatically.

E. MICROCOMPUTER DO’s AND DON’T’s

The following suggestions shall ensure safety in managing a computer

system.

1. Make sure the power is off before connecting or disconnecting a

peripheral.

2. If the computer system does not work, turn off the power. Read the
instruction manuals or call a computer technician.

3. Make back-up copies of important files.

 4. Check polarity connections twice before switching the power on. Plugs
and cards should be connected the right way to avoid any damage of the
peripheral.

5. Avoid moving the computers from one place to another.

6. Prevent computers from dust, too much heat, and moist.

7. Where possible, have one competent person operates the computer.

F. TROUBLESHOOTING STRATEGIES

The following strategies are basic trouble shooting and repair:

1. Strategy No.1: Observe the hardware symptoms and find out the causes

a. Locate the hardware problem and try its remedy.

b. If the problem still persists, clean the system parts.
c. If the problem still persists, ask a computer technician for help.
2. Strategy No. 2: Swap identical parts

a. Change electrical outlets.

b. Swap cables, computers and peripherals. The swapping of peripherals
will determine the defective hardware parts.

3. Strategy No.3: Give the system a thorough cleaning

a. Disconnect the internal cables then vacuum up the dust or blow the
parts with compressed air.

b. Press down all the chips to make them firmly connected.

4. Strategy No.4: Look for the duration of the warranty and call for a
computer technician for repair.

G. REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Identify the following devices and computer peripherals:

___________a. It is a peripheral device that digitizes artwork or captures

ready made picture images.
 ___________b. It is referred to as Compact Disk Read Only Memory or
CD-ROM.

___________c. It is a device used to scan a computer-readable bar code.

___________d. It is a device that stops current surges before harming

the computer.

___________e. It is a device that ensures a steady voltage delivered to

the computer.
___________f. It is a device that switches automatically to back-up
battery power in the event of power failure.

___________g. It is a device used to convert the digital output from a

computer to an analog signal.

___________h. It is a device used to move chunks of text from one place

in a document to another.

___________i. This refers to the main memory of the computer where

data and program are stored while the job is in progress.

___________j. It measures one million times per second.

2. Enumeration:

Three parts of CPU

Five microprocessors commonly found in today’s personal computer

Four types of display adapters

Three types of printer according to the amount of information printed at a

time

Two types of output devices other than printer

Three sizes of diskette

3. Identify the following acronyms and give their primary function:

a. ALU
 b AVR

c. OCR

d. CRT

e. MICR

f. UPS

g. MHz

h. MODEM

i. CD-ROM

j. CU

4. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank before
the number.

___________1. It is not one of the components of computer system.

a. Input Unit
b. Communication Unit
c. Output Unit
d. Auxiliary Unit

___________2. It translates images of text, drawings, photos in digital forms.

_
a. UPS
b. CPU
c. Scanning Device
d. OCRL

___________3. It is a device that scans images and sends it as electronic

signals over telephone lines.
a. Scanner
b. Fax Machine
c. Internet
d. Terminal

___________4. It refers to an internal storage and main memory of the

computers.
a. Primary Storage
b. Secondary Storage
 c. Hardcopy
d. Softcopy

___________5. It uses photographic techniques to reduce paper into a

miniature product on microfilm.
a. Paper
b. Optical Disk
c. Magnetic Tape
d. Microfilm

___________6. It is an input device.

a. Card Reader
b. Plotter
c. Hardcopy
d. Softcopy

___________7. It is known as CD-ROM.

a. Hard Disk
b. Disk Drive
c. Optical Disk
d. Magnetic Tape

___________8. It is an example of auxiliary storage device.

a. Disk Drive
b. Keyboard
c. CPU
d. Monitor

___________9. It is a printed pattern of wide and narrow vertical lines used to

represent numeric codes in machine-readable form.
_a. Optical Scanner
b. CD-ROM
c. Card Reader
d. Bar Code

___________10. It is not an example of scanning devices.

a. FlatBed Scanner
b. Printer
c. CD-ROM
d. Flash Drive
Chapter 3:
Software
Scope:

The chapter explains the various types of software and some of the
application programa and advanced productivity tools used in business.
Available programs used in business offices nowadays are briefly discussed
including their applications and capabilities. The factors that influence the
choice of the software are included so as the user could easily decide the choice
of the software to be used.

Learning Objectives:

1. Classify the three basic types of systems software

2. Enumerate the various application software used in business
3. Differentiate and discuss the the uses of various software
4. Identify and explain the impact of the software as productivity tool

To perform a particular task in a computer, step-by-step instructions on the

use of software are important. People are using computers to accomplish an
amazing variety of task, namely: write, draw, calculate, store and retrieve data,
illustrate, and communicate with other computers. These fundamental
applications are best achieved by understanding the program that transforms the
computer into a tool for performing these tasks. Choosing the right software
makes the hardware selection easy because most programs have very specific
hardware requirements. The choice of computer software is confusing
considering that there are more than 75,000 programs available in the market
today.

A. SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

Software refers to the program or set of instructions together with procedures

and documentation that enable the computer system to operate effectively. A
program that is used to organize, control, and maintain a computer system is
called a systems software. Its function is to facilitate the operation and
programming of the computer.
 The three classifications of a systems software are as follows:

a. Operating System – It is a program that controls the proper functioning of

the hardware and the operation of all other programs. It enables the
computers to execute two or more programs simultaneously. Types of
operating systems include Apple DOS, IBM PC DOS, MSDOS, Unix, CPM86,
Windows, Linux, etc.

 Macintosh Operating System – Macintosh Systems Software is basically

used for Macintosh brand of computer. It sets the standard for icon-
oriented graphical-user interface with active assistance, and it helps the
users to accomplish different tasks on the computer using the file sharing
principle.

 Windows – It is an operating environment developed by Microsoft

Corporation. It presents a graphical-user interface held around the MS-
DOS and PC-DOS operating system. It is designed to run on IBM-style of
microcomputers with 386, 486 and 586 chips. Windows require a hard
disk drive with memory of at least four times as much as required for DOS
operating system. In 1990, Version 3.0 Windows was released in the
market. It was followed by Release 3.11, and then Windows 4.0 followed
by Windows 95, Windows 97, Windows ME, XP, and the latest release -
the Windows Vista.

 OS/2 – This operating system was released in April 1987. It is designed to

run on many IBM and compatible microcomputers and to connect from
small personal computer to large mainframes. Like Windows, it does not
require DOS to run efficiently and it has a graphical-user interface called
Workplace Shell (WPS), which uses icons that resemble documents,
folders, printers, etc. It can also run some DOS and Windows application
programs simultaneously. It can perform advanced features like
multitasking, multimedia, and “workgroup” environment.

 Windows NT – Windows New Technology was unveiled by Microsoft

Corporation in May 1993. It is intended to support large network of
computers and workstations interacting directly with the hardware and
works in “client/server” networks with “file server” computers. A
client/server network is a type of Local Area Network (LAN) which
maintains databases and processes requests from the clients. Its features
include the ability to conduct sophisticated searches for precise
information in different files.
  Unix – Unix was developed by American Telephone and Telegraph
Company (AT & T). It is an operating system for C-Language and can run
on all types of computers. It has a built-in networking capability and has
the ability to run multiple tasks at one time. This operating system is used
in large corporations such as banks, currency traders, equipment design,
etc.

 NetWare – This operating system was developed by Novell Inc. in 1980. It

is used for sharing microcomputer-based local area networks within the
company.

 Linux – This operating system was originally developed at University of

Helsinki in Finland by Linus Torvalds and it was officially announced dated
October 5, 1991. Linux is released as a set of prepackaged software that
comprises an entire system.

b. Language Translator – It is software that translates instruction written in high

level language into a machine language. It consists of interpreter that
translates source code by reading the program one line at a time while the
compiler reads the program after the entire source code has been translated.

c. System Utilities – These are programs for the day-to-day system

maintenance that are provided with the operating system. They are generally
used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer
system. System Utility Programs include screen saver, data recovery, backup,
virus protection, file fragmentation, data compression, and memory
management. Some of the utility programs are built-in in the operating
system, while there are other utility programs which are available on separate
disk.

The various services offered by systems utilities are as follows:

 Screen Saver – It is a utility program that prevents a monitor’s screen from

being etched by an unchanging image. Although it is not yet scientifically
proven, some IT people believe that if a computer is left turned on without
a keyboard or mouse activity, whatever static image that is displayed may
burn into the screen. The screen saver automatically puts some moving
patterns on the screen to prevent burnout. Also, the various designs in the
screen saver are quite entertaining. Examples of screen saver include
aquatic animals in the aquarium, the moving solar system, parachutes and
balloons, flying saucers, butterfly, etc.
  Data Backup and Recovery Program – This utility program is used to
restore or recover the file or information that has been accidentally
deleted. Examples of Data Backup and Recovery programs are Norton
Utility from Symantec Corporation, Fastback Plus from Fifth Generation
Systems, Inc. and PC Tools from Central Point Software, Inc.

 Virus Protection Program – Antivirus software is a utility program that

scans hard disks, diskettes and computer’s memory to detect and cure
virus.

 Data Compression Utility – Data Compression Utility removes redundant

elements, gaps and unnecessary data from a computer storage space. It
compresses files to increase its remaining storage capacity. Examples of
data compression programs are Stacker from Stac Electronics, Double
Disk from Verisoft Systems Inc., and SuperStor Pro from AddStor Inc.

Other Utility Programs

 File Conversion Utility – It converts files from Macintosh computer format

into IBM-compatible format. It allows files to transfer from portable
computer to a desktop computer and vice versa.

 Security Utility – It protects unauthorized people from gaining access to a

computer without using a password or correct code. It acts as a guard in a
network and filters information to enter in a computer. Also, it controls
access to files and folders for security purposes.

 Multipacks Utility – It provides several utility disks for data recovery,

defragmenting, memory management and other tools. Examples of
multiple package utility programs include all utilities from Microcom, Inc.

Some personal computers use a Graphical-User Interface or GUI

(pronounced gooey). This design depicts files as graphic objects screen. Using a
mouse, you can select objects, open menus, move objects and manipulate
various features. The DOS environment computers use command line interface
where there is a need to type the command using the appropriate format or
syntax.

B. APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software are programs that perform data processing

requirements or specific tasks applied in business, education, science, media
arts, medicine and other tasks. Examples of application software are as follows:
a. Word Processing – It is an enhanced version of electric typewriter that allows
the user to create, store, edit, retrieve and print documents, files, memoranda
and letters. Some of the available Word Processing programs are as follows:

 WORDSTAR – It is a powerful word processing program developed by

MicroPro International Corporation which became popular in 1980. The
program works with a variety of computer brands such as IBM PC/XT or
AT, Apple, Commodore, etc. It is user friendly, uses the popular CP/M and
runs in at least 48 kbytes of memory.

 MAGIC WINDOW – It is a type of word processing program used for

Apple Computers and became popular in 1970. There are two versions of
Magic Window Program, namely: Magic Window I and Magic Window II.
They differ in terms of screen display but both use the same keys in
typing a document.

 WORD PROGRAM – It is a type of word processing program which is

characterized by WYSIYG (What You See Is What You Get). This means
that what you see on the screen will be exactly be printed on the paper.
This is used in typing thesis, reports, minibooks and other document files
containing footnotes and page display. Command and function keys are
located at the bottom of the screen to facilitate the handling of text.

 FRAMEWORK – It is a type of word processing that offers screen

formatted menus. It is the extensive version of the earliest invented word
processing program. It uses margin setting with frames, creates outlines
with many levels, and easily switches for boldface, underline, italic
attributes, tab settings, justification, variable margin, page control,
headers, footers, etc.

 THOR – It is a type of word processing program that put commands on

the screen in color and gives total control over the intensity of the text
being typed. THOR stands for “THought ORganizer” because it combines
free format facility of a word processor and the power of a database
manager.

 THINK TANK – It is the first idea processor and a versatile outlining tool
with a decent text editor.

 EXECUTIVE WRITER/EXECUTIVE FILER – It is a combined flexible

word processor and indexed “card file” system that search for card by
keywords. Features include keyboard macros and the ability to store and
 recall graphics images for insertion into the text. Word Processing
commands are handled by the function keys. It is very useful in indexing
large information particularly for reporters or authors who want to keep a
disk library material for reference.

 MICROSOFT WORD – It is a word processing program developed by

Microsoft Corporation using Windowsenvironment. It provides a traditional
text-mode word processing using graphics interface with interaction
capability with other MSOffice programs.

 WORD PERFECT – It is one of the world’s most popular word processing

software programs in 1990’s. Word Perfect’s list features include the
capability to import spreadsheet files, automatic table creation with
graphics-line capability, mathematical equation and creation, enhanced
outline features, etc.

 OTHER TYPES – Supercript, Screen Writer, Word Handler, Windows

Easy Writer, Apple Writer, Multimate, Macwrite, Fullwrite Pro,
Displaywrite, etc.

b. Electronic Spreadsheets – These are programs that replace the traditional

financial modeling tools: the accountant’s columnar pad, pencil and calculator.
They offer modern improvements and ease of creating and editing financial
models and graphical presentations. Some of the electronic spreadsheets
program are as follows:

 VISICALC – It is known as VISIble CALCulator that combines the ease of

using a calculator, a pencil, and the familiarity of a worksheet using
computer. This is the first spreadsheet program for microcomputers. It
was created in 1975 by Robert Frankston and Dan Bricklin in
Massachusetts, and it was distributed by VISICORP.

 SUPERCALC – It is known as SUPER CALCulator, a visible processor

spreadsheet program containing 63 columns and 254 rows designed with
the intention of surpassing VISICALC. The first major controlled
spreadsheet program for microcomputers introduced in 1980 by Sorcion
Corporation.

 MULTIPLAN – It is known as MULTIple PLANner wherein multiple

department income statements can be built and consolidated into a
company-wide statement. The program runs only in 64 kilobytes of
memory and became popular in 1981.
  CONTEXT MBA – It is the first integrated program that incorporates five
applications, namely: graphics, data management, advanced
spreadsheets, text processing, and data communications into one
package. It is an impressive program due to its speed and jack-of-all
trade’s orientation.

 LOTUS 1-2-3 – It is an extremely advanced spreadsheet program that

combines the features of business graphics and data management
functions. This program became popular in 1980.

 SYMPHONY – This is the type of electronic spreadsheets which features

five environments, namely: SHEET (worksheet), DOC (documents of
word processing),GRAPH (graphical capabilities), FORM (database), and
COMM (telecommunications).

 FRAMEWORK – It is an integrated software package distributed by

Ashton-Tate of California. Features include integrated outlining, word
processing, database, spreadsheets, graphics, and telecommunications.
It is based upon “frames” which contain three dimensional displays of
information.

 EXCEL – This program is included in the MSOffice software. fais the type
of spreadsheet program that operates in windows environment. Its main
components include worksheets, databases and charts.

 QUATTRO – This type of spreadsheet has the same features with Lotus
except for the default column width, pull down menus, layouts, block
manipulation added fonts, macros, and graphics.

 BUSINESS PLAN BUILDER – It is developed by Jian Software works

with most DOS spreadsheets and word processing program. This is used
to develop and print complete business plan for banks and investors.

 MICROSOFT WORKS – It is an integrated program with good word

processor, a flat-file database manager, telecommunications and
spreadsheet.

 OTHER TYPES – Procalc, Lucid 3D, Freelance Lotus,etc.

c. Database Management – It is a computerized record keeping and accessing

system that lets the user create, store, access, maintain and manage data in
a database. The most typical Database Management System is Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS). On personal computers,
Microsoft Access is a simple popular example of a simple or small group user
DBMS. Microsoft SQL Server is an example of a DBMS that serves
database request from multiple users. Other types of DBMS are as follows:

 DBASE III+ (Ashton-Tate Corporation) – An improved version Dbase II

and III

 DBASE IV (Ashton-Tate Corporation) – Latest version of Dbase III+

consisting of Assist Menu in accomplishing data management tasks.

 PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM or PFS – A simple database management

program for microcomputer users.

 PERSONAL RBASE (Microrim,Inc.) – An easy-to-use DOS relational

database management program designed for individual users for a
database of more than 5,000 records.

 FOXPRO (Fox Software, Inc.) – A full-featured, programmable database

management system that offers easy-to-use interface and for stand alone
applications.

 Q&A (Symantec Corporation) – An integrated program that combines an

excellent word processor with an equally excellent flat-file database
manager creating about 5,000 records or less.

 4TH DIMENSION (Acius, Inc.) – A full-featured, programmable relational

database management system for Macintosh.

 FILE FORCE (Acius, Inc.) – A stepped-down version of a professional

relational database; an excellent choice for than 5,000 records with
excellent label-printing capabilities and juice layouts for forms and reports.

 FILEMAKER PRO (Claris Corporation) – A flat-file manager with lookup

capabilities; an excellent choice for a relatively small database of less than
5,000 records.

 SUPERBASE 4 (Precision Software) –A full-featured relational database

management system for Microsoft Windows.

 ORACLE – Cooperative-server database applied for computer networks.

  MySQL – A full-featured open source relational database management
system that can be run among operating system platforms.

d. Computer Games – These are programs incorporating animated graphics

and sound to entertain people. Some of the computer games include Snake
Attack, Load Runner, Chess, Solitaire, Golf, Digdug, Moonbugs,
Minesweeper, DOTA (Defense of the Titans), Console Emulation Games,
Video Games and Mobile Phone Games.

e. Presentation Graphics – These are the business programs used to create

highly stylized images from slide show and reports. Examples of the graphics
programs include PowerPoint, Photoshop and other graphics program such
as Print Master, Print Shop, Harvard Presentation Graphics, Newsmaster,
Storyboard, ExecuVision, Banner Mania, Print Artist, Freelance Plus, Corel
Draw, etc. The software allows the user to incorporate text, graphics and
charts into custom slideshow presentation.

f. Communication Program – These are programs that enable the user to

exchange information with other computers. Principles involve is an electronic
version of walkie-talkie by sounding message to other computers and
receives a response. They are used mainly for applications such as
exchanging data files and accessing on-line information services. Example of
communication software is Electronic Mail or E-Mail, Internet, and other
collaborative software such as blog, Wiki, and Wrike.

g. Integrated Software Package – These are programs that combine the

features of several application program Integrated packages combine the
features of several application programs into one software package. It is
sometimes known as application suite, office suite or productivity suite. It
typically consists of word processing, spreadsheet, database management,
presentation graphics, page layout, paint, calendar, address book, planner,
email and other office programs. Examples of integrated packages are
Microsoft Office, Microsoft Works, Apple Works, Lotus SmartSuite, Open
Office Suite etc.

h. Desktop Publishing (DTP) – It is a program that combines text photos,

visual elements, graphics to create high quality printed output of publication
documents. It involves the use of microcomputer, mouse, scanner, and laser
printer. It involves page layout skills to create graphics for sales displays,
books, promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and
outdoor signs. It is also best applied to art design, multimedia development,
marketing communications design, and graphics image development.
 Examples of desktop publishing programs are Aldus PageMaker, Ventura
Publisher, Quark Express, MS Publisher, Aldus Publisher and Adobe
PageMaker, Adobe InDesign and Adobe Illustrator.

i. Other Software

 Project Management Software – This is a program used to plan, schedule,

manage day-to-day activities, and control the cost and resources required
to complete the project on time. It keeps track of the locations, people,
materials, expenses, and schedules needed to complete the project on
time and within the budget. The tools available are Gantt Chart that
indicates the duration of a series of tasks, and Program Evaluation Review
Technique (PERT) Chart that shows the timing and relationships among
the tasks of a project. Other examples of project management software
are Harvard Project Manager, Microsoft Project for Windows, Project
Schedules, Time Line, and Super Project.

 Creativity Software – This software is used for generating and organizing

wishes, ideas, and for solving problems. It does not attempt to propose
solutions to problems but rather takes the user through an organized
suggestion that helps the user gets ideas and form solutions. Examples
are Mindlink Problem Solver, Idea Generator Plus, Idea Fisher, Adobe
Photoshop, Corel Draw, JASC Paintshop Pro, Macromedia Freeworks,
ULead Photo Import and Brainstorm program and other image editing
programs.

 Personal Finance Program – This software keeps track of the income and
expenses, writes checks, prepares financial statements and projections,
and offers financial planning and portfolio management. Examples of
Personal Finance Program are AccPac+, Dac Easy, Quicker, Microsoft
Money, WinCheck, Turbo Tax and other Accounting Softwares

 Computer Aided Design (CAD) – These are programs used for

engineering design of products and structures. It helps architects design
buildings and work spaces; and assists engineers create plans and design
cars, and electronic devices. A variant on CAD is Computer Aided Design
and Drafting (CADD), software that helps people do drafting. The program
includes symbols that help the user put together the graphics elements
such as the floor plan of the house. Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
is software for designing an automated manufacturing system. Examples
of CAD programs are Autosketch, Easy CAD, AutoCAD, Turbo CAD,
Supervision, Versa CAD, Autodesk and other product engineering
software.
 f. Communication Program – These are programs that enable the user to
exchange information with other computers. Principles involve is an electronic
version of walkie-talkie by sounding message to other computers and
receives a response. They are used mainly for applications such as
exchanging data files and accessing on-line information services. Example of
communication software is Electronic Mail or E-Mail, Internet, and other
collaborative software such as blog, Wiki, and Wrike.

g. Integrated Software Package – These are programs that combine the

features of several application program Integrated packages combine the
features of several application programs into one software package. It is
sometimes known as application suite, office suite or productivity suite. It
typically consists of word processing, spreadsheet, database management,
presentation graphics, page layout, paint, calendar, address book, planner,
email and other office programs. Examples of integrated packages are
Microsoft Office, Microsoft Works, Apple Works, Lotus SmartSuite, Open
Office Suite etc.

h. Desktop Publishing (DTP) – It is a program that combines text photos,

visual elements, graphics to create high quality printed output of publication
documents. It involves the use of microcomputer, mouse, scanner, and laser
printer. It involves page layout skills to create graphics for sales displays,
books, promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and
outdoor signs. It is also best applied to art design, multimedia development,
marketing communications design, and graphics image development.
Examples of desktop publishing programs are Aldus PageMaker, Ventura
Publisher, Quark Express, MS Publisher, Aldus Publisher and Adobe
PageMaker, Adobe InDesign and Adobe Illustrator.

i. Other Software

 Project Management Software – This is a program used to plan, schedule,

manage day-to-day activities, and control the cost and resources required
to complete the project on time. It keeps track of the locations, people,
materials, expenses, and schedules needed to complete the project on
time and within the budget. The tools available are Gantt Chart that
indicates the duration of a series of tasks, and Program Evaluation Review
Technique (PERT) Chart that shows the timing and relationships among
the tasks of a project. Other examples of project management software
are Harvard Project Manager, Microsoft Project for Windows, Project
Schedules, Time Line, and Super Project.
 Creativity Software – This software is used for generating and organizing
wishes, ideas, and for solving problems. It does not attempt to propose
solutions to problems but rather takes the user through an organized
suggestion that helps the user gets ideas and form solutions. Examples
are Mindlink Problem Solver, Idea Generator Plus, Idea Fisher, Adobe
Photoshop, Corel Draw, JASC Paintshop Pro, Macromedia Freeworks,
ULead Photo Import and Brainstorm program and other image editing
programs.

 Personal Finance Program – This software keeps track of the income and
expenses, writes checks, prepares financial statements and projections,
and offers financial planning and portfolio management. Examples of
Personal Finance Program are AccPac+, Dac Easy, Quicker, Microsoft
Money, WinCheck, Turbo Tax and other Accounting Softwares

 Computer Aided Design (CAD) – These are programs used for

engineering design of products and structures. It helps architects design
buildings and work spaces; and assists engineers create plans and design
cars, and electronic devices. A variant on CAD is Computer Aided Design
and Drafting (CADD), software that helps people do drafting. The program
includes symbols that help the user put together the graphics elements
such as the floor plan of the house. Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
is software for designing an automated manufacturing system. Examples
of CAD programs are Autosketch, Easy CAD, AutoCAD, Turbo CAD,
Supervision, Versa CAD, Autodesk and other product engineering
software.

 Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) – These are educational programs

used to provide adoptive instruction such as simulation activities, tutorials,
and drill-and-practice supplements of instruction. CAI programs are
commonly applied to various subject areas such as Air Science,
Mathematics, English and Geography. Other educational software
includes training management and classroom management.

 Motion Assistant 2.0 - This is an interactive software, developed by

National Instruments, is used for prototyping single and multi-axis motion
control systems. The function is for the engineers to build mechanics for
engraving, cutting profiles in sheet metals, glass wood, foam or cloth and
scanning applications in the semiconductor and electronic industries.
Other similar tools program include Automation Studio, QuickBuilder, Mint
Language and Factory Talk Integrator.
 Enterprise Software – It addresses the needs of organization processes
and data flow in large distributed economic systems such as Customer
Relationship Management, and Supply Chain Management.

 Information Worker Software – It addresses the needs of individual worker

to create and manage information such as time management, resource
management documentation tools.

 Media Development Software – It addresses the needs of individuals who

generate print and electronic media for others to work on commercial and
educational setting. Some of these include Graphic Art Software,
Multimedia, Development Software, HTML Editors, Digital Audio and
Video Composition and many others.

 Math Software

AutoGeometer - It provides users with commonly used tools for plane,

solid, and analytic geometry.

CurveExpert – It is acomprehensive curve fitting system. XY data can be

modeled using a toolbox of linear regression models, non linear
regression models interpolation, or splines.

dBSTAT – It contains three major components: database (data

manipulation, comparison and display, Statistic Wizard (descriptive and
comparative statistics, nonparametric tests, correlation and regression)
and Graphics Wizard (creates and kinds of charts).

Engineering Power Tools – It is an engineering tool used by both students

and professionals. Over 70 program modules and data tables are
organized into one package.

Equation Grapher and Regression Analyzer – Equation Grapher is a

function plotting and analyzing program; and Regression Analyzer is an
analyzing and curve finding program for statistical data.

FindGraph – It is a data-analysis and graph plotting tool suitable for

students and engineers. Some of the features include regression
analysis, neural network approximation, and other graphics editor .
 Graphmatica – Is an equation plotter with numerical, and calculus
features. It can graph Cartesian functions, relations and inequalities, plus
polar, parametric, and ordinary differential equations.

Infinity - It is a non linear math package for high precision calculations.

Kalkulator – It offers standard functions, like logarithmic and exponential,

trigonometric and inverse, hyperbolic and inverse, square, cube and
corresponding roots, Euler functions, statistical distribution functions and
user defined functions.

Math Basics – It is a software which consists of fifteen programs aim at

Grades 1 through 6. The programs help to teach the four basic arithmetic
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division for whole
numbers, fractions and user define functions.

Mathemania – It is a virtual work-surface which allows solve algebraic

problems with the ease of drag and drop manipulations.

Mathematics Worksheet Factory – The Freeware and shareware

programs are used to create customize math worksheets for practice in
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with whole numbers,
fractions and decimals.

C. KINDS OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

The four kinds of application software are as follows:

1. Single-Purpose Application Program – These are programs that

concentrate on just one application but provide many tools to carry out the
application. These are flexible and capable of applications in a variety of
contexts. Examples of single-purpose application programs are Word
Processing and Database Management.

2. Integrated Application Programs – These programs offer two or more

single-purpose programs in one program delivering many or most of the
features needed to tackle two or more applications. They are capable of
transferring or importing data from one application module to another
quickly and easily. Little time or effort is required to switch from one
module to another. An example of this type is Microsoft Works that
includes a word processor, a spreadsheet, a database manager, business
 charts, graphics functions, and communications. Data from any of these
application modules can be easily transferred to another module.

3. Special Purpose Application Programs – These programs combine limited

aspects of two or more software functions to support narrowly restricted
application software. They incorporate the large development effort
needed to tailor software for a specific application. Examples of these
programs include PageMaker, FastPak Mail, and Timeslips III. In the
PageMaker, the Page Layout Program combines limited word processing
and object-oriented graphics capabilities for the single jumped of laying
out pages for publication. The FastPak Mail is designed specifically for
creating and maintaining mailing lists, as well as for printing mailing labels.
Timeslips III is designed specifically to compute for the expense billing
system.

4. Vertical-Market Application Programs – These programs are special-

purpose programs that incorporate the development necessary to tailor
them to a special purpose on the specific needs of a particular profession
or business. An example of this program is Shrink Plus that provides a
scheduling time, billing support, expense tracking, insurance company
billing, and clinical record-keeping of a psychotherapy practice.

D. SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTS

The four most popular environments for software resources include DOS,
Macintosh, Windows and Linux. DOS caters personal information software.
Macintosh is strong in graphics’ display, Windows and Linux focus on office
automation, project management and business area software. Lists of
software are given on the next page:

E. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programming Languages are programs and instructions that enable the

user to communicate and function effectively with the computer. These are used
to facilitate communication about that task of organizing and manipulating
information. These languages are classified as follows:

a. Machine Language – It uses low level binary instruction’s codes designed

for a certain machine that can be directly recognized by the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) of the computer. Instructions in this level are
 expressed in strings of z eros (0’s) and one (1’s). Example of binary code is
101100.

b. Assembly Language - It uses symbols and three letter mnemonics to

represent machine instructions. An example of this symbol is LD that
means “to load”.

c. High Level Language – It uses program statements similar to words and

symbols of the English language. Examples of High Level Languages are:

1. BASIC – It stands for Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code. It was developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz
intended for students who will be learning business programming
for the first time.

2. COBOL – It stands for Common Business Oriented Language.

This was introduced in 1959 by the Conference of Data System
Language (CODASYL) for business related data.

3. FORTRAN – it stands for FORmula TRANslator. This was

developed by the International Business Machine (IBM)
researchers led by John Backus in 1954 and was the first high
level language good for scientific problems and complicated
formula in Mathematics and Economics.

4. PASCAL – It was named after Blaise Pascal by the author Niklaus

Wirth in 1971. The enhanced version of Pascal Language is
Turbo Pascal.

5. RPG – It stands for Report Program Generator developed by the

IBM in 1964. It is a problem-orientedlanguage designed to
produce business reports.

6. ALGOL – It stands for ALGorithmic Oriented language, introduced

in 1958 and is suitable for scientific and engineering
computations.

7. PL/M- It is an acronym for Programming language Microcomputer.

It is a microprocessor oriented high-level language developed by
Intel USA in 1975. It is used for Intel microcomputer development
system.

8. PL/I – It stands for Programming Language I.

 9. LISP – It is known as LISt Processing. This language was
developed by John McCarthy of MIT in 1960. It is suitable for
nonnumeric operations involving logics used for pattern
recognition.

10. Simula Language – This was developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and

Kristen Nygaard in 1960. It is widely considered to be the first
example of object oriented programming introducing the concept
of coroutines.

11. APL – It is an acronym for Advance Programming language

developed by IBM. It is used to perform complex arithmetic logic
operations with single command.

12. LOGO – It was developed by Seymour Paper and his colleagues

at MIT in the late 1960s. It has been popularized as a first
educational language for children in making drawings, color and
animate images.

13. JUVIAL – It stands for Jules own Version of International

Algorithmic Language.

14. ADA – This language is named in honor of Lady Augusta Ada

Lovelace. Ada worked with Charles Babbage at the Cambridge
University in England. She wrote the first computer program for
mechanical computer developed by Charles Babbage.

15. PROLOG – It stands for PROgramming in LOGic. It is used

primarily for artificial intelligence. It was developed in France and
it is quite suitable for handling large databases for producing
rules-based expert system applications.

16. C Language- It is a general purpose high-level language designed

by a group at Bell Telephone Laboratories, USA in 1970. It is used
by system programmers in developing complex programs such as
an operating system application program. C++ is the enhanced
version of C-Language.

17. Visual Basic .NET – It is one of the latest programming language

application for windows environment.
F. SOFTWARE SELECTION
End-users often involved in the evaluation and selection of software used.
Since there are several hundred different commercial software packages to
choose from comparison of programs is necessary before making a final
choice. Several factors that influence on the choice are given on the next
page:

1. Functionality – The user should know the capabilities and features of the
software. For example, if the user needs to attain a graphic illustration of
the data in a spreadsheet application, then the software must have this
feature.

2. Compatibility – The choice of a software package considers the

compatibility with other packages already in use in the organization. This
is important in exchanging data between users
 3. Cost – This is a consideration in a few application but sometimes this is
ignored by other users.

4. Usability – Software must be user-friendly or easy to use. It must lead the

user through every step in a simple, direct, and easy-to-follow manner.

5. Speed – The user considers the time to finish the job.

6. Accuracy – The software is bug-free and error free system especially to

quantitative outputs and complicated functions.

7. Efficiency – The software needs minimal use of resources including

memory space and execution times.

G. REVIEW QUESTIONS

a. Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter that corresponds to

the correct answer.

1. It is the classification of COBOL.

a. High Level Language
b. Assembly Language
c. Machine Language

2. It is a classification of Pagemaker Program.

a. Integrated Application Program
b. Single-Purpose Application Program
c. Vertical-Market ApplicationProgram

3. It is an example of Electronic Spreadsheet.

a. Excel
b. Paintbrush
c. Newsmaster

4. It combines text and graphics to produce high quality output.

a. DOS
b. DPT
c. Windows

5. It is a classification of Superbase 4.
a. Database Program
b. Communication Program
 c. Special Purpose Software

6. It is the classification of Windows.

a. Operating System
b. User Interface Software
c. Application Software

7. It is the category of Visual Basic .NET.

a. System Software
b. Application Software
c. Programming Languages

8. It is the other name for High Level language.

a. Low level binary codes
b. Three letter mnemonics
c. English language

9. It is the classification of Adobe Pagemaker.

a. Electronic Spreadsheet
b. Word Processing
c. Desktop Publishing

10. It is the category of Unix.

a. System Software
b. Utility Program
c. Communication Program

b. Give the meaning of the following acronym.

1. OS

2. GUI

3. CPM

4. AT&T

5. WISYWIG

6. VISICALC

7. DTP

8. PERT
9. ALGOL

10. CADD