RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Rizal Technological University

Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Industrial Engineering Department

A Sustainable Waste Management System of

the City of Mandaluyong

In partial fulfillment of requirements in the subject

TE2: Eco-Industrial Development

Submitted by:
De Chavez, Quennel Marc R.
De Leon, Hanna Rose
Eva, Kent Justine J.
Talosig, Princess Ma. Theresa B.

Submitted to:
Dr. Nestor Mirhan Japis

2018
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

The development of a sustainable waste management system, particularly for

rapidly growing cities in developing economies, entails designing a sustainable

system which must quickly become effective while generating revenue that could

guarantee its sustainability. The main objective of the system is drastically reducing

open dumping and uncontrolled burning practices. Educating citizens to abandon

these practices that have damaging impacts both on their environment and their

health, in developing economies is certainly fundamental (Information system,

Logistics and Supply chain, 2016).

The performance of the waste management system assessment process in a

city is dependent on the degree of success in integrating assessment findings into

decision making during the planning and implementation process. The linkages

between appraisal and decision making are not well researched and understood,

particularly in less developed countries and countries in transition. The current work

highlights the development process of a decision support tool that would aid

decision makers during the strategic planning phase. The main aim of waste

management is to treat, reuse, recycle and recover energy whenever possible. In

the available literature on waste management, it is common to find research work

tackling any of the sub-systems involved in waste management. Some papers

compare different recycling techniques, others different energy recovery

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alternatives, and others different composting methodologies. The current paper

investigates the waste management problem as whole. It tackles different sub-

systems concurrently and attempts to model the relationship relating these sub-

systems (Information system, Logistics and Supply chain, 2016).

The City of Mandaluyong promotes long term solid waste management

approaches that are acceptable by the law of land. It includes formulation and

implementation of policies, standards, programs and projects for proper and

sanitation waste disposal it will also involve the establishments and operation of

sanitary landfill and related facilities and the implementation of other alternative

programs intended to reduce, reuse, and recycle solid waste (Mandaluyong City

Profile).

With the sincere intention to help save the environment through waste

management the two barangays of Mandaluyong took the initiatives of implementing

their own waste management schemes. The community waste are collected by local

manpower roaming around with push carts each morning, later dumping the wastes

into a designated area within the motor pool. By arrangement with the contractor,

wastes are then carried off by the garbage trucks to the sanitary landfill

(Mandaluyong City Profile, Infrastructure).

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OBJECTIVES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:

A properly waste management aims at achieving the following objectives:

1. To ensure the protection of the environment through effective waste

management measures.

2. To increase the consumer awareness of waste minimization issues.

3. To increase reuse and recycling rates of products.

4. To develop local awareness campaigns on the social importance of waste

management.

5. To ensure an efficient and effective solid waste management.

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Mandaluyong City generates, about 1200 cu meters to 240 ton of solid

waste a day, a combination of domestic commercial/industrial, and institutional

hospital waste. As of year 2000, the total volume of waste generated amounted to

approximately 396,780 cu meters with an average of 33065 cu meters a month. The

volume generated for the month of January is usually the highest as more wastes

are produced during Christmas holiday and New Year festivities. In addition, each

individual generates approximately .71 kg of solid waste per day, which is beyond

the standard range of .23 to .60 kg or an average of .40 kg per capital per day as

indicated in several studies in metro manila. One contributing factor to such increase

is the intensive use of disposable materials in lieu of reusable day to day items such

as food containers, kitchen utensils, personal paraphernalia and the like, as can

easily be observed from filled garbage bins and street littler.

Segregation and Composting Pursuant to Republic Act 9003 also known as

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, the City Solid Waste Management

Board was organized whose immediate task is to formulate a Solid Waste

Management Plan for the city.

Meanwhile, with the worsening problem in waste disposal, the city

government has called upon its constituents to practice waste segregation and

recycling. To serve as role model, all city hall offices are required to strictly
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implement waste segregation, with segregation bins positioned in places visible to

the public.

In support of this scheme, the Truck Collection System is being modified, with

separate schedules for collecting biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

At present, about 15% of the total waste collected is segregated. Composting

With the objective of further minimizing waste for transport to its final disposal site, a

290 sq. lot within the Welfare Ville Compound is being planned as the site for the

City Composting Center.

http://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile/infrastructure.aspx?node=4

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Current waste Analyzation of Propose a

management Survey and sustainable Waste
System in questionnaires management
Mandaluyong City system in
Mandaluyong City

Figure 1

The figure above shows the schematic diagram of the study. The input shows

the gathering of data of the current waste management system in Mandaluyong

City. After that we will then analyze the gathered data. And last, the proposed

sustainable waste management system for Mandaluyong City.

Hypothesis
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1. Null Hypothesis: There is no reliable difference between the current

waste management system and the propose sustainable waste

management system in Mandaluyong City.

2. Alternative Hypothesis: There is reliable difference between the

current waste management system and the propose sustainable waste

management system in Mandaluyong City.

Theoretical Framework

The analysis of the data in this study will based on the use of Survey on

people in Mandaluyong City regarding to the current waste management system in

the city. Survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals.

A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or it might aim to obtain

the opinion of the survey takers.

The analysis will be guided by questionnaires focusing on each parameters

with the detailed questions to verify the reliability of the results obtained. The

outcome of the research study will be the insight of the proposed sustainable waste

management system for Mandaluyong City.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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The main problem of this study is to determine what are the plans and procedure of

Mandaluyong City in terms of a Sustainable Waste Management System.

Specifically it attempts to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the proper waste management system for Mandaluyong City?

2. What is the method garbage collection in Mandaluyong City?

3. What method of garbage recycling exist in Mandaluyong City?

4. Does people in Mandaluyong City participate in proper waste disposal?

5. Are the people in Mandaluyong City satisfy about the sustainable waste

management system in the city?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is first, to ensure the protection of the environment

through effective waste management measures and ensure an efficient and effective

waste management system. Second, to increase the consumer awareness of waste

minimization issues and increase the reusing and recycling rates of products. Third

is to develop local awareness campaigns on the social importance of waste

management. And lastly, to know and help the waste management system in

Manduluyong City to practice the proper waste disposal in their city.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
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Waste Management System- a encompass management of all process and

resources for proper handling of waste materials.

Solid Waste Management-means planning, organizing and implementing programs

to affect the storage.

Disposal- it means discharge, deposit, injection, dumpling or placing of any solid

waste into any land or water.

Recycling- reuse or legitimate recovery or reclamation of a hazardous waste

Segregation of Waste- is the process of sorting into dry and wet elements

Composting of Waste-is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and

in-depth search done by the researchers. Those that were included in this chapter

helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Foreign Literature

According to (Chandra, et al., 2009) a detailed investigation was made

regarding the methods of practices associated with sources, quantity generated,

collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal solid waste in

Mysore City. The data concerning to SWM in Mysore was obtained through

questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people and authentic record of

municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made about generation,

storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This study

reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based

on Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000

Whoilistic case study across North America conducted Environmental Consulting

(WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all the ordinary

garbage we throw away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is almost

equally divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and

food scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there's all the other organic stuff
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that could be composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic

fibers, plus wood, old furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million

tons accounts for another 30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year

for which figures are available, over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was

recovered and composted, as was 54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of

food waste reached a compost heap.

Rose, (2009) discussed there are many stringent regulations governing the

treatment and disposal of waste in the UK, both onshore and offshore, and in most

other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer and treatment require

licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require the proper kind of

training that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not

handled properly. Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond

quickly to emergency situations. By their very nature there is rarely any warning that

an emergency is about to occur. For that reason emergency response teams need

to be on standby every hour of every day, and every day of every year. Waste

management disposal and treatment can originate from both domestic and industrial

sources.

In other case Healey, (2010) stated that Australia is a large country, but we

live in a throw-away society that is rapidly filling it with our waste. Our insatiable

desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology and consume over-packaged

products has continued unabated for decades. At the same time however, there has

been a trend away from both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in landfills.
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Waste management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its

generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of our growing

waste problem and examines the waste and recycling practices of households, and

includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics include green

waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste.

Elsaid and Aghezzaf (2016) explained that a sustainable waste management

system is composed of four system breakdown structure namely recycling,

composting, waste to energy (WTE) and landfilling. In recycling, collected wastes

are either sorted or unsorted at source. Unsorted wastes will have to go through a

sorting process to separate recoverable materials. Paper, glass, plastic and metal

are recyclable materials that can be either reused or recycled. Paper enters the

municipal solid waste stream in different forms (e.g., newspaper, cardboard, fine

paper, etc.). The paper recycling process involves several steps. The paper are

sorted according to color, then repulped into very small pieces. The repulped paper

is mixed with water to produce a slurry. The slurry is pressed to produce recycled

paper which could be bleached to obtain white paper if required. Composting is one

of the oldest practices in waste utilization. Composting is an aerobic biological

process, in which the organic fraction is broken up by microorganisms into a

biologically stable substance. The decomposition process results in a stabilized

product that can not degrade further and can be used as natural soil fertilizer. The

process of composting occur in the presence of oxygen, and can be either natural or

controlled. The commercially sold compost is a result of controlled composting

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where the organic wastes are cut into small pieces and piled. Under favorable

oxygen and water conditions, microorganisms find their way to the organic piles

producing compost. In some cases such as worm composting (vermicomposting),

warms are introduced to the pile intentionally. The composting process can take any

time between one month and one year depending on the composting process used.

The compost is sieved to remove impurities such as small glass, plastic pieces or

big organic parts that have not decomposed fully. Energy generated from wastes

has become an economic alternative as well as a way to get rid of wastes. There are

different alternatives for obtaining energy in terms of expenses and technologies

used to generate energy from wastes. Such variety imply substantial investment and

operating cost as well as efficiencies and environmental implications. There are two

main categories of energy generation from wastes, first is transforming wastes to

electric or heat energy by incineration, gasification or pyrolysis and the second one

is collecting methane from landfills or biogas from anaerobic digestion. Landfilling is

the most common practice of MSW management. Landfilling is a way to store

wastes under safe conditions and in a lot of cases it is the only affordable solution.

Modern landfills are highly engineered facilities that are specifically designed to

stabilize the waste and minimize its hazards to the public and environment. Landfills

are constructed by digging deep pitches and with special liners that cover the bottom

and sides of the landfill to make sure that waste material will not contaminate the soil

and underground water. Wastes are introduced to the landfill in thin layers that are

then compacted and covered with isolating substances. A leachate collection system
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is designed to remove leachate generated from waste decomposition. A methane

collection system could be possibly installed to collect methane. Several countries

around the world have issued directives to minimize the amount of waste sent to

landfills. Nevertheless, it is impossible to eliminate the need for landfills because

some materials are thermodynamically impossible to recycle [18]. However, landfills

need to be well designed, maintained and operated to ensure environmental

sustainability.

Local Literature

According to Bernardo, (2008) the experiences and practices of household

waste management of people in a barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are

documented. The data were gathered through an interview with household members

using open-ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage

collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an

average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes

commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and

cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes.

The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other

waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting,

however, that burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The households rely

on garbage collection by the government. Collection is done twice daily, except

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Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck

arrives. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick-

up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes a

breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some household respondents said

that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered

by some of their family members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible

for household waste management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable items in

the dumped garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income, which is

generally not enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that garbage

collection and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The results of the

study showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila.

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze

the solid waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of

their compliance with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Bacolod City,

Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served as basis in developing a

handbook on solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).

The Mooting town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the

implementation of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen

here took at one-day seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at the

Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29.Motiong Mayor Francisco M.

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Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-

workshop sponsored by the town government conducted Municipal Planning and

Development Officer, Engr. NicasioPermejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen

were educated on the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so

that they would be acquainted with and help implement the law in their respective

barangays and propagate environmental preservation. He said the town government

will strictly implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s

barangays and urged the barangay officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility

(MRF) where they can segregate bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste

materials. Such materials can be turned into a livelihood as, according to Langi,

“there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter introduces the methodology used for this study and how it has

guided the data gathering and analysis and development of theory.

Research Method/Design

This research study adopted a descriptive research design. Descriptive

research design have been identified in the literature to describe systematically and

accurately the facts and characteristics of a given area of interest, to provide an

accurate portrayal or account of characteristics of a particular individual, situation or

group; these studies are a means of discovering new meanings, describing what

exists and determining the frequency with which something occurs and/or

categorizing information.

This study applauded a descriptive research design because first, it describes

the waste management system applied in Mandaluyong City. Second, it outlines

methods of practices associated with collection, transportation, storage, treatment

and disposal of Municipal solid waste in the City. Lastly, it construes the different

solid waste management programs implemented in Mandaluyong City.

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Data Gathering

The researchers will go to Mandaluyong City’s Municipality, located at the

Maysilo Circle, Plainview, to reach out for information regarding the waste

management system in the city.

The researchers will then make a survey questionnaires with focus in the

topic of making a sustainable waste management in Mandaluyong City.

Research instrument

The researchers will use Questionnaires. The data will be collected through

survey questionnaire. The questionnaire will deal with the target population of

households in Mandaluyong City with the combination of probability & non-

probability sampling method.

Microsoft Excel will be used in compiling the data gathered. Through these

instruments, the researchers can evaluate the significance of the factors that affect

the research.

Statistical treatment of data or data analysis

The analysis of data from questionnaires will follow from traditional qualitative

and quantitative data analysis processes. It will involve an assessment of data and

presentation of information collected in a survey questionnaires.

The researcher has made the questionnaire with questions focused on the

objective of the research study to ensure the validity of the results.

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The Microsoft excel software will be used to compute graphical

representation in the form of percentages and frequencies. Measures of central

tendencies and variance analysis will be employed in this regard to explain certain

trends

The raw data that will be gathered will be input in the Microsoft excel. The first

step in the use of excel is the conversion of the raw data and assigning codes to

each variable for entry. The closed ended questions will be coded based on a self-

designed scale.

Sampling Technique Used

We used Random sampling to determine the distribution of the respondents

that was included in the study. We made used of the Slovin’s Formula to determine

the sample size of the respondents.

The formula and computation were presented below:

𝐍
𝐧=
𝟏 + 𝐍ⅇ𝟐

where:

n= sample size

N= total population

e= margin of error
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N
n=
1 + Nⅇ2
102
=
1+102(0.05)2

102
=
1+102(0.0025)

102
=
1+0.26

102
=
1.26

= 80
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REFERENCES
SITE
http://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile/infrastructure.aspx?node=4

http://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile/profile.aspx?node=4

www.mmda.gov.ph

www.ILS2016_TB03_4.com

JOURNALS

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/104345429301000406?journalCode=jp

ob