GUIA DE ESTUDIO

INGLÉS II

PASADO SIMPLE.

 Uso

Usamos el pasado simple para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por
ejemplo:

She cleaned her house. Ella limpió su casa.

I broke the window. Yo rompí la ventana.

En el pasado simple hay verbos regulares y verbos irregulares.

Para formar el pasado simple con verbos regulares, añadimos la terminación "-ed" al verbo. La forma es la misma
para todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

Ejemplos:

want → wanted learn → learned stay → stayed walk → walked show → showed

Excepciones:

Para verbos que terminan en una "e", sólo añadimos "-d.

Ejemplos:

change → changed believe → believed

Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto "y" o "w"), doblamos la consonante final.

Ejemplos:

stop → stopped commit → committed

Con verbos que terminan en una consonante y una "y", se cambia la "y" por una "i" antes de agregar “–ed”.

Ejemplos:

study → studied try → tried

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  Forma.

Para formar oraciones afirmativas en pasado simple la estructura es:

Subject + Main verb in past + complement

She passed her final exam. Ella pasó su examen final.

They worked until late. Ellos trabajaron hasta tarde.

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences with the past form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Susana _______________ the window. (close)

2. The students _______________ their books. (open)

3. Christian ________________ for his teacher. (wait)

4. They _______________ at the party. (dance)

5. Diana _______________ to her friends. (talk)

6. Victor ________________ to some music. (listen)

7. The Mayas ________________ pyramids. (construct)

8. Neil Armstrong _______________ on the surface of the moon. (walk)

9. Isaac Newton _______________ the law of gravity. (discover)

10. Galileo _______________ the telescope. (invent)

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. Use the past simple.

help use need arrive study end marry wait like walk

1. I ________________ to work last week.

2. He ________________ computers for five years.

3. They________________ late for the party.

4. We ________________ in a church.

5. It ________________ at 6 pm.

6. Ellen ________________ for an hour.

7. You ________________ the movie. I didn't.

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 8. Bob________________ that book yesterday.

9. They ________________ my new pen.

10. The teacher ________________ the students after class.

Exercise 3: Use the prompts to write sentences in past simple.

1. Graham Bell/invent/the telephone. ____________________________________________________________

2. France/invade/England in 1545. ______________________________________________________________

3. Lee Harvey Oswald/kill/President Kennedy. _____________________________________________________

4. Da Vinci/paint/the Mona Lisa. ________________________________________________________________

5. Becquerel/discover/radioactivity. _____________________________________________________________

6. The Mayans/believe/in many gods. ___________________________________________________________

7. The students/memorize/a lot of vocabulary. ____________________________________________________

8. They/play/tennis yesterday. _________________________________________________________________

9. Fernanda/invite/Karla for dinner. _____________________________________________________________

10. We/watch/a movie. ________________________________________________________________________

Para formar el pasado simple con verbos irregulares la estructura es la misma. Desafortunadamente hay muchos
verbos irregulares en inglés, y no hay una norma establecida para formarlos por lo que deben aprenderse de
memoria. A continuación se presentan los tres verbos irregulares más comunes en inglés.

Verb Past Simple

be was (I, he, she, it) / were (you, we, they)

do Did

have Had

El pasado simple del verbo "To be" (ser o estar) se forma cambiando las formas "am" e "is" por "was" y la forma "are"
por "were".

Veamos ahora las formas afirmativa, negativa en interrogativa del verbo "To be" en pasado:

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Afirmativa:

I was → yo era o yo estaba. It was → eso era o eso estaba.

You were → tú eras o tú estabas. We were → nosotros éramos o nosotros estábamos.

He was → él era o él estaba. You were → ustedes eran o ustedes estaban.

She was → ella era o ella estaba. They were → ellos eran o ellos estaban.

 Forma.

Para formar oraciones afirmativas con el verbo “To be” en pasado simple la estructura es:

Subject + To be (was/were) + complement

Ejemplos:

She was a doctor. Ella era una doctora.

The keys were in the drawer. Las llaves estaban en el cajón.

He was my friend at school. Él era mi amigo en la escuela o Él fue mi amigo en la escuela.

Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb “To be” (was, were).

1) I ___________ in France last spring.

2) We ___________ at school last Friday.

3) Alexia ___________ at home yesterday.

4) He ___________ happy.

5) Aldo and David ___________ Marco's friends.

6) You ___________ very busy on Saturday.

7) They ___________ in front of the supermarket.

8) I ___________ in the museum.

9) She ___________ in Brazil last month.

10) Gabriela and Laura ___________ late for school.

*Debemos recordar que el verbo “To be” se usa también para dar información personal como: nombre, edad,
nacionalidad, estado civil, ocupación, y características tanto físicas como de personalidad.

Ejemplos:

That actor was Paul Walker. → Ese actor se llamaba Paul Walker o Ese actor era Paul Walker.

He was 40 when he died. → Él tenía 40 años cuando murió.

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Paul was American. → Paul era estadounidense.

He was single. → Él era soltero.

He was an actor. → Él era actor.

He was tall. → Él era alto.

Negativa:

I was not → yo no era o yo no estaba. It was not → eso no era o eso no estaba.

You were not → tú no eras o tú no estabas. We were not → nosotros no éramos o nosotros no
estábamos.
He was not → él no era o él no estaba.
You were not → ustedes no eran o ustedes no estaban.
She was not → ella no era o ella no estaba.
They were not → ellos no eran o ellos no estaban.
 Forma.

Para formar oraciones negativas con el verbo “To be” en pasado simple la estructura es:

Subject + To be + not + complement

She wasn't a doctor. Ella no era doctora.

The keys weren't in the drawer. Las llaves no estaban en el cajón.

Nota: “Wasn´t” es la contracción de “was not” y “weren´t” de “were not”.

Exercise 5: Use the prompts to write negative sentences in past simple.

1. He/angry ________________________________________________________________________________

2. They/happy ______________________________________________________________________________

3. It/hot yesterday __________________________________________________________________________

4. She/a doctor _____________________________________________________________________________

5. You/good student _________________________________________________________________________

6. She/from Italy ____________________________________________________________________________

7. They/Austrian ____________________________________________________________________________

8. Miguel/good at sports ______________________________________________________________________

9. Elena and Mayra/good friends _______________________________________________________________

10. We/together _____________________________________________________________________________

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Interrogativa:

Was I? → ¿era yo? o ¿estaba yo? Was it? → ¿era eso? o ¿estaba eso?

Were you? → ¿eras tú? o ¿estabas tú?
Was he? → ¿era él? o ¿estaba él?
Was she? → ¿era ella? o ¿estaba ella?
Were we? → ¿éramos nosotros? o ¿estábamos
nosotros?
Were you? → ¿eran ustedes? o ¿estaban ustedes?
Were they? → ¿eran ellos? o ¿estaban ellos?

 Forma.

Para formar oraciones interrogativas con el verbo “To be” en pasado simple la estructura es:

To be + Subject + complement +?

Was she a doctor? ¿Era ella doctora?

Were the keys in the drawer? ¿Estaban las llaves en el cajón?

Exercise 6: Fill in the gaps with “was” or “were”.

1. __________ you there last night?

2. __________ the movie good?

3. __________ you at school yesterday?

4. __________ the doors closed?

5. __________ it very windy?

6. __________ the weather cold?

7. __________ she angry with you?

8. __________ Alfredo and Marisol at the restaurant?

9. __________ you thirsty after the walk?

10. __________ the umbrella in the car?

Exercise 7: Match the questions with the answers. Write the right number on the line.

1. Were the tourists happy with the hotel? _____ He was at the cinema with his friends

2. Was it sunny yesterday? _____ Yes, They were

3. Where was David yesterday? _____ The traffic was very bad

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 4. Where were you yesterday afternoon? _____ Its name was " The hunger games catching fire"

5. Was Monica at home last night? _____ No, she wasn't

6. What was the name of the film? _____ No, it wasn't

7. Was the match good? _____ No, It wasn't sunny. It was raining

8. Why were you late? _____ I was at the Sun Cafe

9. How much was your new cellphone? _____ Sixty Dollars

*El pasado del verbo “To be” también se utiliza para hablar sobre el lugar y la fecha de nacimiento.

Ejemplos:

Paul Walker was born in 1973. → Paul Walker nació en 1973.

Paul Walker and Vin Diesel were born in the U.S.A. → Paul Walker y Vin Diesel nacieron en E.E.U.U.

When was Leonardo da Vinci born? He was born in 1452.

Was he born in France? No, he wasn´t. He was born in Italy.

Where were you born? I was born in Mexico City.

Como se mencionó anteriormente, la estructura del pasado simple es la misma para los verbos regulares e
irregulares.

Subject + Main verb in past + complement

Salvador stayed at home last night. (regular) Salvador se quedó en casa anoche.

He went to the cinema yesterday. (irregular) Él fue al cine ayer.

Lety did her homework when she arrived home. (irregular) Lety hizo su tarea cuando llegó a casa.

Exercise 8: Match with a line the verbs with their past forms.

begin wrote eat went

see made come got

have began do ate

make had go did

write saw get came

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Exercise 9: Write the past form of the next verbs.

sleep _______________ put _______________ speak _______________

read _______________ drink _______________ mean _______________

buy _______________ forget _______________ is _______________

run _______________ lose _______________ ring _______________

win _______________ teach _______________ take _______________

are _______________ cut _______________ think _______________

bring _______________ leave _______________ feel _______________

hurt _______________ tear _______________ send _______________

Para las oraciones negativas es:

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb in base form

He went to the cinema yesterday. Él fue al cine ayer.

The plane left on time. El avión partió a tiempo.

We sent the emails yesterday morning. Nosotros enviamos los correos electrónicos ayer por la mañana.

Exercise 10: Complete the following sentences using the past form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I ____________ (see) Lucy last week, she looked very well.

2. Seven people ____________ (ring) while you were out.

3. I ____________ (leave) my cellphone at home this morning. I had to go back.

4. Dinner was great. We ____________ (eat) pasta.

5. I ____________ (tear) my shirt when I fell off my bike.

6. I think you misunderstood me. I ____________ (mean) 'bed' not 'bird'!

7. I ____________ (hurt) my leg playing football yesterday. I can't walk very well today.

8. Pedro ____________ (teach) me to speak Spanish in a year. He was a great teacher.

9. I'm sorry that I ____________ (forget) to call you yesterday.

10. He ____________ (drink) all the wine last night.

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The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:

Verbo auxiliar ("to do") + sujeto + verbo principal...?

• Ejemplos:

• Play

Did you want to dance? (¿Querías bailar?)

• Play

Did he learn English? (¿Aprendieron ingles?)

• Play

Did they believe him? (¿Le creíste?)

Nota: Al igual que en las frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado ("did") y el verbo principal se queda en el
infinitivo.

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

did base

The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form
and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

Last year we studied the lives of the ancient Mayas in History. Then in the summer we visited Campeche and saw
the pyramids. It was very interesting.

El año pasado estudiamos la vida de los Mayas en Historia. Luego en el verano visitamos Campeche y vimos las
pirámides. Fue muy interesante.

Neil Armstrong was the first man to land on the moon. On July 20, 1969, he walked on the surface of the moon for
two hours.Neil Armstrong fue el primer hombre en pisar la luna. El 20 de julio de 1969, él caminó sobre la superficie
lunar por dos horas.

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PRESENTE CONTINUO.

 Uso

Usamos el pasado continuo para describir acciones que se llevan a cabo al momento de hablar, por ejemplo:

He is studying English. Él está estudiando inglés.

(Él se encuentra realizando esa acción en este momento)

John is playing tennis at the moment. John está jugando tenis en este momento.

Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "To be" y el gerundio (forma "-ing") del verbo principal
(Main verb). El verbo auxiliar "To be" se usa en correspondencia con el sujeto I am, You are; He/She/It is, We/They
are.

Para formar el presente continuo de un verbo, añadimos la terminación "-ing". La forma es la misma para todas las
personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

Ejemplos:

work → working stand → standing learn → learning walk → walking

Excepciones:

Para verbos que terminan en una "e", se suprime la “e” y añadimos "-ing.

Ejemplos:

come → coming write → writing take → taking

Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto "y" o "w"), doblamos la consonante final.

Ejemplos:

stop → stopping swim → swimming get → getting

Algunos verbos tienen una forma irregular.

Ejemplos:

lie → lying die → dying travel → travelling (British English) o traveling (American English)

*to be → being

Normalmente no se utilizan los siguientes verbos en el presente continuo:

believe → creer like → gustar hate → odiar prefer → preferir

want → querer love → querer/amar/encantar know → saber/conocer remember → recordar

forget → olvidar need → necesitar understand → entender mean → significar

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  Forma.

Para formar oraciones afirmativas en presente continuo la estructura es:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb (“to be”) + Main verb in –ing form + complement

I am talking. Esta hablando.

He is eating pizza. Esta comiendo pizza.

They are learning English. Estan aprendiendo inglés.

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I _____________________ English in London. (study)

2. Peter _____________________ the guitar for the competition. (practise)

3. Susan _____________________. (drive)

4. My friends _____________________ at the club. (fight)

5. Daniela _____________________ language classes. (teach)

6. I _____________________ to get a new job. (try)

7. Jane _____________________ to go to the cinema with her parents. (plan)

8. My son _____________________ tennis with his cousin. (play)

9. It _____________________ hard. (rain)

10. Mary _____________________ always _____________________ my books. (be), (borrow)

Exercise 2: Correct these sentences.

1. I am understanding the question. ____________________________________________________________

2. She are cooking dinner for her family. ________________________________________________________

3. He was remembering his homework yesterday. __________________________________________________

4. They are listened to the radio. _______________________________________________________________

5. You are speak too loudly. __________________________________________________________________

6. We did watching TV. _______________________________________________________________

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Para formar oraciones negativas en presente continuo, simplemente se agrega el adverbio "not" entre el verbo "To
be" (is/are) y el verbo principal de la oración. La estructura es:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb (“to be”) + NOT + Main verb in –ing form + complement

I am not talking. Yo no estoy hablando.

He isn´t eating pizza. Él no esta comiendo pizza.

They aren´t learning English. Ellos no estan aprendiendo inglés.

Exercise 3: Use the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets to make negative sentences.

1. Miguel _____________________ the mountain. (climb)

2. It _____________________ a lot in the top of the mountain. (snow)

3. Jorge _____________________. (sleep)

4. My mother _____________________ the dinner for Charles. (prepare)

5. Sarah _____________________ a message to me. (send)

6. The tourists _____________________ to London. (travel)

7. Sonia _____________________ beautifully. (sing)

8. Antonio _____________________ very hard at the weekends. (work)

9. Samuel _____________________ lunch at the cantine. (take)

10. The children _____________________ football in the school. (play)

Exercise 4: Use the prompts and a verb from the box to write negative sentences.

rain clean buy drive study work play drink go listen

1. They / for the test. ________________________________________________________________________

2. She / home at the weekend. ________________________________________________________________

3. I / tea. It is coffee. ______________________________________________________________________

4. It / . It is sunny. ________________________________________________________________

5. You / to me! _____________________________________________________________________________

6. Michelle / more shoes. _____________________________________________________________________

7. His brothers / their bedroom. ________________________________________________________________

8. Pablo / the car. ___________________________________________________________________________

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 9. The computer / because it is broken. ________________________________________________________

10. We / computer games. _____________________________________________________________________

Para formar oraciones interrogativas en presente continuo, simplemente se invierte el verbo "to be" y el sujeto. La
estructura es:

Auxiliary Verb (“to be”) + Subject + Main verb in –ing form + complement +?

Are you talking? ¿Estas hablando?

Is he eating pizza? ¿Esta él comiendo pizza?

Are they learning English? ¿Estan aprendiendo inglés?

Respuestas cortas:

Yes, he is.

Is he eating pizza?

No, he isn´t. He was eating a hamburger.

Yes, they are.

Are they learning English?

No, they aren´t. They were learning French.

Exercise 5: Use the information to complete the sentences about Fit Sid and Fat Jack in the past continuous.

FIT SID FAT JACK

08:00 do / exercises lie / bed

08:30 take / breakfast take / breakfast

09:00 walk / school go / school / car

11:00 play / football eat crisps

13:00 prepare / salad / lunch buy / hamburger / lunch

17:00 do / 10 km run take / rest

19:00 play / computer game play / computer game

22:00 go / bed sleep / sofa

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Today, at …

1. 08:00, Sid is ___________________________________________________________________________

2. 08:30, Sid and Jack are ___________________________________________________________________

3. 09:00, Jack ______________________________________________________________________________

4. 11:00, __________________________________________________________________________________

5. 19:00, __________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6: Use the prompts to make a question. Then write a short answer.

1. Sid / lie / bed ________________________________________? ____________________________

2. They / take / breakfast _________________________________? ____________________________

3. Jack / go / school _____________________________________? ____________________________

4. Jack / play / football ___________________________________? ____________________________

5. You / prepare / salad __________________________________? ____________________________

6. Sid / run ____________________________________________? ____________________________

7. They / watch / TV _____________________________________? ____________________________

8. You / watch / TV ______________________________________? ____________________________

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COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS.

Los adjetivos describen cualidades de los sustantivos.

Ejemplos:

The house is big. La casa es grande.

NOUN ADJECTIVE

Juan is fast. Juan corre rápido / Juan es rápido.

NOUN ADJECTIVE

Angela's room is clean. La habitación de Ángela está limpia.

I am tall. Soy alto.

New York is big. Nueva York es grande.

Algunas de estas cualidades pueden variar en grado o intensidad. Al igual que en español, cuando queremos hacer
comparaciones contrastamos cualidades o atributos por medio de adjetivos en sus diversos grados.

Grados de adjetivos.

Los adjetivos que pueden variar en el grado o la intensidad tienen formas comparativas y superlativas.

Al hacer comparaciones, podemos destacar la superioridad, inferioridad o igualdad de calidad de un objeto u otro. La
estructura de cada uno de estos grados de comparación es diferente.

Adjetivos comparativos de superioridad.

En este caso el adjetivo que está en la forma comparativa debe ser seguido por "than".

Ejemplos:

Juan is faster than Mark. Juan corre más rápido que Mark.

Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. La habitación de Ángela está más limpia que la de Sue.

I am taller than Beth. Soy más alto que Beth.

Adjetivos comparativos de inferioridad.

Para formar este tipo de comparación podemos usar las conjunciones "not as...as" o "less...than". En ambos casos, el
adjetivo está en su forma simple.

Ejemplos:

Sue's room is less clean than Angela's. La habitación de Sue no es tan limpia como la de Ángela.

Beth is not as tall as me. Beth no es tan alta como yo.

Los Angeles is not as big as New York. Los Ángeles no es tan grande como Nueva York.

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Adjetivos comparativos de igualdad.

Para formar las comparaciones de igualdad se usa el adjetivo en su forma simple y la conjunción "as...as".

Ejemplos:

Mark is as fast as Juan. Mark corre tan rápido como Juan.

Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. La habitación de Sue es tan limpia como la de Ángela.

Los Angeles is as big as New York. Los Ángeles es tan grande como Nueva York.

Nota: Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a little...). Ejemplos:

Juan is a lot faster than Mark. Juan corre mucho más rápido que Mark.

I am a little taller than Beth. Soy un poco más alta que Beth.

El grado superlativo

El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado más alto de un sustantivo. Se usa "the" delante del adjetivo en la
forma superlativa. Ejemplos:

Juan is the fastest. Juan es el más rápido.

Angela's room is the cleanest. La habitación de Ángela es la más limpia.

I am the tallest. Soy el más alto.

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  Forma

Para formar el comparativo y superlativo de un adjetivo se siguen las siguientes reglas:

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

1. Para adjetivos de una sílaba: agregar: "-er" agregar: "-est"

(fast) → faster → fastest

2. Para adjetivos de una sílaba que agregar: "-r" agregar: "-st"

terminan en "e": (nice) → nicer → nicest

3. Para adjetivos de una sílaba que agregar: consonante + "er" agregar: consonante + "-est"

terminan en consonante + vocal + → hotter → hottest

consonante: (hot)

4. Para adjetivos de dos silabas que sustituye "y" por: "-ier" sustituye "y" por: "-iest"

terminan en "y": (funny) → funnier → funniest

5. Para adjetivos de dos o más agregar: "more"/"less" agregar: "the most"/"the least"

silabas: (beautiful) → more beautiful → the most beautiful

6. Adjetivos irregulares:

good better best

bad worse worst

far further furthest

Nota: Algunas cualidades no pueden variar en intensidad o grado porque son extremos, absolutos o adjetivos de
clasificación. Estas cualidades no tienen forma comparativa o superlativa.

Ejemplos:

Extremos Absolutos Clasificación

freezing helado dead muerto married casado

excellent excelente unique único domestic doméstico

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Exercise 1: Write the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives below.

1. quiet _____________________ 6. noisy _____________________

2. economical _____________________ 7. clever _____________________

3. comfortable _____________________ 8. exciting _____________________

4. easy _____________________ 9. soft _____________________

5. quick _____________________ 10. smooth _____________________

Exercise 2: Write the opposites using the adjectives in the box.

difficult cheap old noisy light narrow slow cool

clean beautiful sad dangerous interesting far

1. easier ____________________ 8. warmer ____________________

2. quieter ____________________ 9. wider ____________________

3. dirtier ____________________ 10. happier ____________________

4. uglier ____________________ 11. faster ____________________

5. more boring ____________________ 12. more expensive ___________________

6. heavier ____________________ 13. safer ____________________

7. nearer ____________________ 14. younger ____________________

Exercise 3: Use the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets to complete the sentences below.

1. Winter is ____________________ spring. (cold)

2. Girls are ____________________ boys. (quiet)

3. My garden is _____________________ a park. (small)

4. Rugby is _____________________ football. (dangerous)

5. A sofa is _____________________ a chair. (comfortable)

6. My father is ____________________ my brother. (strong)

7. English is ____________________ math. (easy)

8. A month is ____________________ a week. (long)

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 9. A plane is ____________________ a car. (fast)

10. A car is ____________________ a bike. (expensive)

Exercise 4: Circle the correct option.

1. Spring is windier than / the windiest summer

2. Cars are the quickest / quicker than a bike

3. My sister is the shortest / shorter than person in my family

4. A radio is cheaper than / the cheapest a TV.

5. My bedroom is tidier than / the tidiest room in my house.

6. History is the most interesting / more interesting than subject of all.

7. A gorilla is the strongest / stronger than a snake.

8. Crocodiles are more dangerous than / the most dangerous snakes.

Exercise 5: Use the adjectives in brackets and “as..........as” or “not as........as” to complete the sentences below.

1. Basketball is ____________________ football. (popular)

2. She is ____________________ you. (tall)

3. Your sister is ____________________ your cousin. (intelligent)

4. My dress is _____________________ your dress. (pretty)

5. This exercise is ____________________ the previous one. (difficult)

6. A town is ____________________ a city. (polluted)

7. A village is ___________________ a city. (noisy)

Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences with a comparative and “not as...... as”.

1. Sally is 1.70 meters. I am 1.80metres. (tall)

I’m taller than sally. Sally isn’t as tall as me.

2. The gold ring is $ 70. The silver ring is $ 65. (expensive)

___________________________________________________________________________________

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 3. The bus leaves at 12.00 o’clock. The train leaves at 1.00 o’clock. (early)

___________________________________________________________________________________

4. Math is difficult to me. Language is not very difficult to me (difficult)

___________________________________________________________________________________

5. I’m 43 years old. My husband is 50 years old. (young)

___________________________________________________________________________________

6. Yesterday I arrived home at 11.00. My brother arrived home at 11.30 (late)

___________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7: Complete the sentences with superlatives.

1. February is __________________ month in the year. (short)

2. Climbing is __________________ sport. (dangerous)

3. Pigs are _________________ animals in the world. (dirty)

4. Dolphins __________________ animals in the sea. (intelligent)

5. My grandfather is _________________ person in my family. (old)

6. Sharks are _________________ animals in the sea. (dangerous)

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PRESENT PERFECT

 Uso

El presente perfecto puede tener varios usos, veamos los más comunes.

Usamos el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia.

Ejemplos:

I have never flown in a plane. Nunca he volado en un avión.

He has worked in many different museums. Él ha trabajado en muchos museos diferentes.

We have been to Río de Janeiro. Nosotros hemos ido a Río de Janeiro.

El presente perfecto también se utiliza para expresar un cambio.

Ejemplos:

I have bought a car. Yo he comprado un coche.

(la semana pasada yo no tenía un coche)

He has broken his leg. Él se ha roto una pierna.

(ayer tenía una pierna sana)

They have learned to be more patient. Ellos han aprendido a ser más paciente.

(antes no lo eran)

Otro uso típico del presente perfecto es para describir acciones que empezaron en el pasado, que aún no han
finalizado, y que probablemente continuaran en el futuro.

Ejemplos:

They have lived in this city since 1980. Ellos han vivido en esta ciudad desde 1980.

(implica que siguen viviendo en la ciudad)

He has played tennis since my childhood. Él ha jugado al tenis desde su infancia.

(y sigue jugando)

I have worked in this company for five years. He trabajado en ésta compañía por cinco años.

(y probablemente seguiré trabajando aquí)

Para formar el presente perfecto se usa “To have” como verbo auxiliar seguido del verbo principal en su pasado
participio.

Es importante recordar que se usa “have” para “I, You, We, They” y “has” para la tercera persona del singular
“He, She, It”.

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  Forma.

Para formar oraciones afirmativas en pasado simple la estructura es:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb (have/has) + Main verb in past participle + complement

She has lost her keys. Ella ha perdido sus llaves.

We have been to France twice. Nosotros hemos ido a Francia dos veces.

Exercise 1: Write the past participle forms of the following verbs.

begin _______________ see _______________ have _______________

make _______________ write _______________ eat _______________

come _______________ do _______________ go _______________

get _______________ sleep _______________ speak _______________

read _______________ drink _______________ mean _______________

buy _______________ forget _______________ is _______________

run _______________ lose _______________ ring _______________

win _______________ teach _______________ take _______________

are _______________ cut _______________ think _______________

bring _______________ leave _______________ feel _______________

hurt _______________ tear _______________ send _______________

Exercise 2: Fill the gaps with 'have' or 'has'.

1. I _______ answered the question. 6. We _______ washed the car.

2. She _______ opened the window. 7. He _______ closed the window.

3. They _______ called us. 8. Jenny _______ locked the door.

4. You _______ carried a box. 9. The girls _______ visited the museum.

5. It _______ rained a lot. 10. John and Sophie _______ helped in the
garden.

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Exercise 3: Use the present perfect and the verb in brackets to fill in the gaps.

1. Karen _____________________ me an e-mail. (send)

2. Dave and Pat _____________________ the museum. (visit)

3. I _____________________ at the pet shop. (be)

4. They _____________________ already their rucksacks. (pack)

5. Marcus_____________________ an accident. (have)

6. We _____________________ the shopping for our grandmother. (do)

7. I _____________________ just my bike. (clean)

8. Emily _____________________ her room. (paint)

9. Lisa and Colin _____________________ to a concert. (go)

10. My friends _____________________ smoking. (stop)

Exercise 4: Write sentences in present perfect.

1. they / ask / a question _____________________________________________________________________

2. he / speak / English _______________________________________________________________________

3. I / be / in my room ________________________________________________________________________

4. we / wash / the car ___________________________________________________________________

5. Annie / forget / her homework ___________________________________________________________

El verbo auxiliar “To have” puede ser contraído de la siguiente forma:

have worked → ´ve worked

has worked → ´s worked

Presente perfecto con “never” y “ever”.

Normalmente usamos “never” (nunca) en oraciones afirmativas y “ever” (alguna vez) en preguntas.

Ejemplos de never:

I have never visited Berlin. Yo nunca he visitado Berlin.

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He has never flown on a plane. Él nunca ha volado en avión.

Ejemplos de ever:

Have you ever been to England? ¿Has ido alguna vez a Inglaterra?

Has she ever met the Prime Minister? ¿Ha ido alguna vez a Inglaterra?

Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food? * ¿Nunca has probado la comida china?

*”Ever” en preguntas negativas significa “nunca”.

Exercise 5: Complete the sentences with ever or never

1. Have you ________ eaten sushi? 5. They have ________ drunk wine.

2. Has she _________ worn skirts? 6. Has he _________ travelled abroad?

3. They have ________ done yoga. 7. They have ________ written a letter.

4. She has_________ played tennis. 8. He has ________ gone fishing?

Es importante señalar que “never” y “not” jamás se usan juntos.

I haven't never been to Italy. I have never been to Italy.

*”Ever” y “never” siempre van justo antes del verbo principal dentro de la oración.

Presente perfecto con “for” y “since”.

Usamos “for” (por) y “since” (desde) para hablar sobre acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y continúan hasta el
momento.

“For” + un periodo de tiempo: for a week (por una semana), for two hours (por dos horas), for three years (por tres
años)…

“Since” + un punto en específico en el pasado: since Monday (desde el lunes), since 9 a.m. (desde las 9 a.m.), since
1994 (desde 1994)…

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Exercise 6: Write for or since on the line

________ Easter ________ 1999 ________ a long time

________ two weeks ________ ten days ________6 o'clock

________ my birthday ________ a few minutes

________ last summer ________1st April

Exercise 7: Complete the sentences with for or since.

1. He has had his job __________ 2001. 5. She has been ill __________ Tuesday.

2. She has worked there __________ 12 years. 6. He has been ill __________ five days.

3. He has waited for the bus __________15 7. They haven’t visited their parents __________
minutes. march.

4. I´ve waited for you __________ 3 o´clock. 8. I haven’t eaten __________ midday.

Para formar oraciones negativas con el presente perfecto, simplemente se agrega el adverbio "not" entre el verbo
auxiliar "To have" (have/has) y el verbo principal de la oración en pasado participio. La estructura es:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb To have (have/has) + NOT + Main verb in past participle form + complement

She hasn´t lost her keys. Ella no ha perdido sus llaves.

We haven´t been to France. Nosotros no hemos ido a Francia dos veces.

Nota: “Hasn´t” es la contracción de “has not” y “haven´t” de “have not”.

Exercise 8: Write negative sentences in present perfect.

1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes ________________________________________________________________

2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen _______________________________________________________________

3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants _____________________________________________________

4. Joey / not / make his bed ___________________________________________________________________

5. David / not / buy milk ______________________________________________________________________

6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's ________________________________________________________________

7. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework _______________________________________________________

8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms _______________________________________________________

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 9. Alex / not / feed the hamster ________________________________________________________________

10. Hazel / not / empty the bin __________________________________________________________________

También usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todavía no han sucedido. El uso del presente perfecto en
estos casos indica que aún estamos esperando la acción, por eso, frecuentemente usamos los adverbios "yet"
(todavía) y "still" (aún).

Ejemplos:

The plane hasn't arrived yet. El avión no ha llegado todavía.

Our team still hasn't won a championship. Nuestro equipo aún no ha ganado un campeonato.

We haven't finished our homework yet. No hemos terminado la tarea todavía.

“Yet” usualmente va al final de la oración.

Para formar oraciones interrogativas con el presente perfecto, simplemente se invierte el verbo "to have" y el sujeto.
La estructura es:

Auxiliary Verb To have (have/has) + Subject + Main verb in past participle form + complement + ?

Ejemplos:

Have you talked to Peter? ¿Has hablado con Peter?

Has she gone to work? ¿Ha ido a su trabajo?

Have you been to London? ¿Has ido a Londres?

Have they learned English? ¿Han aprendido inglés?

Respuestas cortas:

Yes, it has.

Has it been cold this week?

No, it hasn´t. It has been sunny.

Yes, they have.

Have they visited London?

No, they haven´t. But they have been to France.

Cuando la pregunta incluye una 'wh word' (por ejemplo what, who, when, where, why…), ésta se pone delante del
verbo auxiliary “To have” (have/has).

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Ejemplos:

Where have I seen her before? ¿Dónde la he visto antes?

What have you done today? ¿Qué has hecho hoy?

Why has he gone? ¿Por qué se ha ido?

Exercise 9: Put in the correct verb forms into the gaps. Use the present perfect.

1. _______ you _______ the kitchen door? (paint)

2. _______ your _______ brother the shopping? (do)

3. _______ Julian ever _______ a spider? (touch)

4. _______ your father ever _______ on an elephant? (ride)

5. _______ Lee _______ his parents yet? (ask)

6. What _______ you _______ in your text? (write)

7. _______ Bill _______ the radio? (turn off)

8. _______ you ever _______ in a helicopter? (fly)

9. Who _______ _______ the window? (break)

10. _______ you ever _______ for your friends? (cook)

Exercise 10: Write questions in present perfect.

1. you / correct / my mistakes _________________________________________________________________

2. you / practice / your English ________________________________________________________________

3. she / tidy up / her room ____________________________________________________________________

4. the boss / sign / the letter __________________________________________________________________

5. Mary / shut / the door ______________________________________________________________________

6. they / finish / their homework _______________________________________________________________

7. Sue / kiss / Ben __________________________________________________________________________

8. the waiter / bring / the tea __________________________________________________________________

9. Marilyn / pay / the bill ______________________________________________________________________

10. you / ever / write / a poem _________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 11: Make a question from each sentence.

"I travelled to Italy in 1985." becomes "Have you ever travelled to Italy?"

1. I had malaria when I was a child. _____________________________________________________________

2. I saw the movie Frozen yesterday. ___________________________________________________________

3. I fell into the sea while I was fishing. __________________________________________________________

4. I studied German at school. _________________________________________________________________

5. I missed the bus last night. _________________________________________________________________

PRESENTE PERFECTO O PASADO SIMPLE.

Usamos el presente perfecto cuando el periodo de tiempo no ha terminado.

I have seen three movies this week. He visto tres películas ésta semana. (Esta semana aún no ha terminado)

Usamos el pasado simple cuando el periodo de tiempo ya ha terminado.

I saw three movies last week. Vi tres películas la semana pasada. (La semana pasada ya terminó)

Se usa el presente perfecto cuando damos noticias recientes.

Martin has crashed his car again. Martin ha chocado su auto de nuevo. (La información es reciente)

Se usa el pasado simple cuando se dan noticias pasadas.

Martin crashed his car last year. Martin chocó su auto el año pasado. (La información aquí es vieja)

Usamos el presente perfecto cuando el tiempo o la fecha no se especifican.

I have seen that movie already. Ya he visto esa película. (No se sabe cuando)

Usamos el pasado simple cuando es claro cuando sucedieron las cosas.

I saw that movie on Thursday. Vi la película el jueves. (Aquí se sabe exactamente cuando)

Se usa el presente perfecto con “for” y “since” cuando la acción no ha terminado todavía.

I have lived in Brazil for five years. Yo he vivido en Brasil por cinco años. (Y aún vivo ahí)

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Se usa el pasado simple con “for” cuando la acción ya terminó.

I lived in Brazil for five years. Yo viví en Brasil por cinco años. (Ya no vivo ahí ahora)

” Ago” (hace tiempo) se usa sólo con el pasado simple.

I lived in Brazil 12 years ago. Yo viví en Brasil hace 12 años. / Yo viví en Brasil 12 años atrás.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. Betty ________ in Tokyo for five years, but she left in 1993.

a) lived b) have lived

2. The Titanic ________ in 1912.

a) sank b) has sunk

3. We ________ a tree house last week

a) built b) have built

4. David ________ off his bike three times this month.

a) fell b) has fallen

5. Laura ________ from university last July.

a) graduated b) has graduated

6. I ________ the movie Titanic three times. I'm going to see it again tonight.

a) saw b) have seen

7. Two years ago, Fiona ________ her leg.

a) broke b) has broken

8. When Nelly was a child, she ________ in France.

a) lived b) has lived

9. I ________ my key yesterday, so I couldn't get into the house. Eventually, I found it in my jacket pocket.

a) lost b) have lost

10. He ________ any game so far.

a) didn´t lose b) haven´t lost

11. We ________ the bin last week.

a) didn´t empty b) haven´t emptied

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 12. She ________ there an hour ago.

a) wasn´t b) hasn´t been

Exercise 1: Use the prompts to write sentences in pat simple or present perfect.

1. You / ever / live / Paris / ? __________________________________________________________________

2. I / live / Paris / when / I / be / child ___________________________________________________________

3. You / go / Louvre / when / you / live / Paris / ? __________________________________________________

4. Yes / I / go / many times ___________________________________________________________________

5. I / never / visit / Louvre ____________________________________________________________________

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