Professional Documents
Culture Documents
College of MEDICINE
Central Philippine University
PCFM II
WATER
It is the essential components of the
earth hydrosphere and indispensable
part of the terrestrial ecosystem.
It is needed in all aspects of life.
Earth is comprises of 1.4 billion km3 of
water.
Amount of water on earth does not
changes.
Hydrologic cycles is a continuous
process with no start or ending.
.
Water Pollution
Water Pollution define :
any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of any water resource that will or is likely to create
or render such water resources harmful, detrimental or
injurious to public health, safety or welfare, or which will
adversely affect their utilization for domestic, industrial,
agricultural, recreational or other legitimate purposes.
Water Pollutants
Physical Pollutants -are floating or suspended materials found
in water.
Chemical Pollutants - classified as organic and inorganic
contaminants.
Biological Pollutants - in the form of organism such as
pathogenic or disease causing organism i.e. viruses, bacteria,
protozoa and helminths
EFFECTS OF WATER CONTAMINANTS
Generation of Malodorous gases - indication of the presence of matter
inimical to aquatic life.
Extinction of endemic flora and fauna
physiological effect such as vomiting,poor appetite, etc.
Toxicity in Water - can be toxic even with the absence of odor and
other obvious sign of pollution. Cause by the presence of toxic
substances in water.
Chronic and acute toxicity for both man and animals
deformities and organs malfunctions.
Eutrophication - promotion of heavy aquatic plants growth or
acceleration of aging process.
Depletion of dissolved oxygen (D.O)
emission of bad odor
fish kills
accelerated sedimentation.
Water borne disease - due to the presence of pathogenic
microorganism.
Impairment of aesthetics - interfere with the recreational use and
aesthetic enjoyment of water.
Interference with transmission of sunlight - interfere with the
transmission of light in water reducing the growth rate and resistance
to diseases of fish. It prevent the development of fish eggs and larvae.
Water
Sources of water:
Contaminated Soil
Contact with Water
Contaminated
ground water
Ground Water Flow
Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification
•Bioaccumulation has increased 100 million
times
PCB Concentration
(ppb)
Fish-eating
birds 3,530,000
Plankton 1,880
Sediments 150
Water Pollution
Major Categories of
Treatment
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary/ advanced
Raw Sewage
Secondary Settling
Receiving Body
Pre-treatment
Primary Treatment
removal of settleable or floatable solids
using physical means
Settleable Solids
90-95%
Suspended Solids
50-65%
BOD
20-35%
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Screening
Grit removal
Primary
sedimentation
Flotation
Equalization
Secondary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
removal or transformation of organic matter
through the action of microorganisms
Trickling filter
Activated-sludge
Rotating biological contactor
Biological Treatment
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A mixture of wastewater
and biological sludge
(microorganisms) is
agitated and aerated.
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Pasteurization and drying
Lime stabilization
Alternative Treatment
Systems
Using effluents for irrigation
Reconstructed wetland systems
Artificial wetland systems
Greenhouse wetland systems
Overland flow systems
Summary of Wastewater Treatment
WATER POLLUTION
Water is the lifeblood of the environment, essential to
the survival of all living things – plants, animals,
humans – and we must do everything possible to
maintain its quality for today and the future. However,
the quality and quantity of water have been significantly
affected by an increasing population, household and
industrial activities.
Pollution Contribution:
48% domestic waste
37% Agricultural waste
15% Industrial
Parameters
•Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - Used to indicate the amount of biodegradable
organic waste.
•Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Used to test wastewater that contains non-
biodegradable compound or compounds that inhibit microbial activities.
•Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds - major nutrients for the growth of microorganism
and plants
•Temperature
WATER POLLUTION SOURCES
Points Sources - those entering the environment from a fixed sources and
generally flowing continuously or over a limited period of time.
Specific Source:
Organic materials
Domestic
Agricultural
Solid waste
Industry dealing with plants, animals and their products.
Chemical industry for organic chemicals.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
domestic sewage and laundry/cleaning
agricultural runoff
industry that process organic nitrogen compounds
effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, water supply
Heavy Metals
electroplating, iron and steel mills, semiconductor and mine tailings.
Biological
human feces, and animal feedlots
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTNATS
Points Sources - those entering the environment from a fixed sources and
generally flowing continuously or over a limited period of time.
– Domestic
– Industrial
Diffuse or nonpoint sources - those which continuously add extraneous
materials into a watercourse from a widely spread area.
– Agricultural runoff
– Stormwater runoff
Specific Source:
– Organic materials
• Domestic
• Agricultural
• Solid waste
• Industry dealing with plants, animals and their products.
• Chemical industry for organic chemicals.
– Nitrogen and Phosphorus
• domestic sewage and laundry/cleaning
• agricultural runoff
• industry that process organic nitrogen compounds
• effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, water supply
– Heavy Metals
• electroplating, iron and steel mills, semiconductor and mine tailings.
– Biological
• human feces, and animal feedlots
Effects of water pollutant
Generation of Malodorous gases - indication of the presence of matter inimical
to aquatic life.
Extinction of endemic flora and fauna
physiological effect such as vomiting, poor appetite, etc.
Toxicity in Water - can be toxic even with the absence of odor and other obvious
sign of pollution. Cause by the presence of toxic substances in water.
Chronic and acute toxicity for both man and animals
deformities and organs malfunctions.
Eutrophication - promotion of heavy aquatic plants growth or acceleration of
aging process.
Depletion of dissolved oxygen (D.O) leading to fish kill
Emission of bad odor
Accelerated sedimentation.
Water borne disease - due to the presence of pathogenic microorganism.
Impairment of aesthetics - interfere with the recreational use and aesthetic
enjoyment of water.
Interference with transmission of sunlight - interfere with the transmission of
light in water reducing the growth rate and resistance to diseases of fish. It
prevent the development of fish eggs and larvae.
Heavy metals in water:
• methyl mercury –
minamata disease
seriously affecting
the central nervous
system
• cadmium – itae-
itae disease
• lead – lead
poisoning
Issues…..
Dumping at rivers…
SLF-Clark
SLF-Clark – Leachate Collection
Installation of clay and gravel liner
Compacted Waste
Cover Material
Gravel liner
+++ permeability