BODY MASS INDEX

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

DHARMVEER MODI

TAKSHIL AJOLA

IN FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

BIOMEDICALENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGNEERING COLLEGE, GANDHINAGAR

GUJARAT TECJNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

APRIL 2019

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 GOVERNMENT ENGNEERING COLLEGE

BIOMEDECIAL ENGINEERING

2019

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the mini project entitled BODY MASS INDEX has been carried out
by DHARMVEER MODI under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 4th Semester of Gujarat technological
University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2019.

Guides: MITUL KHANDELIA

Head of the Department:

.

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 GOVERNMENT ENGNEERING COLLEGE

BIOMEDECIAL ENGINEERING

2019

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the mini project entitled BODY MASS INDEX has been carried out
by TAKSHIL AJOLA under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 4th Semester of Gujarat technological
University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2019.

Guides: MITUL KHANDELIA

Head of the Department:

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ABSTRACT:
The aim of the project is to Calculate the BMI of a particular person. BMI is Body Mass index it
is calculated using height and weight of a person. The hardware used in this project is load cell
in the weighing machine and a ultrasonic sensor.Ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the height
of the person.The weight of the person is calculated in kilograms. And height is calculated in
Meters. LCD display is also used to display the result. The weight is measured by load cell the
mechanical force is converted in to electrical signal and transmitted to the microcontroller. The
height is measured by ultrasonic sensor the light is reflected when it hits the object and the signal
is again transmitted to the microcontroller. And result is displayed using the LCD display. By this
way the BMI of the person can be calculated. The main advantage of this device in this generation
is to control weight and maintain healthylifestyle.

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 LIST OF FIGURES
SR NO. CAPTION PG NO.
FIG1 Body Mass Index Chart 10
(WHO)
FIG2 CDC BMI-for-age growth ch 12
(Centres for Disease Control
Prevention USA)

FIG3 Flow chart of automated

body mass index calculator 14

FIG4 ARDUINO NANO 17

DATASHEET

FIG5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 21

HEIGHT
MEASUREMENT

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 CERTIFICATE 2-3
2 ABSTRACT 4
3 INTRODUCTION 7
4 HISTORY AND 8
CONCEPT OF BMI
5 OVERVIEW OF 9
BMI
6 BMI FOR 11
CHILDREN
7 IS BMI RELIABLE 13
8 DESIGN 14-15
METHEDOLOGY
9 ABOUT THE 16-19
CIRCUIT
10 RESULTS 22
11 CONCLUSION 23
12 REFERENCES 24

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 INTRODUCTION
In the calculation of the BMI machine there are two parameters used height and the weight.It
calculates the fat content in the body. BMI machine gives only approximate values. Even though the
BMI is used to is used to measure the fat content of the body than the other fat measurement
techniques. For children and adolescents aged 2–19 y, the performance of BMI-for-age is better than
that of RI-for-age in predicting underweight and overweight but is similar to that of weight-for-height.
Body composition was measured by body density, body water and body potassium in a series of 104
female and 24 male subjects aged 14-60 years. Other measurements such as waist circumference and
skin thickness can be collected to indicate a person’s weight status or body fatness. None of these is as
widely used as BMI.
A. Usage
BMI is only an approximation for determining potential weight problems but it cannot be used as a
diagnostic tool. A person will be on a great risk if they have a high BMI. Through these
measurements physician can recommend different health risk related to weight. For example Skin
fold measurements, fitness of a person, nutritionist can decide the diet of a person, and other
screening of person’s health.
B. Calculation of BMI
The calculation of BMI can be calculated with the help of given standard formula.BMI = [(Weight
in Kilograms / (Height in Meters x Height in Meters)]
C. Health Consequences of Overweight and Obesity
Overweight and obese individuals are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions,
including the, high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, diabetes, plaque
in arteries of heart, heart Stroke, gallbladder infection, degenerative joint disease, respiratory
problems, and breast cancer.

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HISTORY CONCEPT OF BMI

It is not a new concept to calculate BMI by using a formula, in 19th century; Quetelet Index of
Obesity was introduced by a Belgian statistician named Adolph Quetelet. According to his index,
BMI is calculated by dividing weight of a person in kilogram by square of their height in inches.
Before 1980, physicians were generally using tables for weight and height estimations and they were
different for men and women with incorporated ranges of body weights for height in inches. But
these tables were imperfect as it relied on weight only, not on the body composition.Currently there
is so much advancement in the BMI calculation like the height and weight is calculated automatically
with the help of formula and the data is then automatically fed in the computer which shows the
BMI of the person on the monitor screen or on LCDdisplay.

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OVERVIEW OF BODY MASS INDEX

The BMI is a measure of relative weight based on an individual's mass and height.
Nowadays the BMI is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and
obesity. Moreover, it is adopted by the British government in an effort to promote
healthy eating.

It is calculated by dividing individual’s weight in kilograms by his height in metres,

then dividing the answer by his height again.

BMI (kg/m2) = Body weight (kg) / Height (m)2

For instance: BMI = 66kg / (1.69 m2) = 66 / 2.86 = 23.08

This ratio is then compared to an index chart (Fig.2), to see whether you are
underweight (score of under 18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9) or
obese (over 30).

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Fig.1. Body Mass Index Chart (WHO)

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BMI FOR CHILDREN
Although the BMI number is calculated the same way for children and adults, the criteria used
to interpret the meaning of the BMI number for children and teens are different from those used
for adults. For children and teens, BMI age- and sex-specific percentiles are used for two
reasons - the amount of body fat changes with age and the amount of body fat differs between
girls and boys (Kuczmarski, 2000). There are available methods for assessing the % fat based
on only two skin folds (triceps and scapula), which are designed specifically for children and
adolescents (Boye et al., 2002), and are commonly used in Europe and the USA (Slaughter et
al., 1988).

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention USA (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts (Fig.3.)
take into account these differences and allow translation of a BMI number into a percentile for a
child's sex and age.

Before calculating the BMI of your child, it is vital to obtain accurate height and weight
measurements (Fig.4.). Having noticed significant differences in the data concerning height and
weight between our measurements and those obtained from the parents in a recent study
(Kolimechkov, 2013), we recommend that weight and height in children should be measured by
a coach or health professional.

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Fig.2. CDC BMI-for-age growth chart (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
USA)
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IS BMI RELIABLE?
The new term "Body Mass Index" was published for the first time in the July edition of 1972 in the
Journal of Chronic Diseases by Ancel Keys, which found the BMI to be the best proxy for body fat
percentage among ratios of weight and height (Keys et al., 1972) the interest in measuring body fat
being due to obesity becoming a discernible issue in prosperous Western societies.

BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for
individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual
diagnosis.

Gymnastics is considered as a sport which makes a great contribution to basic physical fitness, as well
as symmetry and harmony of the body. Children, who are practising gymnastics (especially girls), have
a lower percentage of fat and BMI in comparison to those who are not engaged in sports (Jemni, 2011).
In a study conducted by Benardot & Czerwinski (1991) there was shown to be a range of BMI between
12.9 and 20.8 kg/m2 for elite gymnasts aged 7-10, and from 14.6 to 20 kg/m2 for those between the
ages of 11 and 14. The percentage of fat for these two categories is 5.1% - 16.7% and 6% - 15.1%
respectively (Benardot and Czerwinski, 1991).

BMI Z-score of one of the best young gymnasts in Bulgaria, Vice-Champion David Shaumian, 7 years
old (Fig.5. on the left), shows overweight (Z-score of BMI > 1) under the study conducted by Stefan
Kolimechkov (Kolimechkov, 2013). However, if the other anthropometric data is considered, it is
obvious that his body fat percentage (11.7%) is one of the lowest in the whole group. Moreover, his
upper arm muscle area content is considered as one of the highest (26.7 cm2) in the group.

Another example is the female bodybuilder Anita Albrecht who has been classified as overweight at an
NHS UK centre in 2014, but the picture above appears to show the opposite (Fig.5. on the right).
Albrecht is 1.5m tall and weighs 66kg which gives her the reading of 29. That is even close to obesity
according to the BMI chart. Apparently BMI doesn’t distinguish between fat and muscle, so if you’re
one of the few very muscly people like Anita or David, it could put you in an overweight category even
if you have very little body fat.

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DESIGN METHODOLOGY

The weight of the person is calculated through the load cell or a digital weighing machine. The
height of the person is calculated by the ultrasound sensor. There is an ultrasounds sensor which
both transmits and receives ultrasounds. First it emits ultrasounds, and when they strike any
object or person in its proximity, they are reflected back after striking it, which is sensed by the
sensor again. The height is actually calculated by multiplying the ‘speed of the ultrasounds and
the time taken by the ultrasounds to return back to the sensor. The data received from the
ultrasound sensor and the load cell is then sent to the microcontroller where calculations take
place and then the result is sent to the display devices.
SR 05

Fig 3. Flow chart of automated body mass index calculator

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A. Project Design:
The design of the project is shown in figure in the form of flow chart.
B. MainFeatures
BMI machine is a modern, elegant, and importantly anaccurate electro medical device that will
measure one’s height and weight in just a matter of minute.Its main features are as, measuring of
height and weight, calculates body mass index, displays the output on the LCD screen, easy to
operate with minimum user interactions, accurate results.
C. Applications in BiomedicalEngineering
The automatic Body mass index calculator has many applications in the vast field of biomedical
engineering. The field of medicine. The electronic BMI is such a device which is used in
Hospitals, Clinics, and even Pharmacies. It can be placed at Gyms, Airports, Hotels, Bus Stands
and other social places as well. Obesity as we all know is the leading cause of death nowadays,
either directly or indirectly. It can also be used for commercial purposes by installing a fool
proof coin acceptor system.
D. Construction of the Project
The figure 5 and figure 6 shows the construction of the project in the form of block diagram and
the circuit board of the BMI calculator unit respectively.

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 ABOUT THE CIRCUIT:

1. ARDUINO:
• Arduino Nano is a function module which is very small but has a lot of advantages. The
shape is very small so it is suitable to make a project that looks small. Arduino Nano is
very special because of this support with breadboards. You can plug arduino and other
electronic components in one breadborad.

• Arduino Nano has features and functions similar to arduino Duemilanove. But Arduino Nano
in different packaging. Arduino nano does not have a DC jack so that its power supplied
through mini-B USB port or directly connect to the VCC pin and GND. Arduino Nano can be
supplied with a voltage of 6-20V power source via USB mini-B port. Or you can provide a
voltage of 5V on pin 30 (this voltage will not be adjusted by the regulator, so make sure you
provide 5V voltage).

• Arduino Nano Specifications:

Microcontroller Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328
Operating Voltage
(logic level) 5V
Input Voltage
(recommended) 7-12 V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 8
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2
Flash Memory KB used by bootloader
SRAM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Dimensions 0.73″ x 1.70″
Length 45 mm
Width 18 mm
Weight 5g

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FIG.4.ARDUINO NANO DATASHEET

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 2. SRF005 ULTRASONIC RANGE SENSOR

• Specification:
The SRF005 ultrasonic range sensor detects objects in it’s path and can be used to calculate the range to the
object. It is sensitive enough to detect a 3cm diameter broom handle at a distance of over 3m.

Voltage -5V
Current - 30mA Typ. 50mAMax.
Frequency -40KHz
MaxRange - 3m
MinRange - 3cm
Sensitivity - Detect 3cm diameter broom handle at > 3 m InputTrigger - 10uS Min. TTL levelp
EchoPulse - Positive TTL level signal, width proportional to range. SmallSize - 43mm x 20mm
17mmheight

The module can be used in two different modes:

SinglePin - Single microcontroller pin (08M, and all M2 and X2 parts) DualPin - Separate PICAX
microcontroller trigger and echopins

Most users using the latest generation (M2 and X2) PICAXE parts should select ‘single pin’ connection mo

• Single Pin Connection Mode:

The PICAXE-08M and all M2/X2 parts have bi-directional pins, so the SRF005 can connect to a single i/o p

There are two way to achieve this connection on the SRF005, via the 5 way header or via the 3 way head
The 3 way header is designed to be compatible with ‘servo extension leads’ (e.g. part DAG001) so is
often the preferred method on new designs. The 5 way header is compatible with older
SRF005modules/PCBs.

Using the 5 way header (note +5V and 0V are marked on the SRF005):
+5V Connect to 5V Notused Do notconnect
Signal Connect directly to the PICAXE pin Mode Connect to0V
0V Connect to0V
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Using the 3 way header (note SIG and 0V are marked on the SRF005):
Signal (SIG) Connect directly to the PICAXE pin
+5V Connect to5V
0V Connect to0V
When using the 3 pin header you MUST also solder a wire link between the mode and 0V on the 5 way header (ie a wire link between pads 4 and 5 on the 5 way heade

Take care not to overheat, and therefore damage, the solder connection pads whilst making connection
• Technical Details (Single Pin Mode):

The input/Output pin is used to trigger the SRF005 module via a ‘pulsout’ command and then the
pin is converted to an input. The SRF005 module then sends out the sonic burst, and sets the pin
high for the time it takes the sonic
burst to be returned. Therefore the same PICAXE pin is then used to receive and time this echo pulse
via a ‘pulsin’ command.

The length of the echo pulse is then divided by 5.8 to give a value in cm, and displayed on the computer
screen via
the‘debug’command.Notethatawordvariable,w1,isusedfortheechotiming,astheechopulsemaybeavalue
greater than255 (maximumvalue of a byte variable). Word variables are madeup of two bytevariables and
sohave a maximum value of 65535 (in this case w1 is made up of b2 and b3, so these two byte variables
must not be used anywhere else in theprogram).

• Dual Pin Mode - separate trigger / echo microcontroller pins:

The dual pin mode is used for older PICAXE chips such as the 18X or 28X1.
The SRF005 ultrasonic range finder has 5 connections pins. The 3 pin connector is not used in dual pin
mode.

Using the 5-way header (note +5V and 0V are marked on the SRF005):
+5V Connect to5V
Echo Connect directly to PICAXE input pin
Trigger Connect directly to PICAXE output pin
Mode Do notconnect
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0V Connect to0V

Important - Note that the ‘Mode’ (pin 4) connection MUST NOT be connected for correct operation
in this separate trigger/echo mode.

Take care not to overheat, and therefore damage, the solder connection pads whilst making
connections. The SRF005 Echo Output is connected to a PICAXE inputpin.

The SRF005 Trigger Input is connected to a PICAXE output pin. Note this must be a direct connection
to the PICAXE
Chip leg (do not connect via a Darlington driver buffered output on a PICAXE project board).

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FIG.6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR HEIGHT MEASUREMENT

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RESULTS
For children aged 2–19 y, BMI-for-age was significantly better than were weight-for-height and
RI forage in detecting overweight when average skinfold thicknesses were used as the standard,
but no differences were found in detecting underweight. When percentage body fat or total fat
mass was used as the standard, BMI-for-age was significantly better than was RI for-age in
detecting overweight in children aged 3–19 y. No differences were found between BMI-for-age
and weight-for-height in detecting overweight or underweight.

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CONCLUSION

The conclusion of the project is to calculate the BMI of a person and help to maintain the
healthy lifestyle. And it indicates the serious health diseases. Many studies said that BMI
machine is a health indicator. We came know about the electronic principles and gained
knowledge about the microcontroller. For children and adolescents aged 2–19 y, the
performance of BMI-for-age is better than that of RI-for-age in predicting underweight and
overweight but is similar to that of weight-for-height.

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 References

[1] Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran MI, Dietz WH. Validityof
body mass index compared with other body-compositionscreening
[2] indexes for the assessment of body fatness. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition2002;
7:597–985.
[3] Garrow JS and Webster J. Quetelet's index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness.International
Journal of Obesity 1985;9:147–153.
[4] BMI Formula: An Overview, Using the Metric System. Written by/reviewed by:Arthur
Schoenstadt,MD
[5] Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweightand
Obesity inAdults.
[6] Michael Snyder, M.D. (2010). A Life without Dieting. HayHouse.
[7] Measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI) using PIC 18F452 Microcontroller by Ms.Dipika
S. Varma ,Ms.Varsha R. Mhatre , Mr. Prashant,M.More ,Prof.S.S.Ayane
[8] Use Of body mass index of adults in assessing individual and community nutritional status
K.V.Bailey &A.Ferro-Luzzi
[9] Examining the Validity of the Body Mass Index Cut-Off Score for Obesity of Different
Ethni by Liette B. Ocker, Assistant Professor, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi,DonR.
Melrose, Associate Professor, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
[10]Body Mass Index As A Measure Of Obesity,June 2009,NHS.

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