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GURU
1.1 Introduction
Consider a function f (x) whose indefinite integral is F (x) + C.
i.e. f ( x) dx F ( x ) C
b
Also consider the integral f ( x) dx , which is known as a definite integral and x = a, x = b are called the
a
lower and upper limits of integration.
b
The relationship between the definite integral f ( x ) dx and the indefinite integral F (x) is :
b a
f ( x) dx F (b) F (a )
a
This formula is known as Netwon–Leibnitz formula. This formula can used only if the function f (x) is
continuous at all points in the interval a, b .
3 / 2
2 sin x dx
Evaluate : (i) x dx (ii)
1 0
3 3
2 x3 1 26
(i) x dx (33 13 ) .
3 1 3 3
t
/2
/ 2
(ii) sin x dx cos x 0 (cos / 2 cos 0) 1. .
0
Illustration - 1 / 2
sin3 x cos x dx
0
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4
SOLUTION : (D)
/ 2
3
sin x cos x dx For x , t 1 and for x = 0, t = 0.
Let I= 2
0 1
1
Let sin x = t cos x dx = dt 3 t4 1
I t dt
4 0 4
0
Note : Whenever we use substitution in a definite integral, we have to change the limits corresponding
to the change in the variable of the integration.
In this example we have applied Newton-Leibnitz formula to calculate the definite integral. Newton-Leibnitz
formula is applicable here since sin3 x cos x (integrand) is a continuous function in the interval [0, /2].
c b
Also, f ( x) dx f ( x) dx F (c) F (a ) F (b) F (c ) F (b) F (a ) . . . (ii)
a c
b b
From (i) and (ii), we get : f ( x) dx f (t )dt Hence proved.
a a
Illustration - 2 2
| x| dx
1
3 5
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 3
2 2
SOLUTION : (C)
2 0 2 0 2
| x | dx | x | dx | x | dx x2 x2
1 1 0 2 1 2 0
[using property-1]
1 4 5
0 2 0 0
2 2 2
x dx x dx
1 0
[as | x | = – x for x < 0 and | x | = x for x 0]
Illustration - 3 3
x 2 4 dx
4
7 71 80 57
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
SOLUTION : (B)
3 2 2 3
| x 2 4 | dx | x 2 4 | dx | x 2 4 | dx | x 2 4 | dx
4 4 2 2
2 2 3
( x 2 4) dx (4 x 2 ) dx ( x 2 4) dx
4 2 2
[as | x2 – 4 | = 4 – x2 in [–2, 2] and x2 – 4 in other intervals]
2 2 3
x3 x3 x3
4x 4x 4x
3 4 3 2 3 2
8 64 8 8 27 8 71
8 16 8 8 12 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Illustration - 4 / 2
sin x
dx
0
sin x cos x
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
4 2
SOLUTION : (A)
/ 2 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
sin x
Let : sin x cos x
dx . . . (i) / 2 / 2
0 sin x cos x
2I dx dx
0
sin x cos x 0
sin x cos x
Using property - 4, we have :
/ 2
/ 2 sin x cos x
sin ( / 2 x) 2I dx
I dx sin x cos x
sin ( / 2 x) cos ( / 2 x ) 0
0
/ 2
/ 2
cos x 2I dx I
I dx . . . (ii) 2 4
cos x sin x 0
0
Illustration - 5 a
If f (a – x) = f (x) , then x f ( x) dx
0
a a a/2 a/2
a a
a f ( x )dx f ( x )dx a f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
0 0 0 0
SOLUTION : (B)
a a
a
af ( x)dx xf ( x)dx
Let I = x f (x)dx 0 0
0
a
a
I a f ( x) dx I
I (a x ) f (a x ) dx [using property - 4]
0
0
a
a
2 I a f ( x) dx
I (a x) f ( x )dx [using f (x) = f (a – x)]
0
0
a
a
I f ( x ) dx RHS
2
0
a a
Replace t by x using property - 3, we get : I f ( x) dx f (2a x) dx Hence proved
0 0
PROPERTY - 6 :
2a 2a a
f ( x) dx 0 if (2a x) f ( x ) ; f ( x )dx 2 f ( x)dx if f (2a x) f ( x )
0 0 0
Illustration - 6
x
1 cos2 x dx
0
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2 4
SOLUTION : (C)
x Adding (i) and (ii), we get :
Let I 2
dx . . . (i)
0 1 cos x
2I dx
2
0 1 cos x
( x ) / 2
I dx [using property - 4] dx 2 dx
2
0 1 cos ( x) I 2
2
2 1 cos x 2
. . . (ii) 0 0 1 cos x
[using property – 6]
Illustration - 7 / 2
log sin x dx
0
(A) log(2) (B) log(2) (C) log (2) (D) log (2)
2 2
SOLUTION : (B)
/2 / 2
Let I log sin x dx . . . (i) Let I1 log sin 2 x dx
0 0
/ 2
Put t = 2x dt = 2dx
I log sin x dx [using property - 4]
2 For x ,t and for x = 0, t = 0
0 2
/2 / 2
1 2
I log cos x dx . . . (ii) I1 log sin t dt log sin t dt
0
2 2
0 0
Adding (i) and (ii) we get : / 2
I1 [using property - 3]
/ 2 / 2
sin 2 x log sin x dx
2I log sin x cos x dx log 2 dx 0
0 0
I1 I
/ 2 / 2
Substituting in (iii) we get :
2I log sin 2 x dx log 2 dx
2 I I / 2 log 2
0 0
I / 2 log 2
/ 2
[learn this result so that you can directly apply it in
2I log sin 2 x dx log 2 . . . (iii)
2 other difficult problem]
0
/2 /4 /2 /4
(C) f (sin 2 x) sin x dx f (cos 2 x) cos x dx (D) f (sin 2 x) sin x dx 2 f (cos 2 x) cos x dx
0 0 0 0
SOLUTION : (AD)
/ 2 / 4 / 4
Let I f (sin 2 x )sin xdx . . . (i) f (sin 2 x) sin x dx f (sin 2 x ) cos x dx
0 0 0
/ 2 / 4
I f sin 2 ( / 2 x) sin ( / 2 x) dx f (sin 2 x ) (sin x cos x) dx
0 0
[using property - 4] / 4
/2 f sin 2 ( / 4 x)
I f sin ( 2 x) cos x dx 0
0 [sin( a / 4 x) cos( / 4 x)dx
[using property - 6]
/ 2
I f (sin 2 x ) cos x dx . . . (ii)
0 /4
f (cos 2 x )
/ 2
0
I f (sin 2 x )sin xdx
0 1 1 1 1
/ 4 /4 2 cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x dx
f (sin 2 x ) sin x dx f sin 2 ( / 2 x)
0 0 / 4
sin ( / 2 x) . dx [using property - 5] 2 f (cos 2 x) cos x dx
0
Proof :
b
Let I f (a b x)dx
a
b
I f ( x ) dx Hence proved.
a
PPOPERTY – 8 :
a a
f ( x)dx [ f ( x) f ( x )]dx
a 0
a
2 f ( x)dx if f ( x ) is even i.e. f ( x) f ( x)
0
=0 if f ( x ) is odd i.e. f ( x ) f ( x)
Proof :
Consider property – 1 , i.e.
a 0 a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx . . . (i)
a a 0
0
Consider I f ( x) dx
a
Put x t dx dt. When x a, t a and When x 0, t 0.
0 a a
I f (t ) ( dt ) f (t )dt f ( x)dx . . . (ii) [using properties – 2 and 3]
a 0 0
Combining (i) and (ii), we get :
a a
f ( x)dx [ f ( x) f ( x )]dx
a 0
a a a
If f ( x) is even function, then f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x )dx [ f ( x) f ( x)]dx 2 f ( x)dx
a 0 0
a a
f ( x )dx [ f ( x ) f ( x)]dx 0 Hence proved.
a 0
PROPERTY – 9 :
nT T
f ( x )dx n f ( x )dx where f ( x ) is a periodic function with period T and n is an integer..
0 0
nT
Let I f ( x)dx
0
T 2T ( r 1)T nT
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx ... f ( x)dx ..... f ( x )dx
0 T rT ( n 1)T
Consider any one of the integrals of RHS.
In general, let us take
(r 1)T
Ir f ( x)dx (where 0 r n 1 )
rT
Put x rT y dx dy
For x rT , y 0 and for x ( x 1) T , y T .
T T T
I r f (rT y )dy f ( y )dy f ( x )dx
0 0 0
T
Hence all integrals in RHS are equal to f ( x)dx.
0
T T
I f ( x)dx f ( x )dx ....... n times
0 0
T
I n f ( x)dx Hence proved.
0
Illustration - 9
x sin (2 x) sin cos x dx
2
2x
0
2 4 8 8
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D)
SOLUTION : (C)
x sin (2 x ) sin cos x dx
2
2 I sin 2 x sin cos x dx
Let I . . . (i) 0
2
2x
0
Apply property - 4 to get Let cos x t sin x dx dt
2 2
/ 2 /2
4 8
I 2 t sin t dt 2 t sin t dt
( x) sin (2 2 x) sin cos ( x) dx
2 / 2 0
I
2 ( x)
0 2 / 2
8
I t sin t dt cos t dt
2 0 0
( x ) sin 2 x sin cos x dx
2
. . . (ii) 8 / 2 / 2
2x I t cos t 0 sin t 0
0
2
Add (i) and (ii) to get 8 8
[0 1]
2
2
Illustration - 10 3
10 2
If x 5 x dx
3
(3 3 2 2 ) (9 3 k ), then k
5
2
Illustration - 11 b
f ( x)
f ( x) f (a b x) dx
a
a b a b ba
(A) (B) (C) (D) ba
2 2 2
SOLUTION : (C)
b
f ( x)
Let I dx . . . (i) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
f ( x ) f ( a b x)
a
b
b f ( x ) f ( a b x)
f (a b x ) 2I dx
I f ( x ) f ( a b x)
a
f (a b x ) f [a b (a b x)] dx
a
b
b ba
f ( a b x) 2 I dx b a I
I dx . . . (ii) 2
f ( a b x ) f ( x) a
a
Illustration - 12 1
2x 2
log 2 x sin x dx
1
(A) 0 (B) log 2 (C) 1 (D) 2 log 2
SOLUTION : (A)
2x 2 2x 2
Let f ( x ) log sin x dx log
2 x sin x f ( x )
2 x
2 x 2 f (x) is an odd function.
f ( x) log sin ( x)
2x 1
2 x
2
log 2 x sin dx 0
2 x 1
1
f ( x ) log sin 2 x
2 x
Illustration - 13
2 x (1 sin x)
The value of 2
dx is :
1 cos x
Illustration - 14 1/ 3
x4 2x 3 1
If cos 1 dx log k , then k
1/ 3
1 x4 1 x2 3 4 3 1
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 8 12 2
SOLUTION : (C)
1/ 3
x4 1 2x
I cos dx 1/ 3 1/ 3
1 x4 1 x2 x4 x4 2x
1/ 3 I dx sin 1
dx
2 4 4 2
1/ 3
1 x 1/ 3
1 x 1 x
1/ 3
x4 2x
sin 1 dx
As integrand of second integral is an odd function, inte-
1/ 3
1 x4 2 1 x2 gral will be zero i.e.
[using : sin–1 x + cos–1 x = /2] 1/ 3
I x4 [using property - 8]
dx 0
2
1/ 3
1 x4
1/ 3 4 1/ 3
2 x 1 1 1
= dx 1 4 dx 1/ 3
2 x4 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 1/ 3
0 0 log tan x
3 2 2 x 1 0 0
1/ 3
x 2 1 ( x 2 1)
I ( x2 1) ( x2 1) dx 2 3 1
3 2 log
0
3 12 4 3 1
1/ 3 1/ 3
1 1
2 dx
3 2 0 x 2 1 0 x 1
Illustration - 15 / 2
1 sin 2 x dx
0
(A) a only (B) t only (C) Both a and t (D) Neither of a and t
SOLUTION : (B) a
at I1 f ( y ) dy [using f (x + T) = f (x)]
Let I f ( x) dx 0
a a
t at I1 f ( x ) dx [using property 3]
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx 0
. . . (i)
On substituting the value of I1 (i), we get :
a t
at t
Consider I1 f ( x ) dx I f ( x) dx I1
a
t
Put x = y + t dx = dy t a
I f ( x ) dx f ( x) dx
For x = a + t, y = a and For x = t, y = 0.
a 0
a
t
I1 f ( y t )dy I f ( x ) dx [using property-1]
0
0
I is independent of a.
Illustration - 17 n v
If | sin x | dx k cos v, where n is a +ve integer and 0 v , then k =
0
(A) n (B) n+1 (C) 2n (D) 2n + 1
SOLUTION : (D) n v
Let Consider I2 : I2 = | sin x | dx
n v n n v n
I | sin x | dx | sin x | dx | sin x | dx Put x = n + dx = d
0 0 n
[using property - 1] When x is n, = 0 and when x = n + v, = + v.
I = I1 + I2 . . . (i) v v
I 2 | sin (n ) | d | sin | d
Consider I1 :
0 0
n
I1 | sin x | dx n | sin x | dx [as period of | sin x | = ]
0 0
[using property - 9 and period of | sin x | is ] v v
I 2 | sin | d sin d
I1 n sin x dx 0 0
0 [as for 0 , sin is positive]
[As sin x 0 in [0, ], | sin x | = sin x]
v
cos 0 1 cos v
I1 n cos x 0 n 1 1 2n
On substituting the values of I1 and I2 in (i), we get
I = 2n + (1 – cos v) = 2n + 1 – cos v.
Illustration - 18 T T
It is known that f (x) is an odd function in the interval , and has a period equal to
2 2
x
T. f (t ) dt is also periodic function with the period =
a
T
(A) (B) T (C) 2T (D) None of these
2
SOLUTION : (B)
It is given that : f ( x) f ( x ) . . . (i) x T /2
and f (x + T) = f (x) . . . (ii) g ( x T ) f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
a x
x
Let g ( x) f (t ) dt. x
a f ( y T ) dy
T /2
x T
g (x T ) f (t ) dt Using (ii), we get
a
x T /2 x
x T /2 x T g ( x T ) f (t ) dt f (t ) dt f ( y ) dy
f (t ) dt f (t ) dt f (t ) dt a x T / 2
a x T /2 x T /2
[using properly - 1] g ( x T ) f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
Put t = y + T in the third integral on RHS. a T / 2
dt = dy [using properly - 1]
when t = T/2, y = – T/2 and when t = x + T, x
y=x g ( x T ) f (t ) dt
a
[using properly - 8]
g (x + T) = g (x)
g (x) is also a periodic function with period T.
Illustration - 19 1
A positive integer n 5 such that : e x ( x 1)n dx 16 6e is :
0
1
I n 0 (1)n n e x ( x 1)n 1 dx I1 1 I 0 1 (e 1) 2 e [using (i)]
0 I 2 1 2 I1 1 2 (2 e) 5 2e
I n (1)n n I n 1 . . . (i) I3 1 3 I 2 1 3 ( 5 2e) 16 6e
1 1
x 0 x m
Also I 0 e ( x 1) dx e 1 Hence for n = 3 e ( x 1) dx 16 6e
0 0
b b
PROPERTY - 11 : f ( x) dx f ( x) dx .
a a
PROPERTY - 12 :
If the function f (x) and g (x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at all points
g ( x)
d
h (t ) dt h g ( x ) g ( x) h f ( x ) f ( x)
dx
x [ a, b], then
f ( x)
PROPERTY - 13 :
b b
If f (x) g (x) for all x [a, b], then f ( x) dx g ( x) dx.
a a
Put g (x) = 0 for all x [a, b] in above property to get another useful property, i.e.
b
If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then f ( x)dx 0 .
a
Illustration - 20 x3
1
If f (x) = log t dt t > 0, then f (x) =
x2
x3 x2 x2 x x3 x
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
log x log x log x
SOLUTION : (B)
3x2 2x x2 x
f ( x)
3log x 2 log x log x
Illustration - 21
The total number of points of local minimum and local maximum of the function
x2 2
t 5t 4
f ( x) dt is :
0 2 et
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
SOLUTION : (D)
x2 2 x2
t 5t 4 (t 1) (t 4)
Let y dt dt
t t
0 2 e 0 2 e
For the points of Extremes,
dy 2 2
0 ( x 1) ( x 4) (2 x) 0 [using property-12]
dx 2
2 ex
x = 0 or x4 – 5x2 + 4 = 0
x = 0 or (x – 1) ( x + 1) (x – 2) (x + 2) = 0
x = 0, x = ± 1 and x = ± 2
With the help of first derivative test, check your self that x = – 2, 0, 2 are points of local minimum and
x = – 1, 1 are points of local maximum.
r
The lower and upper limit of integration are the values of lim n for the least and the greatest values
n
of r respectively.
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
. . ..... . . , when n is even
n n2 n4 4 2 2
n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2
. . . . . . . . .1, when n is odd
n n2 n4 5 3
/ 2 / 2
m n
2. sin x cos x dx sin n x cosm dx
0 0
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . .. . (1 or 2) 2
when both m and n even integer
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . . . . (1 or 2)
otherwise
b
2
Let I x 2 dx lim h [(a h)2 a 2h . . . . . . . . . . . ( a nh) 2 ]
n
a
h0
2 ah 2 n (n 1) h3n (n 1) (2n 1)
I lim nha 2
n 2 6
h0
Using nh = b – a, we get :
1 3 1 1 1
I lim a 2 (b a) a (b a )2 1 + (b a) 6 1 n 2 n
n n
(b a)2
I a 2 ( b a ) a (b a ) 2 (2)
6
b 2 a 2 2ab
I (b a ) a 2 ab a 2
3
(b a ) 2 2 b3 a3
I a b ab
3 3
Illustration - 22 1 1 1 1
The sum S lim . . . . . . is equal to :
n n 1 n 2 n 3n 2n
log 2 log 3
(A) log 2 (B) log 3 (C) (D)
2 2
SOLUTION : (A)
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 S lim .....
S lim ....
n n 1 1/ n 1 2 / n 1 n / n
n n 1 n 2 n3 n n
n 1
1 1 1 n 1 1 1
S lim .... S lim S dx
n n n 1 n 2 2n n n r 1 1 r / n 1 x
0
1
S log (1 x) 0 = log 2.
Illustration - 23 1 1 1 1
The sum of the series : lim n n 1 n 2 . . . . . . . . . . 6n is equal to :
n
n 5 n 6
(A) n 5 (B) n 6 (C) (D)
2 2
SOLUTION : (B)
1 1 1 1 For the definite integral,
Let S lim n n 1 n 2 . . . . . . . . 6n
n r 1
Lower limit = a = lim n lim n 0
Take 1/n common from the series i.e. n n
1 1 1 1 r 5n
S lim ...... Upper limit = b = lim n lim n 5
n n 1 1/ n 1 2 / n 1 5n / n n n
1 5n 1 5n
1
= n n 1 r / n
lim Therefore, S lim 1 ( r / n)
r 0 n r 0
5
dx 5
ln 1 x 0 ln 6 ln 1 ln 6
1 x
0
SOLUTION : (C)
Using the result given in Section 3.3, f (x) is an increasing function in the interval
1 [0, 1]
2
m (1 0) e x dx M (1 0) . . . (i) m = f (0) = 1 and M = f (1) = e1 = e
0 Substituting the values of m and M in (i), we get
let f (x) = e x 2 x
1 2
2
(1 – 0) e dx M (1 0)
x 0
f (x) = 2 xe = 0 x = 0.
Apply first derivative test to check that there exists 1 2
a local minimum at x = 0. 1 e x dx e
0
The Newton-Leibnitz formula for evaluating the definite integrals is not applicable here since
the anti-derivative, F ( x) 1 tan 1 3 tan x has a discontinuity at the point x = /2 which
3
lies in the interval [0, ].
1 1
LHL lim tan 1 3 tan h lim tan 1 3 cot h
at x / 2 h 0 3 2 h 0 3
1
= lim tan 1 ( ) . . . (i)
h0 3 2 3
1 1
RHL lim tan 1 tan h lim tan 1 3 cot h
at x = /2 h 0 3 2 h 0 3
1
lim tan 1( ) . . . (ii)
h0 3 2 3
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-A
log 3
ex
1. Evaluate x
dx.
log 2 1 e
x 2 ; 0 x 1 2
2. Given the function : f (x) = . Evaluate f ( x )dx.
x ;1 x 2 0
2
3. Evaluate the integral I | x 1| dx.
0
/ 2
cot x
4. Evaluate : dx 5. Show that xf ( sin x) dx 2 f ( sin x) dx
0
cot x tan x 0 0
/ 2
x sin x cos x 2
x
6. Evaluate : 4 4
dx. 7. Show that 2 2 2 2
dx
2ab
0 cos x sin x 0 a cos x b sin x
b 1
8. Prove that f ( x ) dx (b a) f [(b a ) x a ] dx .
a 0
5 2/3
( x 5)2
9. Compute the sum of the two integrals : e dx 3 e9( x 2/3)2 dx.
4 1/3
2
2 x 7 3 x 6 10 x5 7 x3 12 x 2 x 1
10. Evaluate : dx.
2
x2 2
/ 2 / 2 / 2
11. Evaluate : (i) sin8 x dx (ii) sin9 x cos7 x dx (iii) cos9 x dx .
0 0 0
3 b b
3 x
12. Show that : 4 3 x dx 2 30 . 13. Evaluate : e dx; sin x dx using limit of a sum.
1 a a
2
dx
14. Evaluate : 2 directly as well as by the substitution x = 1/t. If answers do not tally, then explain
2 4 x
why?
b
A= f ( x)dx X
a O a b
Note : The whole of the curve in the internal [a, b] lies above X-axis.
Y
a b
2. If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then Area bounded by a curve O X
y = f (x). X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by :
b
y = f (x)
Area = f ( x) dx
a
4. Area bounded by two curves, y = f (x) and y = g (x), from above and below is given by :
b
shaded area = [ f ( x ) g ( x)] dx
a
Y Y
y = f (x) y = f (x)
y = g (x) O a X
b
O a X
b
y = g (x)
Note : The area is bounded from above by y = f (x) and from below by y = g (x).
The shaded area may be above or below X-axis.
Illustration - 25 The area bounded by the curve y = x2 – 5x + 6, X-axis and the lines x = 1 and 4 is :
9 10 11
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
6 6 6
SOLUTION : (C)
For y = 0, we get x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 2 3 4
x = 2, 3 Bounded Area = y dx y dx y dx
Hence the curve crosses X-axis at x = 2, 3 in the 1 2 3
Y
23 13 22 12 5
A1 5 6 (2 1)
3 2 6
33 23 32 2 2 1
A2 5 6 (3 2)
3
1 2 4
X 2 6
O 3
43 33 42 32 5
A= 5 6 (4 3)
3 2 6
2 3
A x 2 5 x 6 dx x
2
5 x 6 dx 5 1 5 11
1 2 A sq. units.
6 6 6 6
4
x 2 5 x 6 dx
3
8 16 32
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 3 3
SOLUTION : (B)
Trace the curve y = 4 x . Using step 1 to 3, we can draw the rough sketch of
1. Put y = 0 in the given curve to get x = 4 as the
y= 4 x.
point of intersecton with X-axis.
Put x = 0 in the given curve to get y = 2 as the In figure,
point of intersection with Y-axis. Bounded area =
4 4
2. For the curve, y = 4 x , 4 – x 0 2 16
x4 4 x dx 3 (4 x) 4 x 0 3 sq. units.
0
curve lies only to the left of x = 4 line.
3. As any y is positive, curve is above X-axis.
Y
X
O
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2 4 6 3 2
SOLUTION : (D)
Let us first find the points of intersection of curves. 1 1
Solving y = x2 and x2 + y2 = 2 simultaneously, 2 2 x 2 dx 2 x 2 dx
we get : 0 0
x2 + x4 = 2 1
(x2 – 1) (x2 + 2) = 0 x 2 x 1
2 2 x 2 sin 1 2
x2 = 1 and x2 = – 2 [reject] 2 2 2 0 3
x=±1
1 2 1
A = (– 1, 0) and B = (1, 1) 2 sq. units.
2 4 3 3 2
1
Shaded Area = 2 x 2 x 2 dx Y
1
1 1 A B
x 2 2
2 x dx x dx
X
1 1 –1 O
a2 a2
(A)
4
(B)
2
(C) a2 (D) 2 a 2
SOLUTION : (C)
x2 + y2 = a2 y= a 2 x2
Equation of semicircle above X-axis is y = + a 2 x 2
Area of circle = 4 (shaded area)
Y
a
4 a 2 x 2 dx
0
a
x 2 2 a2 x –a O a X
4 a x sin 1
2 2 a
0
a2 2
4 a
2 2
Y
6. If f (y) 0 for all y [a, b], then the Area bounded by a curve
x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by
b
b
x = f (y)
Area = f ( y) dy
a a
O X
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies on left of Y-axis.
7. If the curve crosses Y-axis one or more times in [a, b], then the Y
area bounded by the curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and
y = b is calculated by considering the portions of the graph lying on b x = f (y)
the right side and the left side of the Y-axis separately. To calculate y1
the area of the regions lying on right-hand side of the Y-axis, use result-5
and for the regions lying on left-hand side, use result - 6.
In the figure, the curve crosses Y-axis at y = y1. a
O X
y1 b
Shaded area is given as follows : A = f ( x) dy f ( y ) dy
a y1
8. Area bounded by two curves, x = f (y) and x = g (y), from right and left respectively, is given by :
b
Shaded area = f ( y) g ( y ) dy
a
Note : The area is bounded from right by x = f (y) and from left by x = g (y).
Y
x = g (y) x = f (y)
a
O X
x = g (y) x = f (y)
b
X
O
9. If the equations of the curves are expressed in parametric form, then the area bounded can not be found by
direct application of the result 1 to 8.
Let the two curves in parametric form are
x = f (t) . . . (i) and y = g (t) . . .(ii)
To find the bounded area by curves, try to eliminate parameter t in equations (i) and (ii) to express y in terms of x
(or x in terms of y). If it is possible to eliminate t, then the required area can be obtained by using the results 1 to
8.
If it is not possible to eliminate t, then the required area can be obtained by using the following formula :
b b t2
dx
Area = y dx y
dt
dt g (t ) f (t ) dt where t1 and t2 are given by f (t1) = a and f (t2) = b.
a a t1
1 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
SOLUTION : (A)
The points of intersection A & B can be calculated.
3a 3a
by solving x2 + y2 = 4a2 and y2 = 3ax. y 4a 2 y 2 y3
2 4a 2 y 2 sin 1
2 2 2 2a 3a 3 0
y2 2 2 0
y 4a
3a 3a 2 4a 2
2
3 3a3
y 4 9a 2 y 2 36a 4 0 3 9a
1 4 2
( y 2 3a 2 ) ( y 2 12a 2 ) 0 a
3 3
y2 = 3a2 or y2 = – 12a2 (reject)
Alternative Method :
y2 = 3a2 y = ± 3a
shaded area = 2 × (area above X-axis)
The equation of right half of
y 2 3a 2
x2 + y2 = 4a2 is x = 4a 2 y 2 x-coordinate of A a
3a 3a
3a The given curves area
y2 2 2
Shaded area = 4a y 3a dy
3a
y=± 3ax and y 4a 2 x 2
The above the X-axis, the equations of the parabola
3a
2y2 2
2 4a y dy and the circle are 3ax and y 4a 2 x 2 re-
3a
0 spectively.
[using property - 8]
Shaded area Y
a 2a
= 2 3ax dx 4a 2 x 2 dx x = y2/3a
0 2a
a A
x2 = y2 = 4a2
Solve it yourself to get the answer.
O X
2a
4ab
y2 y2
shaded area = b a dy –a O X
4b 4a b
4ab
(A)
3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3 (B)
2 3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3
(C) 3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3 (D) 2 3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3
SOLUTION : (B)
Y
Shaded area = 2 × (Area of the portion above
X- axis) A
The equation of the curve above x-axis is :
X
y x 2 a2 –a O a 2a
2a B
2 2
required area (A) = 2 x a dx
a Alternative Method :
2a yA
2a
2
A 2
x 2
x a2
a
log x x 2 a 2 Area ( A) a 2 y 2 dy
2 2 yB
a
3a
2 2
A 2 3 a a log (2a 3a ) a log a 2
A 2a
a 2 y 2 dy
A = 2 3 a2 – a2 log (2 + 3). 3a
Solve it yourself to confirm.
Illustration - 33 The area bounded by the curves : x2 + y2 = 25, 4y = | 4 – x2 | and x = 0 in the first quadrant
is :
25 1 4 25 1 4
(A) 2 sin (B) 2 sin
2 5 4 5
25 1 4 25 1 4
(C) 1 sin (D) 1 sin
2 5 4 5
SOLUTION : (A)
| 4 x2 |
First of all find the coordinates of points of intersec x=±4 y 3
-tion A by solving the equations of two given 4
Coordinates of point are A (4, 3)
curves :
4 2
x2 + y2 = 25 and 4y = | 4 – x2 | 2 |4 x |
Shaded area = 25 x dx
2(4 x 2 )2 0
4
x 25
16 4 4
1
(x2 – 4)2 + 16x2 = 400. A 25 x dx | 4 x 2 | dx
2 . . . (i)
(x2 + 4)2 = 400 x2 = 16 4
0 0
1
Let I 4 x 2 dx 4
4 x 25 1 x
A 25 x 2 sin 4
2 4
2 2 5 0
1 1
I (4 x 2 ) dx (x
2
4) dx
4 4 25 4 25 1 4
0 2 A6 sin 1 4 2 sin
2 5 2 5
I 1 8 8 1 56 8
4 3 4 3 Y
I 4
On substituting the value of I in (i), we get :
A (4, 3)
4
X
A 25 x 2 dx 4 –2 O 2
0
Illustration - 34 The area enclosed by the loop in the curve : 4y2 = 4x2 – x3 is :
32 64 128 256
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 15 15
SOLUTION : (C)
The given curve is : 4y2 = 4x2 – x3 dy 8
0 x 0,
To draw the rough sketch of the given curve, con- dx 3
sider the following steps : At x = 0, derivative is not defined.
(i) On replacing y by – y, there is no change in func-
d2y 8
tion. It means the graph is symmetric about Y- By checking for , x = is a point of local
axis. dx 2 3
(ii) For x = 4, y = 0 and for x = 0, y = 0. maximum (above X-axis).
(iii) In the given curve, LHS is positive for all values From graph,
of y. Shaded area (A) = 2 × (area of portion above X-
RHS 0 x2 (1– x/4) 0 axis)
x 4. 4 4
x
Hence the curve lies to the left of x = 4. A2 4 x dx x 4 x dx
2
(iv) As x – , y ± 0 0
dy A (4 x) 4 (4 x ) dx
8y 8 x 3x 2 0
dx
[using property - 4]
Y
4
A (4 x ) x dx
0
4 4
2 2 2
4
X A4 x x x x
O 3 0 5 0
128
A sq. units.
15
Illustration - 35 The area bounded by the parabola y = x2, X-axis and the tangent to the parabola at (1, 1)
is :
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 9 12
SOLUTION : (D)
The given curve is y = x2. Equation of tangent at A = (1, 1) is :
dy
y 1 ( x 1) [using : y – y1 = m (x – x1)]
dx x 1
y – 1 = 2 (x – 1) y = 2x – 1 . . . (i)
The point of intersection of (i) with X-axis is B (1/2, 0).
1 1
2
area = x dx (2 x 1) dx
0 1/ 2 A (1, 1)
1 1 O BC
X
area = 1 (1 1/ 2)
3 4
1
area =
12
Illustration - 36 The area between the curves y = 2x4 – x2, the x-axis and the ordinates of two minima of
the curve is :
7 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
240 120 60
SOLUTION : (B)
Using the curve tracing steps , draw the rough sketch of the functions y = 2x4 – x2.
Following are the properties of the curve which can be used to draw its rough sketch.
(i) The curve is symmetrical about y-axis.
1
(ii) Point of intersection with x-axis are x = 0, x = ± . Only point of intersection with y-axis is y = 0.
2
1 1
(iii) For x , , , y 0 i.e. curve lies above x axis and in the other intervals it lies
2 2
below x-axis.
dy
(iv) Put 0 to get x = ± 1/2 as the points of local minimum.
dx
On plotting the above information on graph, we get the rough sketch of the graph. The shaded area in the
graph is the required area
1/ 2 Y
2x x dx
4 2
Required Area = 2
0
1/ 2
2 x5 x3 7
2 O
X
5 3 120 –0.5 0.5
0
THINGS TO REMEMBER
b
1. The relationship between the definite integral f ( x) dx and the indefinite integral F (x) is :
a
b
f ( x) dx F (b) F (a)
a
2. Properties in Definite Integral
PROPERTY - 1 : PROPERTY - 2 :
b c b b a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a a c a b
PROPERTY - 3 :
b b
f ( x) dx f (t ) dt
a a
PROPERTY - 4 : PROPERTY - 5 :
a a 2a a a
f ( x)dx f (a x) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x )dx f (2a x)dx
0 0 0 0 0
PROPERTY - 6 :
2a 2a a
f ( x) dx 0 if (2a x) f ( x ) ; f ( x )dx 2 f ( x)dx if f (2a x) f ( x )
0 0
0
PROPERTY - 7 :
b b
f ( x) dx f (a b x) dx
a a
PROPERTY - 8 :
a a
f ( x) dx f ( x) f ( x) dx
a 0
a
2 f ( x )dx if f (x) is even i.e. f (– x) = f (x)
0
=0 if f (x) is odd i.e f (– x) = – f (x)
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PROPERTY - 9 :
nT T
f ( x) dx n f ( x ) dx where f (x) is a periodic function with period T and n is an integer.
0 0
PROPERTY - 10 :
n a a
f ( x) dx nlim f ( x) dx ; f ( x ) dx lim f ( x) dx
n
0 0 n
0 0 b
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx = a lim f ( x) dx blim f ( x) dx
0
a 0
b b
PROPERTY - 11 : f ( x) dx f ( x) dx .
a a
PROPERTY - 12 :
If the function f (x) and g (x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at all points x.
g ( x)
d h g ( x ) g ( x) h f ( x ) f ( x)
h (t ) dt
dx
[ f ( a ), g (b)], then
f ( x)
PROPERTY - 13 :
b b
If f (x) g (x) for all x [a, b], then f ( x) dx g ( x) dx.
a a
Put g (x) = 0 for all x [a, b] in above property to get another useful property, i.e.
b
If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then f ( x)dx 0 .
a
3. The definite integral of a function f (x) in the interval [a, b] can be defined as :
b
f ( x) dx nlim h f (a h) f (a 2h) . . . . . f (a nh)
where nh = b – a.
a
h0
n
lim h f (a rh)
n r 1 where nh = b – a.
h0
4. Estimation of a Definite Integral
If f (x) is a function defined in the interval [a, b] then :
b
m (b – a) f ( x) dx M (b a)
a
where m is the least and M is the greatest value of the function f (x) in the interval [a, b].
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n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
. . . . . .. . . , when n is even
n n2 n4 4 2 2
n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2
. . . . . .. . .1, when n is odd
n n2 n4 5 3
/ 2 /2
(ii) sin m x cosn x dx sin n x cosm dx
0 0
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . .. . (1 or 2) 2
when both m and n even integer
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . . . . (1 or 2)
when both m and n even integer..
7. Curve tracing
In order to find the area bounded by several curves, sometimes it is necessary to have an idea of the rough
sketches of these curves. To find the approximate shape of a curve represented by the cartesian equation,
the following steps are very useful.
1. Symmetry
(a) If curve remains unaltered on replacing x by – x, then it is symmetrical about y-axis.
(b) If curve remains unaltered on replacing y by – y, then it is symmetrical about x-axis.
2. Intersection with axes
(a) To find points of intersection of the curve with x-axis, replace y = 0 in the equation of the
curve and get corresponding values of x.
(b) To find points of intersection of the curve with y-axis, replace x = 0 in the equation of the
curve and get corresponding values of y.
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8. Important Results
Y
I. If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then Area bounded by the
curve y = f (x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is
y = f (x)
given by
b
A= f ( x)dx
a X
O a b
Note : The whole of the curve in the internal [a, b] lies above X-axis.
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies below X-axis.
III. If the curve crosses X-axis one or more times in [a, b], then the area bounded by the curve y = f
(x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is calculated by considering the portions of the graph lying
above X-axis and below X-axis separately. To calculate the area of the regions lying above X-axis,
use result-1 and for the regions lying below X-axis, use result-2.
In the figure, the curve crosses X-axis at x = x1, x2, x3.
Shaded area is given as follows :
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JEEMAIN.GURU
y = f (x)
x1 x2 x3 b
A f ( x) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx x1
f ( x) dx
O a x2 x3 b X
a x1 x2 x3
4. Area bounded by two curves, y = f (x) and y = g (x), from above and below is given by :
b
shaded area = [ f ( x ) g ( x)] dx
a
Y Y
y = f (x) y = f (x)
y = g (x) O a X
b
O a X
b
y = g (x)
5. If f (y) 0 for all y [a, b], then the Area bounded by a curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines
y = a and y = b is given by
Y
b
Area = f ( y) dy b
a x = f (y)
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies on right of Y-axis. a
X
O
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7. If the curve crosses Y-axis one or more times in [a, b], then the Y
area bounded by the curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and
y = b is calculated by considering the portions of the graph lying on b x = f (y)
the right side and the left side of the Y-axis separately. To calculate y1
the area of the regions lying on right-hand side of the Y-axis, use result-5
and for the regions lying on left-hand side, use result - 6.
In the figure, the curve crosses Y-axis at y = y1. a
Shaded area is given as follows : O X
y1 b
A= f ( x) dy f ( y ) dy
a y1
8. Area bounded by two curves, x = f (y) and x = g (y), from right and left respectively, is given by :
b
Shaded area = f ( y) g ( y ) dy
a
Note : The area is bounded from right by x = f (y) and from left by x = g (y).
x = g (y) x = f (y)
a
O X
x = g (y) x = f (y)
b
X
O
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ln 3 x ln 3
e dx d (1 e x ) x
ln 3 4
1. x = x dx = ln 1 e = ln
ln 2 1 e ln 2 1 e 3
ln 2
2 1 1
2
x3 2 1
2
2. f ( x) dx = x 2 dx + xdx = + 3x x = 4 2 1 .
3 1 3
0 0 1 0
1 2
2 1 2
x2 x2
3.
I = | x 1| dx = (1 x ) dx + ( x 1) dx = x x = 1.
0 0 1 2 + 2
0 1
cot x
/ 2 2 / 2 tan x
/2 cot x 0 dx
4. I= 0 dx = = 0
cot x tan x cot x tan x tan x cot x
2 2
/2
On adding, 2 I = 0 dx I =
4
5. I = 0 x f (sin x) dx = ( x) f (sin ( x) dx = f (sin x ) dx – I
0 0
2I = 0 f (sin x) dx I = 0 f (sin x) dx.
2
x sin x cos x
/ 2 2 2 2 x cos x sin x
I = 0
/ 2 2
6. 4 4 dx = · dx
cos x sin x 0 sin 4
x cos 4
x
2 2
/ 2 cos x sin x dx / 2 cos x sin x dx
I = 0 –I 2I = 0
sin 4 x cos 4 x 2 sin 4 x cos 4 x
2
/ 2 tan x sec x dx
I = 0 · let tan2x = t 2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt
4 1 tan 4 x
dt 2
I = 0 2 = tan 1 t = 2 =
8 1 t 8 0 8 16
( x ) dx
dx
7. I = 0 2 2 2 2 = 0 2 –I
a cos x b sin x a cos x b 2 sin 2 x
2
dx / 2 dx dt
I = = 0 = 0 (tanx = t)
2 0 a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x a2 b2 t 2
–1
bt
dt 2
2 = tan a 0 = =
b 0 a 2 ab ab 2 2ab
2
b t
b
8. LHS. = f ( x ) dx Put x = (b – a) t + a dx = (b – a) dt
a
1 1
L.H.S. = 0 f ((b a) t a) (b a ) dt = (b – a) 0 f b a t a
1
= (b – a) 0 f b a x a dx . = RHS. Hence proved.
5 ( x 5) 2 2/39( x 2/3) 2
9. Misprinting find the sum of the integrals 4 e dx + 3 1/3 e dx .
5 2/3 2
( x 5) 2 e(3x 2) dx .
I= e dx +
4 1/3
Replace x + 5 = t in the first Integral & 3x – 2 = t in the second integral.
0 2
0
t t2
I = e dt + e dt
1 1
In the second integral, let t = – z dt = – dz.
0 t2 0 z2
I = 1 e dt – 1 e dz = 0 Sum of the given integrals = 0.
2 2
2 x7 10 x5 7 x3 x 3 x6 12 x 2 1
10. x2 2
dx + x2 2
dx
2 2
2 2 2 2
3x 2 ( x 4 4) dx 2 2 dx
=0 +2 dx + 2 = 0+ 2 3x ( x 2) dx + 2
2 2 2
0 x 2 0 x 2 0 0 x 2
16 2
= –
2 2 5
/ 2 8 1 5 3 1 105 35
11. (i) 0 sin 8 x dx = · · · · = 8 96 =
8 6 4 2 2 256
/ 2 (8 · 6 · 4 · 2) 6 · 4 · 2
(ii) 0 sin 9 x cos7 x dx = .
16 ·14 ·12 ·10 · 8 · 6 · 4 · 2
/ 2 9 1 6 4 2 128
(iii) 0 cos9 x dx = · · · ·1= .
9 7 5 3 315
12. f (x) = 3 x3 is an inc. function in [1, 3].
m = f (1) = 2. and M = f (3) = 30 . b – a = 3 – 1 = 2
b 3
m (b – a) a f ( x) dx M (b – a) 2 (2) 1 3 x3 dx
30 2
3
4 1 3 x3 dx 2 30 . Hence Proved
n
lim lim
13. (a)
b x
a
e dx = n h ea rh a h 2h 3h nh
= n h e (e e e ......... e )
h0 r 1 h0
1 1 1
=– tan–1 (1) – tan (1) = –
2 2 4
1
The second method is wrong because the substitution x = is discontinuous at t = 0. Hence substitution
t
1
x = is wrong.
t
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Illustration - 1
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