Electronics Component

Grade 12 - 2018/2019
Under supervision of Mr. Mohamed A. Badawy.
Resistors
2
 Resistors
• Resistance defined
• Resistance values
▪ Ohms – color code
interpretation
▪ Power dissipation
• Resistors in circuits
▪ Series
▪ Parallel
▪ Mixed
3
 Resistors Defined
• Resistance is the impediment to the free flow of electrons through a
conductor
o (friction to moving electrons)
o Where there’s friction, there is heat generated
o All materials exhibit some resistance, even the best of conductors

• Unit measured in Ohm(s)

- From 1/10st of Ohms to millions of Ohms

4
 Resistors Types

• Fixed Value
• Variable value
• Composite resistive material
• Wire wound
• Two parameter associated with resistors
- Resistance value in Ohms
- Power handling capabilities in watts

5
All 1000 0hm resistors

6
Resistor types

7
Resistor types

8
Inside a resistor

9
 Reading resistor color codes

1. Turn resistor so gold or silver band is at right

2. Note the color of the two left hand color bands
3. The left most band is the left hand value digit
4. The next band to the right is the second value digit
5. Note the color of the third band from the left, this is
the multiplier
6. Multiply the 2 value digits by the multiplier
10
Reading resistor color codes

11
 Reading resistor color codes
(practice problems)
1. Orange, orange, red?
2. Yellow, violet, orange?
3. Brown, black, brown?
4. Brown, black, green?
5. Red, red, red?
6. Blue, gray, orange?
7. Orange, white, orange?
12
 Power dissipation

• Resistance generates heat and the component must be able to dissipate

this heat to prevent damage.
• Physical size (the surface area available to dissipate heat) is a good
indicator of how much heat (power) a resistor can handle
• Measured in watts
• Common values ¼, ½, 1, 5, 10 etc.

13
 Resistors in circuits series

• Looking at the
current path, if there
is only one path, the
components are in
series.

14
Resistors in circuits series

R1 + R2 + Rn

15
 Resistors in circuits series
• On your proto board set up the
following circuit using the R1
resistance values indicated on
the next slide.
• Calculate the equivalent
resistant RE and measure the
resistance with your VOM
R2

16
 Resistors in circuits series

R1 R2 Calculated Measured
RE RE
100 100

100K 10K

4.7K 4.7K

330 4.7K

17
 Resistors in circuits parallel

If there is more than one

way for the current to
complete its path, the
circuit is parallel

18
 Resistors in circuits parallel

R1R2 1
1 1 1
R1 + R2 + +
R1 R2 Rn

19
 Resistors in circuits parallel

• On your proto board set up the

following circuit using the
resistance values indicated on the
next slide.
R1 R2
• Calculate the equivalent resistant
RE and measure the resistance
with your VOM

20
 Resistors in circuits parallel

R1 R2 Calculated Measured
RE RE
100 100

100K 10K

4.7K 10K

330 4.7K

21
 Resistors in circuits parallel
challenge

• Make a circuit with 3 resistors in parallel,

calculate the equivalent resistance then measure
it.
• R1 = 330
• R2 = 10K
• R3 = 4.7K

22
 Resistors in circuits mixed
• If the path for the current in a
portion of the circuit is a single
path, and in another portion of
the circuit has multiple routes,
the circuit is a mix of series and

Series
parallel.

Series

Parallel
23
 Resistors in circuits mixed

• Let’s start with a relatively R1

simple mixed circuit.
Build this using:
• R1 = 330
R2 R3
• R2 = 4.7K
• R3 = 2.2K

24
 Resistors in circuits mixed
R1
• Take the parallel segment of the
circuit and calculate the equivalent
resistance:
R2
R3
R2 R3
R2 + R3

25
 Resistors in circuits mixed

• We now can look at the

simplified circuit as shown here, R1
the parallel resistors have been
replaced by a single resistor with
a value of 1498 ohms.
• Calculate the resistance now of
this series circuit:

R1 + RE
RE=1498

26
 Resistors in circuits mixed
• In this problem, divide the
problem into section, solve R1
each section and then combine
them all back into the whole.

Series
• R1 = 330 R2

Series

Parallel
• R2 = 1K R4
• R3 = 2.2K R3
• R4 = 4.7K

27
 Resistors in circuits mixed

• Looking at this portion of

the circuit, the resistors are
R2
in series.
• R2 = 1K
• R3 = 2.2K

R2 + R3 R3

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 Resistors in circuits mixed

• Substituting the equivalent

resistance just calculated, the circuit R1
is simplified to this.
• R1 = 330
• R4 = 4.7K
• RE = 3.2K
RE R4
• Now look at the parallel resistors RE
and R4.

29
 Resistors in circuits mixed

• Using the parallel formula for:

• RE = 3.2K
• R4 = 4.7K
RE R4
RE R4
RE + R4

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 Resistors in circuits mixed

• The final calculations involve R1 and the

new RE from the previous parallel
calculation. R1
• R1 = 330
• RE = 1.9K

R1 + RE RE

31
 Resistors in circuits mixed

R1 = 330

RE = 2,230

R2 = 1K

R3 = 2.2K
R4 = 4.7K =
32
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
 E = I *R
• There is a mathematical relationship between the E
three components of electricity. That relationship
is Ohm’s Law. R=
• E = volts
• R = resistance in ohms
I
• I = current in amps
E
I=
R
 Ohm’s Law

• This is the basic circuit that

you will use for the following
exercises.
• The VOM will be moved to
measure voltage/resistance
and current. A

V
 Ohm’s Law In Practice
A

• Build up the illustrated circuit.

• R1 = 1K R1
• R2 = 1K
• R3 = 2.2K
• R4 = 300
• Measure the current flowing R2 R3
through the circuit.

R4
• Now move the VOM to the other side of the
circuit and measure the current.
• The current should be the same as the
previous measurement.

A
• Insert the VOM at the indicated location and
measure the current.
• There should be no surprise that the current is
the same. A
• Measure the voltage across R1. V

• Using Ohm’s law, calculate the voltage drop

across a 1K ohm resistor at the current you
measured
• Compare the result.
• In this next step, you will insert the
VOM in the circuit at two places
illustrated at the right as #1 and #2.
#1 #2
• Record your current readings for both
places. A A

• Add the currents and compare and

contrast to the current measured
entering the total circuit.
• Using the current measured through #1 and the resistance value of
R2, 1k ohms, calculate the voltage drop across the resistor.
• Likewise do the same with the current measured through #2 and the
resistance value of R3, 2.2k ohms.
• Compare and contrast these two voltage values
• Measure the voltage across the parallel
resistors and record your answer.
• Compare and contrast the voltage
measured to the voltage drop calculated.

V
• In the next step, insert the VOM into the
circuit as illustrated, measure and record the
current.
• Compare and contrast the current measured to
the total current measured in a previous step.
• Were there any surprises?

A
• Using the current you just measured and
the resistance of R4 (330 ohms), calculate
what the voltage drop across R4 should
be.
• Insert the VOM into the circuit as
illustrated and measure the voltage.
• Compare and contrast the measured and
calculated voltages.

V
 • The sum of the individual currents was equal to the total current flowing
through the circuit.
• The sum of the voltage drops was equal to the total voltage across the circuit.
• You also noted that Ohm’s Law applied throughout the circuit.
capacitors
*Capacitance defined.
*Physical construction:-
construction:-
-Types
-How construction affects values
-Power ratings
*Capacitor performance with AC and DC currents.
*Capacitance values:-cuits:-
-Series
-Parallel
 The Capacitor
Defined

-A device that stores energy in the form of

electric field.
-Two conductive plates separated by a non
conductive material.
-Electrons accumulate on one plate forcing
electrons away from the other plate
leaving a net positive charge.
-Think of a capacitor as very small,
temporary storage battery.
 The Capacitor
Physical Construction
- Ability to hold a charge(Capacitance) depends on:-
• The area of capacitor plates. “direct proportional”
• The distance between the two plates. “inverse proportional”
• Insulating material between plates.

- Capacitors are rated by:-

• Amount of charge that can be held.
• The voltage handling capabilities.
Charging and Discharging of Capacitor
 Charging and Discharging of Capacitor

• A capacitor is charged when we supply a voltage with current running through the
capacitor, in the process the capacitor accumulates charges and is called charged. In this
case, the voltage difference between the capacitor plates is equal to the voltage difference
between the battery poles.
• A charged capacitor can then be discharged by draining the current through it’s two
terminals or connecting some load through it’s terminals.
• discharging current will flow in the opposite direction of the charging current.
 The Capacitor
Behavior in DC

• When exposed to DC, the capacitor charges and holds the charge as long as
the DC voltage is applied.
• A capacitor blocks the passage of DC.
• A capacitor passes AC.
 The Capacitor
Behavior in AC

• When AC current is applied, during one half of the cycle the

capacitor accepts a charge in one direction.
• During the next half of the cycle, the capacitor is discharges then
recharged in the reverse direction.
• During the next half cycle the pattern reverses.
• Essentially, it appears that AC current passes through a capacitor
 Unit Of Capacitance

-The unit of capacitance is the farad.

• A single farad is a huge amount of capacitance.
• Most electronic devices use capacitors that have a very tiny fraction of a farad.
- Common capacitance ranges are:
• Micro - 10-6

• Nano - 10-9

• Pico - 10-12
 The Capacitor
Capacitance Value

• Capacitor identification depends on the capacitor type.

• Could be color bands, dots, or numbers.

 Capacitors in Circuits
• In series, plates are far apart making capacitance less.

C1C2
C1 + C2
• In parallel, the surface area of the plates add up to be greater, and
close together. This makes the capacitance more the Capacitor

C1 + C2
inductors

58
There are two fundamental principles of electronics:
1. Moving electrons create a magnetic field.
2. Moving or changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move.

An inductor is a coil of wire through which electrons move, and energy is stored in the
resulting magnetic field.

59
• Like capacitors, inductors temporarily store energy.

• Unlike capacitors:
• Inductors store energy in a magnetic field, not
an electric field.
• When the source of electrons is removed, the
magnetic field collapses immediately.

60
 Inductor mechanism
• Inductors are simply coils of wire.
• Can be air wound (nothing in the middle of the coil)
• Can be wound around a permeable material (material that concentrates magnetic
fields)
• Can be wound around a circular form (toroid)

61
 Inductance unit
• Inductance is measured in Henry(s).

• A Henry is a measure of the intensity of the magnetic field

that is produced.

• Typical inductor values used in electronics are in the range

of milli Henry (1/1000) and micro Henry (1/1,000,000)

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• The amount of inductance is
influenced by a number of factors:
• Number of coil turns.
• Diameter of coil.
• Spacing between turns.
• Size of the wire used.
• Type of material inside the coil.

63
 Inductor Performance With DC Currents

• When DC current is applied to an inductor, the wire in the inductor momentarily

appears as a short circuit and maximum current flows.
• As the magnetic field builds (changes) there is a tendency for the current flow to
slow down (due to an opposition cause the the changing magnetic field).
• Finally, the magnetic field is at its maximum and the current flows to maintain the
field.
• As soon as the current source is removed, the magnetic field begins to collapse
and creates a rush of current in the other direction, sometimes at very high
voltages.

64
 Inductor Performance With AC Currents

• When AC current is applied to an inductor, during the first half of the cycle, the
magnetic field builds as if it were a DC voltage.

• During the next half of the cycle, the current is reversed and the magnetic field
first has to decrease the reverse polarity in step with the changing current.

• Depending on the value of inductance, these forces can work against each other,
making for a less than simple situation.

65
 Scientific Idea

• Because the magnetic field surrounding an

inductor can cut across another inductor in
close proximity, the changing magnetic field
in one can cause current to flow in the other
… the basis of transformers

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Multimeter

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 Front panel features
• Volts / Ω / inputs
How is this input protected?
• Amps, mA, mA inputs
How is this input protected?
• CAT IV - safety rating
• Range: select manual ranging
• button
Second function
• button
Hold function
HOLD

68
 Front panel symbols
Symbol Meaning
V V dc
V V ac
mV Millivolts (.001 V or 1/1000 V)
A Amps
mA Milliamps (.001 A or 1/1000 A)
µA MicroA (.000001 A or 1/1000000 A)
Ω Resistance (Ohms)
kΩ, MΩ Kilohms, megohms
)))) Continuity beeper
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 Front panel symbols
Symbol Meaning
Capacitance (uF: microfarads, nF: nanofarads)
Diode test
Hz Hertz (cycles/sec)
dB Decibels
Range Manual measurement ranging
Hold TouchHold/AutoHOLD - last stable reading
MIN MAX Highest, lowest recorded readings
Dangerous voltage levels

Caution: See manual 70

 DMM Specifications

• Display
• Accuracy
• Range and
resolution

71
 Understanding DMM display specifications
Display is specified as digits or as count
• Digits: 3 1/2, 4 1/2, etc.
• Example: 3 ½ - starting from the least significant digit, 3 “full” digits from 0-9, 1
“half” digit at less
than 9. Example: 1999
5000 count
• Can be confusing: How do you specify 3999?
• Count: 6000, 5000, 4000, 3200, etc.
• 4000 count display reads from 0 - 3999
• 3200 count display reads from 0 - 3199
• Hands-on: 6000 count display
• Select V, measure battery

72
 Understanding DMM accuracy specifications

Accuracy is specified in percentage

• Closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value being measured;
largest allowable error
• Percentage of reading (DMMs) vs. percentage of scale or range (analog meters)
• Example: 1 % scale vs. 1 % reading)
% scale: If scale or range is 1000 V, an accuracy of 1 % is equal to +/- 10 V. 120 V reading
could = 110 - 130 V % reading: 1 % accuracy with 120 V reading = 118.8 - 121.2 V
• Least significant digit unstable:
Example: Accuracy spec = +/-(1 % +2)
Reading of 200.0 Mv = 197.8 - 202.2 mV
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 Understanding DMM specifications
Range and resolution
• Resolution is the smallest change in measured value
to which the instrument will respond.
• As the range increases, the resolution decreases:
Turn Fluke 179 to Vac and hit Range button (Auto disappears)
Range: Resolution:
600.0 mV .1 mV (= 1/10 mV)
6.000 V .001 V (= 1 mV)
60.00 V .01 V (= 10 mV)
600.0 V 0.1 V (= 100 mV)
1000 V 1V (= 1000 mV)
(To exit Manual Range, hold Range button for two seconds)
• For maximum resolution, choose the lowest
possible range. 74
DMM
measurements

75
 How DMMs measure voltage
Measuring volt / input impedance
Step 1:
Meter 1 (179) - Select ohms.
Meter 2 - Select Vdc.
Use meter 1 to measure
input impedance of meter 2.
Meter 2 input Z = ______Ω
Step 2: Reverse procedure.
Meter 1 - Select Vdc
Meter 2 - Select ohms.
Meter 1 input Z = ______Ω
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 How DMMs measure voltage
• The meter supplies voltage to the circuit
• Presence of external voltage in circuit being measured causes meaningless readings and
can damage a meter without overload protection
• How it works:
Measured V1 across a precision R1 is compared to measured V2 across an unknown Rx

77
 How DMMs measure current
AC current clamp accessories
• Current transformer (CT) style preferred for ac:
• CT clamps have good noise immunity; recommended for ac
variable speed drives and other noisy environments.
• How to use: Use A inputs.
• They are CTs with 1:1000 turns ratio:
1 A on primary (circuit being measured) =
1 mA on secondary (input signal to DMM).
• Connect probe to amps jacks of DMM.
• Select mA function on the Fluke 179.
• True-rms measurements require a
true-rms meter.
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 How DMMs measure current
AC/DC current clamp accessories
AC/DC clamps: Use V inputs of DMM.
Use Hall effect technology: require batteries
in clamp
1 mV per amp
Select Vdc or mVdc to measure dc current
Select Vac to measure ac current
True-rms measurement (of ac current)
requires a true-rms meter.

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 How DMMs measure current
Measuring load current and inrush
Plug the ac current clamp accessory into the meter:
Fluke 179 - use mA inputs
Remember: 1 mA = 1 A
• Select mA function.
• Select auto range and connect to mA input and common.
• Measure motor inrush current.
• Select MIN MAX

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 Team members

#Sara_ #Ghada_
#Yasmin_
Hamza Amer Ibrahim

#Samar_ #Nouran_
Hamdy Mostafa

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