ACTIVITY NO.

3 AIRFOIL SELECTION

SUBMISSION DATE: JULY 19, 2018

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR.ROBERTO R. RENIGEN RATING:

Give
n:
𝑡
= 0.12𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑁𝐴𝐶𝐴4412
𝑐
𝑡
𝑐
= 0.12𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑁𝐴𝐶𝐴2412
t
c
= 0.21 for NACA 4321

Fig 9.23 Theoretical and Experimental Variation of eW with Aspect

Ratio.

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ACTIVITY NO.3

Fig. 9.23 Theoretical and Experimental Variation of ew with Aspect Ratio.

Explanation of Table:
Column No.:
①, 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
②, 𝛼6 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
③, ∆𝛼𝑖 = 18.24 𝐾 ①
Where:
1 1
K= (Ae)D
− (Ae)6

e = 𝑒𝑤
In Fig. 9:23,
At 𝐴𝐷 = 6.79 , 𝑒𝑤 = 0.89

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ACTIVITY NO.3

At 𝐴6 = 6.00 , 𝑒𝑤 = 0.90
1 1
K= −
(6.79)(0.89) (6.00)(0.90)

K = -0.01971
Thus,
∆𝛼𝑖 = ①

④, 𝛼𝐷 = ②+ ③
⑤, 𝐶𝐷6 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ

⑥, ∆𝐶𝐷𝑖 = 0.318 𝐾 ①

⑦, 𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ

⑧, cos𝛼𝐷 = cos ④
⑨, sin𝛼𝐷 = sin ④

⑩, 𝐶𝐿 cos 𝛼𝐷 = ① x ⑧
⑪, 𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐷 = ⑦ 𝑥 ⑨

⑫, 𝐶𝑁 = ⑩ + ⑪
⑬, 𝐶𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝐷 = ① 𝑥 ⑨
⑭, 𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝐷 = ⑦ 𝑥 ⑧

⑮, 𝐶𝐶 = ⑭ − ⑬
⑯, C.P. = read from graph
⑰, 𝐶𝑚𝑐/4 = (0.25 − ⑯) 𝑥 ⑫

⑱, 𝐶𝑚𝑎.𝑐. = ⑰ + (𝑎. 𝑐. −0.25) 𝑥 ⑫

Where:
𝑡 2
a.c. = 0.25 – 0.4(𝑐)

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ACTIVITY NO.3

FOR NACA 4412 and NACA 2412

𝑡 2
a.c. = 0.25 – 0.4(𝑐)

a.c. = 0.25 – (0.4)(0.12)2

a.c. = 0.244
𝐶𝑚𝑎.𝑐. = ⑰ + (0.237 − 0.25)𝑥⑫

FOR NACA 4321

𝑡 2
a.c. = 0.25 – 0.4(𝑐)

a.c. = 0.25 – (0.4)(. 21)2

a.c. = 0.232
𝐶𝑚𝑎.𝑐. = ⑰ + (0.232 − 0.25)𝑥⑫

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ACTIVITY NO.3

NACA 4412

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ACTIVITY NO.3

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

CL α6 ∆αi αD CD6 ∆CDi CDD

- deg. deg. deg. - - -

0 -4 0.00 -4.00 0.0100 0.0000 0.0100

0.2 -0.9 -0.05 -0.95 0.0130 -0.0002 0.0128

0.4 1.9 -0.11 1.79 0.0175 -0.0008 0.0167

0.6 6.2 -0.16 6.04 0.0280 -0.0017 0.0263

0.8 10 -0.22 9.78 0.0440 -0.0030 0.0410

1.0 12.3 -0.27 12.03 0.0630 -0.0048 0.0582

1.2 14.5 -0.33 14.17 0.0980 -0.0068 0.0912

1.4 18.9 -0.38 18.52 0.1350 -0.0093 0.1257

1.6 21.5 -0.44 21.06 0.2175 -0.0122 0.2053

⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭
cos αD sin αD CL cos αD CDD sin αD CN CL sin αD CDDcosαD

- - - - - - -

0.99756 -0.06976 0 -0.00070 -0.001 0.00000 0.00100

0.99986 -0.01665 0.19997 -0.00023 0.200 -0.00333 0.01280

0.99951 -0.03125 0.39980 0.00048 0.400 0.01145 0.01673

0.99446 0.10516 0.59667 0.00176 0.600 0.04015 0.02623

0.98546 0.16990 0.78837 0.00448 0.799 0.08754 0.04071

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ACTIVITY NO.3

0.98780 0.20838 0.97805 0.00954 0.992 0.16380 0.05746

0.96956 0.24485 1.16347 0.01961 1.185 0.25815 0.08902

0.94822 0.31760 1.32751 0.03992 1.365 0.44465 0.11918

0.93318 0.35940 1.49309 0.07380 1.564 0.57505 0.19161

⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳

Cc C.P. Cm c/4 Cma.c. CDi CDO

- % - - - -
0.0010 0 -0.0002 -0.0002 0 0.0100
0.0165 60 -11.9339 -11.9359 0.0019 0.0108
0.0053 48 -19.1151 -19.1191 0.0077 0.0090
-0.0139 40 -23.8665 -23.8725 0.0173 0.0089
-0.0468 38 -30.1879 -30.1958 0.0308 0.0101
-0.1063 33 -32.6201 -32.6301 0.0481 0.01008
-0.1691 32 -37.8306 -37.8424 0.0694 0.02180
-0.3255 31 -41.0485 -41.0621 0.0944 0.0313
-0.3834 30 -46.6149 -46.6305 0.1233 0.0820

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ACTIVITY NO.3

𝑐
𝑓𝑜𝑟(𝑐 𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
𝐷

𝑐 0.48
(𝑐 𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.01950)
𝐷
𝑐
( 𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24.62
𝑐𝐷

from the table:

CL αD CD Cma.c.

0.4 1.79o 0.0167 -19.1991

0.48 αD 0.01950 Cma.c.

0.6 6.04o 0.02628 -23.8665

By interpolation:

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ACTIVITY NO.3

For αD:
0.48−0.40 𝛼 −1.79
𝐷
0.60−0.40
= 6.04−1.79

𝛼𝐷 = 3.4𝑜
For Cma.c. :
0.48−0.40 𝐶
𝑚𝑎𝑐 −(−19.1991)
0.60−0.40
= −23.8665−(−19.1991)

𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑐 = −21.0660

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ACTIVITY NO.3

NACA 2412

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ACTIVITY NO.3

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦
CL α6 ∆αi αD CD6 ∆CDi CDD
------------ deg. deg. deg. ------------ ------------ ------------
0 -2.00 0.00 -2.00 0.0100 0.0000 0.0100
0.2 0.85 -0.07 0.78 0.0125 -0.0003 0.0123
0.4 3.75 -0.14 3.61 0.0175 -0.0010 0.0165
0.6 6.25 -0.22 6.03 0.0325 -0.0023 0.0303
0.8 9.00 -0.29 8.71 0.0475 -0.0040 0.0435
1 11.85 -0.36 11.49 0.0685 -0.0063 0.0623
1.2 14.75 -0.43 14.32 0.0985 -0.0090 0.0895
1.4 17.75 -0.50 17.25 0.1335 -0.0123 0.1213
1.6 21.50 -0.58 20.92 0.1875 -0.0160 0.1715
1.62 22.50 -0.58 21.92 0.2075 -0.0164 0.1911

⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭
cosαD sinαD CLcosαD CDD sinαD CN CLsinαD CDD cosαD
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
0.99939 -0.0349 0.00000 -0.00035 0.000 0.00000 0.00999
0.99991 0.01358 0.19998 0.00017 0.200 0.00272 0.01230
0.99802 0.062898 0.39921 0.00104 0.400 0.02516 0.01647
0.99446 0.105124 0.59668 0.00319 0.600 0.06307 0.03013
0.98846 0.151475 0.79077 0.00659 0.797 0.12118 0.04300
0.97996 0.199205 0.97996 0.01241 0.992 0.19921 0.06105
0.96894 0.247313 1.16272 0.02213 1.185 0.29678 0.08672
0.95504 0.296486 1.33705 0.03596 1.373 0.41508 0.11585
0.93405 0.357142 1.49448 0.06125 1.556 0.57143 0.16019
0.92772 0.373273 1.50291 0.07133 1.574 0.60470 0.17729

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ACTIVITY NO.3

⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳
CC C.P. Cm c/4 Cm a .c. CDi CD0
------------ % ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
-0.0100 -0.00009 -0.00009 0.0000 0.0100
-0.0096 45 -8.95665 -8.95785 0.0020 0.0103
0.0087 34 -13.5083 -13.51070 0.0080 0.0086
0.0329 31.5 -18.7456 -18.74925 0.0179 0.0124
0.0782 30.25 -23.9207 -23.92553 0.0318 0.0117
0.1382 29.5 -29.0268 -29.03273 0.0497 0.0126
0.2101 28.5 -33.4722 -33.47933 0.0716 0.0180
0.2992 28.25 -38.4444 -38.45268 0.0974 0.0239
0.4112 28.25 -43.5604 -43.56977 0.1272 0.0443
0.4274 28.25 -44.0788 -44.08821 0.1304 0.0607

0.25

0.20

0.15
Drag Coefficient,Cd

0.10

0.05

CD= 0.0213

0.00

-0.05
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
CL = 0.47
Lift Coefficient,CL

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ACTIVITY NO.3

From the Table:

CL αD CD Cm a.c.
0.40 3.61° 0.0165 -18.74925
0.47 αD CD Cm a.c.
0.60 6.03° 0.0303 -23.92553

By Interpolation:

For αD:
0.47−0.40 α − 3.61°
D
0.60−0.40
= 6.03°−3.61°

αD = 4.46°

For CD:

0.47−0.40 C −0.0165
D
0.60−0.40
= 0.0303−0.0165

CD = 0.0213

CL
For ( ) :
CD max

C 0.47
(C L ) = (0.0213)
D max

C
(C L ) = 22.07
D max

For Cm a.c.:
0.47−0.40 𝑎.𝑐. C𝑚 −(−18.74925)
Cma.c. = 0.60−0.40 = −23.92553−(−18.74925)

Cma.c. = −20.56095

NACA 4321

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ACTIVITY NO.3

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ACTIVITY NO.3

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦
CL α6 ∆αi αD CD6 ∆CDi CDD
------------ deg. deg. deg. ------------ ------------ ------------
0 -3.60 0.00 -3.60 0.0130 0 0.0130
0.2 -0.85 -0.07 -0.92 0.0150 -0.00025 0.0148
0.4 2.00 -0.14 1.86 0.0225 -0.001 0.0215
0.6 5.25 -0.22 5.03 0.0375 -0.00226 0.0353
0.8 7.98 -0.29 7.69 0.0550 -0.00401 0.0510
1.0 10.50 -0.36 10.14 0.0775 -0.00627 0.0713
1.2 14.25 -0.43 13.82 0.1125 -0.00903 0.1035
1.29 17.50 -0.46 17.04 0.1995 -0.01043 0.1891

⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭
cosαD sinαD CLcosαD CDD sinαD CN CLsinαD CDD cosαD
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
0.99803 -0.06279 0.00000 -0.00082 -0.001 0.00000 0.01297
0.99987 -0.01609 0.19997 -0.00024 0.200 -0.00322 0.01480
0.99948 0.03239 0.39979 0.00070 0.400 0.01296 0.02149
0.99614 0.08775 0.59769 0.00310 0.601 0.05265 0.03516
0.99100 0.13385 0.79280 0.00683 0.800 0.10708 0.05054
0.98438 0.17606 0.98438 0.01255 0.997 0.17606 0.07019
0.97106 0.23885 1.16527 0.02472 1.190 0.28662 0.10050
0.95612 0.29298 1.23339 0.05540 1.289 0.37794 0.18080

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ACTIVITY NO.3

⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳
CC C.P. Cm c/4 Cm a .c. CDi CD0
------------ % ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
-0.0130 0 -0.00020 -0.00019 0.0000 0.0130
-0.0180 58 -11.5348 -11.53835 0.0019 0.0129
-0.0085 39 -15.5189 -15.52606 0.0075 0.0140
0.0175 34 -20.2764 -20.28724 0.0169 0.0184
0.0565 32 -25.3882 -25.40256 0.0300 0.0210
0.1059 31 -30.6557 -30.67361 0.0468 0.0245
0.1861 29 -34.2122 -34.23360 0.0674 0.0361
0.1971 30 -38.3417 -38.36489 0.0779 0.1112

0.25

0.20

0.15
Drag Coefficient,Cd

0.10

0.05

CD= 0.0243

0.00

-0.05
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
CL = 0.44
Lift Coefficient,CL

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ACTIVITY NO.3

From the Table:

CL αD CD Cm a.c.
0.40 1.86 0.0215 -15.52606
0.44 αD CD Cm a.c.
0.60 5.03 0.0353 -20.28724

By Interpolation:

For αD:
0.44−0.40 α − (1.86°)
D
0.60−0.40
= 5.03°−(1.86°)0

αD = 2.49°

For CD:

0.44−0.40 CD −0.0215
=
0.60−0.40 0.0353−0.0215

CD = 0.0243

CL
For ( ) :
CD max

C 0.44
(C L ) = 0.0243
D max

C
(C L ) = 18.11
D max

For Cm a.c.:
0.44−0.40 D C −(−15.52602)
Cma.c. = 0.60−0.40 = −20.28724−(−15.52602)

Cma.c. = −16.47826

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ACTIVITY NO.3

Airfoil Maximu α at
Selectio RN Maximu Minimu m CL 𝐶𝑚𝑎.𝑐. a.c.
( )
n m m CL CD max
CL CD CD
3.25𝑥106
NACA 1.62 0.0100 22.07 4.46° −20.56095 0.24
2412 4

3.12𝑥106
NACA 1.29 0.0130 18.11 2.49° −16.47826 0.23
4321 2

NACA 3.11x 1.6 0.0100 24.62 3.4𝑜 −21.0660 0.24

4412 106 1

Justification:

The NACA 4412 was chosen as the airfoil for MV-7. With its CL and CD that is
C C
good enough for its type, it also offers a high ( L ) . A high ( L ) is typically one
CD max CD max
of the major goals in aircraft design since it indicates better fuel economy, climb
performance, and glide ratio.

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ACTIVITY NO.3

AIRFOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR THE WING

GIVEN:

Airfoil Profile: NACA 4412

Root chord, Cr = 5.92 ft. = 1.80 m = 180 cm

MAC, c̅ = 4.45 ft. = 1.35 m = 135 cm

Tip chord, Ct = 2.54 ft. = 0.77 m = 77 cm

Formulas:
X
( )
1. X U =
C U
100
×C

X
( )
2. X L =
C L
×C
100

Z
( )
3. ZU =
C U
×C
100

Z
( )
4. ZL =
C L
100
×C

ZU + ZL
5. ZC = 2

L.E.RadiusGiven
6. L.E. Radius Computed = ×C
100

7. Slope of Radius through L.E.: θ = Arctan(Slope)Given

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ACTIVITY NO.3

NACA 4412
GIVEN

(Station and ordinates given in percent of airfoil chord)

UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE

(𝑋⁄𝐶 )𝑈 (𝑍⁄𝐶 )𝑈 (𝑋⁄𝐶 )𝐿 (𝑍⁄𝐶 )𝐿

0 ------ 0 ------
1.25 2.44 1.25 -1.43
2.50 3.39 2.50 -1.95
5.00 4.73 5.00 -2.49
7.50 5.76 7.50 -2.74
10.00 6.59 10.00 -2.86
15.00 7.89 15.00 -2.88
20.00 8.80 20.00 -2.74
25.00 9.41 25.00 -2.50
30.00 9.76 30.00 -2.26
40.00 9.80 40.00 -1.80
50.00 9.19 50.00 -1.40
60.00 8.14 60.00 -1.00
70.00 6.69 70.00 -0.65
80.00 4.69 80.00 -0.39
90.00 2.71 90.00 -0.22
95.00 1.47 95.00 -0.16
100.00 (0.130) 100.00 (-0.130)
100.00 ------ 100.00 0
L.E. Radius: 1.58%
Slope of Radius through end of chord: 0.20

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ACTIVITY NO.3

ROOT CHORD, Cr = 180cm

NACA 4412
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE MEAN CAMBER
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐶
cm cm cm cm cm
0 ------ 0 ----- 0.000

2.25 4.392 2.25 -2.574 3.105

4.5 6.102 4.5 -3.51 4.347

9 8.514 9 -4.482 6.273

13.5 10.368 13.5 -4.932 7.902

18 11.862 18 -5.148 9.288

27 14.202 27 -5.184 11.61

36 15.84 36 -4.932 13.374

45 16.938 45 -4.5 14.688

54 17.568 54 -4.068 15.534

72 17.64 72 -3.24 16.02

90 16.542 90 -2.52 15.282

108 14.652 108 -1.8 13.752

126 12.042 126 -1.17 11.457

144 8.442 144 -0.702 8.091

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ACTIVITY NO.3

162 4.878 162 -0.396 4.68

171 2.646 171 -0.288 2.502

180 (0.234) 180 (-0.234) 0

180 ------ 180 ------ 0

L.E. Radius: 2.844 cm

Slope of Radius through end of chord: θ = 11.310o

ROOT CHORD, Cr = 180 cm

NACA 4412
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE MEAN CAMBER
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐶
cm cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ----- 0.000

0.075 0.075 0.075 -0.086 0.1035

0.150 0.203 0.150 -0.117 0.1449

0.300 0.284 0.300 -0.149 0.2091

0.450 0.346 0.450 -0.164 0.2634

0.600 0.395 0.600 -0.172 0.3096

0.900 0.473 0.900 -0.173 0.387

1.200 0.528 1.200 -0.164 0.4458

1.500 0.565 1.500 -0.150 0.4896

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ACTIVITY NO.3

1.800 0.586 1.800 -0.136 0.5178

2.400 0.588 2.400 -0.108 0.534

3.000 0.551 3.000 -0.084 0.5094

3.600 0.488 3.600 -0.060 0.4584

4.200 0.401 4.200 -0.039 0.3819

4.800 0.281 4.800 -0.023 0.2697

5.400 0.163 5.400 -0.013 0.156

5.700 0.088 5.700 -0.010 0.0834

6.000 (0.008) 6.000 (-0.008) 0

6.000 ------ 6.000 ------ 0

L.E. Radius: 0.094 cm

Slope of Radius through end of chord: θ = 11.310o

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD, C = 135 cm

NACA 4412
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE MEAN CAMBER
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐶
cm cm cm cm cm
0 ------ 0 ----- 0.000
1.6875 3.294 1.6875 -1.9305 2.32875

3.375 4.5765 3.375 -2.6325 3.26025

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ACTIVITY NO.3

6.75 6.3855 6.75 -3.3615 4.70475

10.125 7.776 10.125 -3.699 5.9265

13.5 8.8965 13.5 -3.861 6.966

20.25 10.6515 20.25 -3.888 8.7075

27 11.88 27 -3.699 10.0305

33.75 12.7035 33.75 -3.375 11.016

40.5 13.176 40.5 -3.051 11.6505

54 13.23 54 -2.43 12.015

67.5 12.4065 67.5 -1.89 11.4615

81 10.989 81 -1.35 10.314

94.5 9.0315 94.5 -0.8775 8.59275

108 6.3315 108 -0.5265 6.06825

121.5 3.6585 121.5 -0.297 3.51

128.25 1.9845 128.25 -0.216 1.8765

135 (0.1755) 135 (-0.1755) 0

135 ------ 135 ------ 0

L.E. Radius: 2.133 cm

Slope of Radius through end of chord: θ = 11.310o

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ACTIVITY NO.3

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD, C = 135 cm

NACA 4412
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE MEAN CAMBER
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐶
cm cm cm cm cm
0 ------ 0 ----- 0.000

0.056 0.110 0.056 -0.064 0.078

0.113 0.153 0.113 -0.088 0.109

0.225 0.213 0.225 -0.112 0.157

0.338 0.259 0.338 -0.123 0.198

0.450 0.297 0.450 -0.129 0.232

0.675 0.355 0.675 -0.130 0.290

0.900 0.396 0.900 -0.123 0.334

1.125 0.423 1.125 -0.113 0.367

1.350 0.439 1.350 -0.102 0.388

1.800 0.441 1.800 -0.081 0.401

2.250 0.414 2.250 -0.063 0.382

2.700 0.366 2.700 -0.045 0.344

3.150 0.301 3.150 -0.029 0.286

3.600 0.211 3.600 -0.018 0.202

4.050 0.122 4.050 -0.010 0.117

PAGE 25 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

4.275 0.066 4.275 -0.007 0.063

4.500 (0.006) 4.500 (-0.006) 0.000

4.500 ------ 4.500 ------ 0.000

L.E. Radius: 0.071 cm

Slope of Radius through end of chord: θ = 11.310o

TIP CHORD, Ct = 77 cm

NACA 4412
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE MEAN CAMBER
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐶
cm cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------ 0.000
0.000 1.879 0.963 -1.101 1.328

0.963 2.610 1.925 -1.502 1.860

1.925 3.642 3.850 -1.917 2.683

3.850 4.435 5.775 -2.110 3.380

5.775 5.074 7.700 -2.202 3.973

7.700 6.075 11.550 -2.218 4.967

11.550 6.776 15.400 -2.110 5.721

15.400 7.246 19.250 -1.925 6.283

19.250 7.515 23.100 -1.740 6.645

23.100 7.546 30.800 -1.386 6.853

PAGE 26 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

30.800 7.076 38.500 -1.078 6.537

38.500 6.268 46.200 -0.770 5.883

46.200 5.151 53.900 -0.501 4.901

53.900 3.611 61.600 -0.300 3.461

61.600 2.087 69.300 -0.169 2.002

69.300 1.132 73.150 -0.123 1.070

73.150 -0.100 77.000 -0.100 0.000

77.000 ------ 77.000 ----- 0.000

L.E. Radius: 1.216 cm

Slope of Radius through end of chord: θ = 11.310o

TIP CHORD, Ct = 77 cm

NACA 4412
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE MEAN CAMBER
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐶
cm cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------ 0.000
0.032 0.063 0.032 -0.037 0.044

0.064 0.087 0.064 -0.050 0.062

0.128 0.121 0.128 -0.064 0.089

0.193 0.148 0.193 -0.070 0.113

PAGE 27 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

0.257 0.169 0.257 -0.073 0.132

0.385 0.203 0.385 -0.074 0.166

0.513 0.226 0.513 -0.070 0.191

0.642 0.242 0.642 -0.064 0.209

0.770 0.251 0.770 -0.058 0.222

1.027 0.252 1.027 -0.046 0.228

1.283 0.236 1.283 -0.036 0.218

1.540 0.209 1.540 -0.026 0.196

1.797 0.172 1.797 -0.017 0.163

2.053 0.120 2.053 -0.010 0.115

2.310 0.070 2.310 -0.006 0.067

2.438 0.038 2.438 -0.004 0.036

2.567 -0.003 2.567 -0.003 0.000

2.567 ------ 2.567 ------ 0.000

L.E. Radius: 0.040 cm

Slope of Radius through end of chord: θ = 11.310o

PAGE 28 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

AIRFOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR THE HORIZONTAL TAIL

GIVEN:

AIRFOIL PROFILE: NACA 0012

ROOT CHORD, CrH = 1.1369 m = 113.69 cm

MAC, CH = 0.8534 m = 85.34 cm
TIP CHORD, CtH = 0.4754 m = 47.54 cm

FORMULAS:
𝑋
( )𝑈
1. 𝑥𝑈 = 𝐶
×𝐶
100
𝑋
( )𝐿
2. 𝑥𝐿 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝑍
( )𝑈
3. 𝑍𝑈 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝑍
( )𝐿
4. 𝑍𝐿 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝐿.𝐸.𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
5. 𝐿. 𝐸. 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 100
×𝐶

NACA 0012
GIVEN

(Station and ordinates given in percent of airfoil chord)

UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE

(𝑋⁄𝐶 )𝑈 (𝑍⁄𝐶 )𝑈 (𝑋⁄𝐶 )𝐿 (𝑍⁄𝐶 )𝐿

0 ------ 0 ------
1.25 1.89 1.25 -1.89
2.50 2.62 2.50 -2.62
5.00 3.56 5.00 -3.56
7.50 4.20 7.50 -4.20

PAGE 29 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

10.00 4.68 10.00 -4.68

15.00 5.34 15.00 -5.34
20.00 5.74 20.00 -5.74
25.00 5.94 25.00 -5.94
30.00 6.00 30.00 -6.00
40.00 5.80 40.00 -5.80
50.00 5.29 50.00 -5.29
60.00 4.56 60.00 -4.56
70.00 3.66 70.00 -3.66
80.00 2.62 80.00 -2.62
90.00 1.45 90.00 -1.45
95.00 0.81 95.00 -0.81
100.00 (0.13) 100.00 (-0.13)
100.00 ------ 100.00 ------
L.E. Radius: 1.58%

ROOT CHORD, CrH = 113.69 cm

NACA 0012
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
1.421 2.774 1.421 -2.149

2.842 3.854 2.842 -2.979

5.685 5.378 5.685 -4.047

8.527 6.549 8.527 -4.775

PAGE 30 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

11.369 7.492 11.369 -5.321

17.054 8.970 17.054 -6.071

22.738 10.005 22.738 -6.526

28.423 10.698 28.423 -6.753

34.107 11.096 34.107 -6.821

45.476 11.142 45.476 -6.594

56.845 10.448 56.845 -6.014

68.214 9.254 68.214 -5.184

79.583 7.606 79.583 -4.161

90.952 5.332 90.952 -2.979

102.321 3.081 102.321 -1.649

108.006 1.671 108.006 -0.921

113.690 -0.148 113.690 -0.148

113.690 ------ 113.690 ------

L.E. Radius: 1.796 cm

ROOT CHORD, CrH = 113.69 cm

NACA 0012
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------

PAGE 31 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

0.047 0.072 0.047 -0.072

0.095 0.099 0.095 -0.099

0.189 0.135 0.189 -0.135

0.284 0.159 0.284 -0.159

0.379 0.177 0.379 -0.177

0.568 0.202 0.568 -0.202

0.758 0.218 0.758 -0.218

0.947 0.225 0.947 -0.225

1.137 0.227 1.137 -0.227

1.516 0.220 1.516 -0.220

1.895 0.200 1.895 -0.200

2.274 0.173 2.274 -0.173

2.653 0.139 2.653 -0.139

3.032 0.099 3.032 -0.099

3.411 0.055 3.411 -0.055

3.600 0.031 3.600 -0.031

3.790 0.005 3.790 -0.005

3.790 ------ 3.790 ------

L.E. Radius: 0.059 cm

PAGE 32 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD, CH = 85.34 cm

NACA 0012
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
1.067 1.613 1.067 -1.613

2.134 2.236 2.134 -2.236

4.267 3.038 4.267 -3.038

6.401 3.584 6.401 -3.584

8.534 3.994 8.534 -3.994

12.801 4.557 12.801 -4.557

17.068 4.899 17.068 -4.899

21.335 5.069 21.335 -5.069

25.602 5.120 25.602 -5.120

34.136 4.950 34.136 -4.950

42.670 4.514 42.670 -4.514

51.204 3.892 51.204 -3.892

59.738 3.123 59.738 -3.123

68.272 2.236 68.272 -2.236

76.806 1.237 76.806 -1.237

PAGE 33 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

81.073 0.691 81.073 -0.691

85.340 0.111 85.340 -0.111

85.340 ---- 85.340 ----

L.E. Radius: 1.348 cm

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD, CH = 85.34 cm

NACA 0012
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.036 0.054 0.036 -0.054

0.071 0.075 0.071 -0.075

0.142 0.101 0.142 -0.101

0.213 0.119 0.213 -0.119

0.284 0.133 0.284 -0.133

0.427 0.152 0.427 -0.152

0.569 0.163 0.569 -0.163

0.711 0.169 0.711 -0.169

0.853 0.171 0.853 -0.171

1.138 0.165 1.138 -0.165

PAGE 34 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

1.422 0.150 1.422 -0.150

1.707 0.130 1.707 -0.130

1.991 0.104 1.991 -0.104

2.276 0.075 2.276 -0.075

2.560 0.041 2.560 -0.041

2.702 0.023 2.702 -0.023

2.845 0.004 2.845 -0.004

2.845 ------ 2.845 ------

L.E. Radius: 0.044 cm

TIP CHORD, CTH = 47.54 cm

NACA 0012
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.594 0.899 0.594 -0.030

1.189 1.246 1.189 -0.042

2.377 1.692 2.377 -0.056

3.566 1.997 3.566 -0.067

4.754 2.225 4.754 -0.074

7.131 2.539 7.131 -0.085

PAGE 35 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

9.508 2.729 9.508 -0.091

11.885 2.824 11.885 -0.094

14.262 2.852 14.262 -0.095

19.016 2.757 19.016 -0.092

23.770 2.515 23.770 -0.084

28.524 2.168 28.524 -0.072

33.278 1.740 33.278 -0.058

38.032 1.246 38.032 -0.042

42.786 0.689 42.786 -0.023

45.163 0.385 45.163 -0.013

47.540 -0.062 47.540 -0.002

47.540 ------ 54.860 ------

L.E. Radius:0.751 cm

PAGE 36 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

TIP CHORD, CTH = 47.54cm

NACA 0012
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.023 0.035 0.023 -0.035
0.046 0.048 0.046 -0.048
0.091 0.065 0.091 -0.065
0.137 0.077 0.137 -0.077
0.183 0.086 0.183 -0.086
0.274 0.098 0.274 -0.098
0.366 0.105 0.366 -0.105
0.456 0.109 0.456 -0.109
0.549 0.110 0.549 -0.110
0.731 0.106 0.731 -0.106
0.914 0.097 0.914 -0.097
1.097 0.083 1.097 -0.083
1.280 0.070 1.280 -0.070
1.463 0.048 1.463 -0.048
1.646 0.027 1.646 -0.027
1.737 0.015 1.737 -0.015
1.829 0.002 1.829 -0.002
1.829 ------ 1.829 ------
L.E. Radius: 0.025 cm

PAGE 37 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

AIRFOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR THE VERTICAL TAIL

GIVEN:

AIRFOIL PROFILE: NACA 0012

ROOT CHORD, CRV = 1.2222 m = 122.22 cm

MAC, CV = 0.9296 m = 92.96 cm
TIP CHORD, CTV = 0.5486 m = 54.86 cm
MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD 𝑐𝑣 = 0.9296 m = 92.96 cm

FORMULAS:
𝑋
( )𝑈
1. 𝑥𝑈 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝑋
( )𝐿
2. 𝑥𝐿 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝑍
( )𝑈
3. 𝑍𝑈 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝑍
( )𝐿
4. 𝑍𝐿 = 𝐶
100
×𝐶
𝐿.𝐸.𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
5. 𝐿. 𝐸. 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ×𝐶
100

PAGE 38 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

NACA 4412
GIVEN

(Station and ordinates given in percent of airfoil chord)

UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE

(𝑋⁄𝐶 )𝑈 (𝑍⁄𝐶 )𝑈 (𝑋⁄𝐶 )𝐿 (𝑍⁄𝐶 )𝐿

0 ------ 0 ------
1.25 2.44 1.25 -1.43
2.50 3.39 2.50 -1.95
5.00 4.73 5.00 -2.49
7.50 5.76 7.50 -2.74
10.00 6.59 10.00 -2.86
15.00 7.89 15.00 -2.88
20.00 8.80 20.00 -2.74
25.00 9.41 25.00 -2.50
30.00 9.76 30.00 -2.26
40.00 9.80 40.00 -1.80
50.00 9.19 50.00 -1.40
60.00 8.14 60.00 -1.00
70.00 6.69 70.00 -0.65
80.00 4.69 80.00 -0.39
90.00 2.71 90.00 -0.22
95.00 1.47 95.00 -0.16
100.00 (0.130) 100.00 (-0.130)
100.00 ------ 100.00 0
L.E. Radius: 1.58%
Slope of Radius through end of chord: 0.20

PAGE 39 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

ROOT CHORD, CrV = 122.22 cm

NACA 0012
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
1.528 2.982 0.000 -1.748

3.056 4.143 1.528 -2.383

6.111 5.781 3.056 -3.043

9.167 7.040 6.111 -3.349

12.222 8.054 9.167 -3.495

18.333 9.643 12.222 -3.520

24.444 10.755 18.333 -3.349

30.555 11.501 24.444 -3.056

36.666 11.929 30.555 -2.762

48.888 11.978 36.666 -2.200

61.110 11.232 48.888 -1.711

73.332 9.949 61.110 -1.222

85.554 8.177 73.332 -0.794

97.776 5.732 85.554 -0.477

109.998 3.312 97.776 -0.269

PAGE 40 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

116.109 1.797 109.998 -0.196

122.220 0.159 116.109 -1.748

122.220 ------ 122.220 ------

L.E. Radius: 1.931 cm

ROOT CHORD, CrV = 122.22 cm

NACA 0012
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.051 0.099 0.051 -0.058

0.102 0.138 0.102 -0.079

0.204 0.193 0.204 -0.101

0.306 0.235 0.306 -0.112

0.407 0.268 0.407 -0.117

0.611 0.321 0.611 -0.117

0.815 0.359 0.815 -0.112

1.019 0.383 1.019 -0.102

1.222 0.398 1.222 -0.092

1.630 0.399 1.630 -0.073

2.037 0.374 2.037 -0.057

PAGE 41 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

2.444 0.332 2.444 -0.041

2.852 0.273 2.852 -0.026

3.259 0.191 3.259 -0.016

3.667 0.110 3.667 -0.009

3.870 0.060 3.870 -0.007

4.074 0.005 4.074 -0.058

4.074 ------ 4.074 ------

L.E. Radius: 0.064 cm

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD, CH = 92.96 cm

NACA 0012
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
1.162 2.268 1.162 -1.329

2.324 3.151 2.324 -1.813

4.648 4.397 4.648 -2.315

6.972 5.354 6.972 -2.547

9.296 6.126 9.296 -2.659

13.944 7.335 13.944 -2.677

PAGE 42 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

18.592 8.180 18.592 -2.547

23.240 8.748 23.240 -2.324

27.888 9.073 27.888 -2.101

37.184 9.110 37.184 -1.673

46.480 8.543 46.480 -1.301

55.776 7.567 55.776 -0.930

65.072 6.219 65.072 -0.604

74.368 4.360 74.368 -0.363

83.664 2.519 83.664 -0.205

88.312 1.367 88.312 -0.149

92.960 0.121 92.960 -1.329

92.960 ------ 92.960 ------

L.E. Radius: 1.468 cm

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD, CH = 92.96 cm

NACA 0012
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.039 0.076 0.039 -0.044

PAGE 43 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

0.077 0.105 0.077 -0.060

0.155 0.147 0.155 -0.077

0.232 0.178 0.232 -0.085

0.310 0.204 0.310 -0.089

0.465 0.244 0.465 -0.089

0.620 0.273 0.620 -0.085

0.775 0.292 0.775 -0.077

0.930 0.302 0.930 -0.070

1.239 0.304 1.239 -0.056

1.549 0.285 1.549 -0.043

1.859 0.252 1.859 -0.031

2.169 0.207 2.169 -0.020

2.479 0.145 2.479 -0.012

2.789 0.084 2.789 -0.007

2.944 0.046 2.944 -0.005

3.099 0.004 3.099 -0.044

3.099 ------ 3.099 ------

L.E. Radius: 0.048 cm

PAGE 44 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

TIP CHORD, CtV = 54.86cm

NACA 0012
COMPUTED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.686 1.339 0.686 -0.784

1.372 1.860 1.372 -1.070

2.743 2.595 2.743 -1.366

4.115 3.160 4.115 -1.503

5.486 3.615 5.486 -1.569

8.229 4.328 8.229 -1.580

10.972 4.828 10.972 -1.503

13.715 5.162 13.715 -1.372

16.458 5.354 16.458 -1.240

21.944 5.376 21.944 -0.987

27.430 5.042 27.430 -0.768

32.916 4.466 32.916 -0.549

38.402 3.670 38.402 -0.357

43.888 2.573 43.888 -0.214

49.374 1.487 49.374 -0.121

PAGE 45 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

52.117 0.806 52.117 -0.088

54.860 0.071 54.860 -0.784

54.860 ------ 54.860 ------

L.E. Radius: 0.866 cm

TIP CHORD, CtV = 54.86 cm

NACA 0012
SCALED
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
𝑋𝑈 𝑍𝑈 𝑋𝐿 𝑍𝐿
cm cm cm cm
0.000 ------ 0.000 ------
0.023 0.045 0.023 -0.026

0.046 0.062 0.046 -0.036

0.091 0.086 0.091 -0.046

0.137 0.105 0.137 -0.050

0.183 0.121 0.183 -0.052

0.274 0.144 0.274 -0.053

0.366 0.161 0.366 -0.050

0.457 0.172 0.457 -0.046

0.549 0.178 0.549 -0.041

0.731 0.179 0.731 -0.033

PAGE 46 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

0.914 0.168 0.914 -0.026

1.097 0.149 1.097 -0.018

1.280 0.122 1.280 -0.012

1.463 0.086 1.463 -0.007

1.646 0.050 1.646 -0.004

1.737 0.027 1.737 -0.003

1.829 0.002 1.829 -0.026

1.829 ------ 1.829 ------

L.E. Radius: 0.028 cm

MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD 𝑐𝑣 = 92.96 cm

NACA 0012 NACA0012

UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
XU ZU XL ZL XU ZU XL ZL
cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
1.162 1.162
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2.324 2.268 2.324 -1.329 0.039 0.076 0.039 -0.044

4.648 3.151 4.648 -1.813 0.077 0.105 0.077 -0.060

6.972 4.397 6.972 -2.315 0.155 0.147 0.155 -0.077

9.296 5.354 9.296 -2.547 0.232 0.178 0.232 -0.085

13.944 6.126 13.944 -2.659 0.310 0.204 0.310 -0.089

18.592 7.335 18.592 -2.677 0.465 0.244 0.465 -0.089

23.240 8.180 23.240 -2.547 0.620 0.273 0.620 -0.085

PAGE 47 OF PAGES
ACTIVITY NO.3

27.888 8.748 27.888 -2.324 0.775 0.292 0.775 -0.077

37.184 9.073 37.184 -2.101 0.930 0.302 0.930 -0.070

46.480 9.110 46.480 -1.673 1.239 0.304 1.239 -0.056

55.776 8.543 55.776 -1.301 1.549 0.285 1.549 -0.043

65.072 7.567 65.072 -0.930 1.859 0.252 1.859 -0.031

74.368 6.219 74.368 -0.604 2.169 0.207 2.169 -0.020

83.664 4.360 83.664 -0.363 2.479 0.145 2.479 -0.012

88.312 2.519 88.312 -0.205 2.789 0.084 2.789 -0.007

92.960 1.367 92.960 -0.149 2.944 0.046 2.944 -0.005

92.960 0.121 92.960 -1.329 3.099 0.004 3.099 -0.044

1.162 1.162 3.099 3.099

0.000 0.000 0.000
L.E. Radius: 1.468 cm L.E. Radius: 0.048 cm
COMPUTED SCALED

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