CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT AND PRACTICALS

…………………………………………………………………..
.

ST ANTHONY’S SEC SCHOOL

FATEHGARH
CANTT,FARRUKHABAD(209625)

SUBMITTED BY:-
MOHD FARHAN KHAN
11th B
ROLL NO. 34

ST ANHTONY S,SEC, SCHOOL

8/3/2018
The investigatory project has been
satisfactorily performed
By master mohd farhan khan studying in
st anthony’s senior secondary school
class -xi - b during the academic year 2018-
2019

teacher’s signature principal’s signature

Date—

School stamp
 aknowledgement
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to our
respected chemistry teacher
miss ashly mathew as well as our
principal father jimmy james who
gave us such a wonderful chemistry
lab and also I would like to express
my special thanks for giving me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project , which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research
and i came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to
our school.
 Index
 Objective
 Introduction
 Factors influences
rate of evaporation
 Theory
 Experiment no. 1
 Experiment no. 2
 Experiment no. 3
 Experiment no. 4
 bibliography
 Objective
In this project, we shall
investigate various
factors such as nature
of liquid, surfaceof
liquid and temperature
and find their
correlation with the
rate of evaporation
of different liquids.
introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It
slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be
explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong
molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into
gaseous phase. If such molecules happen
to come near the surface in a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same
kinetic energy. There is a small fraction
of molecules which have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the attractive forces
 and escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to
the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation have high kinetic
energy therefore the kinetic energy of the
molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are
left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore temperature is kept constant
the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic
energy and high molecular energy will
kept one escaping from liquid into
gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an
open vessel evaporation will continue
until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the

water cycle. Solar energy drives
evaporation of water from oceans, lakes,
moisture in the soil, and other sources of
water. In hydrology, evaporation and
transpiration (which involves evaporation
within plant stomata) are collectively
termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is
caused when water is exposed to air and
the liquid molecules turn into water vapor
which rises up and forms clouds.
 Factors influencing
rate of Evaporation
11)) CCO
ONNCCEEN
NTTR
RA ATTIIO
ONN O
OFF TTH
HEE SSU
UBBSSTTA
ANNC
CEE
EEV
VAAP
POORRA
ATTIIN
NG G IIN
N TTH
HEE A
AIIR
R
 If the air already has a high concentration
of the substance evaporating, then the
given substance will evaporate more
slowly.
22)) C CO
ON NC
CEEN
NTTR
RAATTIIO
ONN O
OFF O
OTTH
HEER
R SSU
UBBSSTTA
ANNC
CEESS IIN
N
TTHHEE A
AIIR
R
 If the air is already saturated with other
substances, it can have a lower capacity
forth substance evaporating.
33)) TTEEM
MPPEER
RAATTU
URREE O
OFF TTH
HEE SSU
UBBSSTTA
ANNC
CEE..
 If the substance is hotter, then
evaporation will be faster.
44)) FFLLO
OWW R
RAATTEE O
OFF A
AIIR
R

 This is in part related to the concentration

points above. If fresh air is moving over the
substance all the time, then the
concentration of the substance in the air is
less likely to go up with time, thus
encouraging faster evaporation. In
addition, molecules in motion have more
energy than those at rest, and so the
stronger the flow of air, the greater the
evaporating power of the air molecules.

55)) IIN
NTTEER
R--M
MOOLLEEC
CUULLA
ARR FFO
ORRC
CEESS
 The stronger the forces keeping the
molecules together in the liquid or solid
state the more energy that must be input
in order to evaporate them.
66)) SSU
URRFFA
ACCEE A
ARREEA
A A
ANND
D TTEEM
MPPEER
RAATTU
URREE

 The rate of evaporation of liquids varies

directly with temperature. With the
increase in the temperature, fraction
of molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy to escape out from the surface also
increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also
increases. Molecules that escape the
surface of the liquids constitute the
evaporation. Therefore larger surface area
contributes accelerating evaporation.
77)) N
NAATTU
URREE O
OFF LLIIQ
QUUIID
DSS..
 The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of
attraction in liquid determines the speed of
evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular
forces of attraction larger are the extent of
evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of
evaporation is greater than that of ethyl
alcohol.

88))C
COOM
MPPO
OSSIITTIIO
ONN O
OFF EEN
NVVIIR
ROON
NMMEEN
NTT..
 The rate of evaporation of liquids depends
upon the flow of air currents above the
surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away
the molecules of the substance in vapour
state thereby preventing condensation.
99)) D
DEEN
NSSIITTYY..
 The higher the density, the slower a liquid
evaporates. In the US, the National
Weather Service measures the actual rate
of evaporation from a standardized "pan"
open water surface outdoors, at various
locations nation wide. Others do likewise
around the world. The US data is collected
and compiled in to an annual evaporation
map. The measurements range from under
30 to overthe120 inches (3,000 mm) per
year.

1100)) P
PRREESSSSU
URREE
 In an area of less pressure, evaporation
happens faster because there is less
exertion on the surface keeping the
molecules from launching themselves
 Theory
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be
located near the surface, be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces. Only a
small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since
the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its
temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules
escape, the remaining molecules have lower average
kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid
thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called
evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat
cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to
proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between
the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a
clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on
a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to
evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
 Experiment no. 1
Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of
acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Apparatus:
Three same size Petridishes of diameter 10
cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stopwatch, acetone
benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:
 Clean and dry all Petridishes and identify
them as A, B and C.
 Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petridish
"A" with stopper similarly pipette out of 10
ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of
Petri "B" and "C".
 Remove the cover plates from all
Petridishes and start the stop watch.
Let the Petridishes remain exposed for 10
minute. Now cover each of the Petridish
and note the volume of remaining material
in them.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petridishes Liq. Volume Vol. Rate (V/T)
Marked Taken remaining Evap. ml./s
(vl) ml (V2)ml. V=V1–
V2
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
A 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
A 10 4 6 6/600=0.010
Result:
 Rate of evaporation of Acetone is
0.0133 ml/s.
 Rate of evaporation of Benzene is
0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is
0.010 ml/s.

Conclusion:
 The intermolecular forces of acetone,
benzene and chloroform are in order.

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

 Experiment no. 2
Aim:
To study the effect of surface area on the
rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Apparatus:
Three Petridishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm,
7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette and
stop watch.

Procedure:
 Clean and dry all Petridishes and mark
them as A, B and C.
 Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each
of the Petridishes A, B and C and cover
them immediately.
 Uncover all three Petridishes and start the
stop watch.
 Note the remaining volume after 10 min.
vaporization of diethyl ether from each
Petridish.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri Diameter Volume Remaining Evaporated
dishes of P.T.Ds. Taken(ml.) Vol.(ml.) volume
Marked
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10
Result:
 The order of evaporation of acetone in
three Petridishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Conclusion:
 Larger the surface area more is
evaporation.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM:
To study the effect of temperature on
rate of evaporation of acetone.

Apparatus:
Two Petridishes of 5 cm. diameter each
stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer and thermostat.

Procedure:
 Wash and Clean, dry the Petridishes
and mark them as A, B.
 Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to
each of Petridishes A and B and cover
them.
 Put one Petridish at room temperature
and to the other heat for same time.4.
Note the reading
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri Time Temperature(00C) Volume Evaporated
dishes (Sec.) Taken(ml.) volume
Marked (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10

Result:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two
Petridishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.

Conclusion:
Observations clearly show that the
evaporation increases with temperature
 Experiment no. 4
Aim:
To study the effect of air current on the
rate of evaporation of acetone.

Apparatus:
Two Petridishes acetone.

Procedure:
 Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark
them as A and B.
 Keep one dish where no air current and
other under a fast air current.
 Note the reading.

Observations:
Initial volume 10 ml. of acetone.
Petri dishes Conditions Time (Sec.) Volume
Marked Evaporated
(ml.)

A With fan 40 10

B Without fan 50 10
Results:
 The order of evaporation of acetone in two
Petri dishes as given
 With fan > Without Fan.

Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases
with the increase inrate of flow of air
current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www
www..ggo
oooggllee..cco
omm

www
www..lle
eaarrnnccbbssee..cco
omm

www
www..sse
emmiinna
arrssoonnllyy..cco
omm

www
www..sse
emmiinna
arrssoonnllyy..cco
omm